TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 Review of Cavite‘s previous initiatives towards integration ...................... 1-2
1.2 Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Plan ............................. 1-3
Chapter 2 Provincial Physical and Socio-Economic Profile ................................ 2-1
2.1 Physical Environment .............................................................................. 2-1
2.1.1 Geographic Setting ...................................................................... 2-1
2.1.2 Physical Features ........................................................................ 2-3
2.1.3 Meteorology ............................................................................... 2-13
2.2 Infrastructure ......................................................................................... 2-16
2.2.1 Transportation ............................................................................ 2-16
2.2.2 Communication .......................................................................... 2-16
2.2.3 Water Supply ............................................................................. 2-17
2.2.4 Existing Water Service Providers ............................................... 2-19
2.2.5 Sanitation and Sewerage ........................................................... 2-21
2.2.6 Solid Waste Disposal Systems................................................... 2-23
2.3 Socio-Economic and Demographic Environment ..................................... 2-1
2.3.1 Population, Density and Growth Rate .......................................... 2-1
2.3.2 Urban-Rural Population Structure ................................................ 2-2
2.3.3 Age Structure and Dependency Ratio .......................................... 2-4
2.3.4 Number of Households and Household Size ................................ 2-5
2.3.5 Income Levels and Profile ............................................................ 2-6
2.3.6 Labor Force and Employment Structure ....................................... 2-7
2.3.7 Health Indicators .......................................................................... 2-8
2.3.8 Demographic and Employment Projections.................................. 2-9
2.4 Economic Structure ................................................................................. 2-1
2.4.1 Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) by Industrial
Origin: CALABARZON ................................................................. 2-1
2.4.2 Agriculture, Fishery, Poultry and Livestock................................... 2-1
2.4.3 Industry, Commerce and Trade.................................................... 2-5
Chapter 3 Water Demand Assessment ................................................................. 3-1
3.1 Population Projections ............................................................................. 3-1
3.2 Water Demand Projections ...................................................................... 3-2
3.2.1 Domestic (Municipal) Water Demand ........................................... 3-2
3.2.2 Agricultural Water Requirements.................................................. 3-4
3.2.3 Industrial Water Demand............................................................ 3-11
3.2.4 Recreation ................................................................................. 3-13
3.2.5 Power Generation ...................................................................... 3-14
3.2.6 Total Water Demand .................................................................. 3-14
Chapter 4 Water Resources Assessment ............................................................. 4-1
4.1 Surface Water Assessment ..................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 General ........................................................................................ 4-1
4.1.2 Rainfall......................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.3 Catchment Area and River System .............................................. 4-3
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1-1 Temperature and Relative Humidity, Sangley Point and Ambulong
Stations ................................................................................................. 2-14
Table 2.1-2 Average Daily Evaporation Rate, Tagaytay City Station ......................... 2-14
Table 2.1-3 Monthly Normal and Extreme Wind Speed and Direction, Sangley
Point and Ambulong Stations ................................................................ 2-15
Table 2.2-1 Water Supply Service Coverage by City/Municipality .............................. 2-18
Table 2.2-2 Existing Water Rates............................................................................... 2-20
Table 2.2-3 Estimated Maximum Water Production Capacity Per Water
Agency .................................................................................................. 2-21
Table 2.2-4 Inventory of Sanitation Facilities by City/Municipality .............................. 2-22
Table 2.2-5 Cavite Province Disposal Sites, 2010 ..................................................... 2-24
Table 2.3-1 Cavite: Population and Population Density, by City/Municipality,
2000-2010 ............................................................................................... 2-1
Table 2.3-2 Cavite: Percentage Share of Urban and Rural Population, by
City/Municipality, 2000 & 2010................................................................. 2-3
Table 2.3-3 Cavite: Number of Households and Household Size, by
City/Municipality, 2000 & 2010................................................................. 2-5
Table 2.3-4 Cavite: Labor Force, Employment and Unemployment ............................. 2-8
Table 2.3-5 Vital Health Statistics: 2009 and 2010 ...................................................... 2-8
Table 2.3-6 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality: 2010 .............................. 2-8
Table 2.3-7 Cavite: Labor Force Projections................................................................ 2-9
Table 2.4-1 Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP): CALABARZON vs
Philippines ............................................................................................... 2-1
Table 2.4-2 Cavite: Production of Major Agricultural Crops (Metric Tons) ..................... 2-2
Table 2.4-3 Cavite: Area Planted to Crops ................................................................... 2-3
Table 2.4-4 Cavite: Fishery Production (Metric Tons) .................................................. 2-4
Table 2.4-5 Cavite: Livestock and Poultry Population (‗000 Heads) ............................. 2-5
Table 2.4-6 Operating Industrial Estates/Economic Zones in Cavite: 2010 .................. 2-8
Table 3.1-1 Population Projection Summary (in persons) ............................................ 3-1
Table 3.2-1 Unit Water Consumption Standard ........................................................... 3-2
Table 3.2-2 Projected Total Provincial Water Demand (mld) ..................................... 3-14
Table 4.1-1 PAGASA Rainfall Stations ........................................................................ 4-2
Table 4.1-2 Annual Rainfall Statistics .......................................................................... 4-3
Table 4.1-3 Monthly Rainfall Statistics ......................................................................... 4-3
Table 4.1-4 Major River Basins ................................................................................... 4-3
Table 4.1-5 Gauged Rivers in Cavite ........................................................................... 4-5
Table 4.1-6 Monthly Discharge of Ilang-Ilang and Balsahan Rivers, cms .................... 4-8
Table 4.1-7 Flow Duration Categories ......................................................................... 4-9
Table 4.1-8 Monthly Flow Duration of Maragondon River (cms) ................................ 4-10
Table 4.1-9 Daily Flow Duration Curve ...................................................................... 4-10
Table 4.1-10 Flow Duration of Maragondon River ...................................................... 4-11
Table 4.1-11 Monthly Flow Duration of Panaysayan River (cms)................................ 4-12
Table 4.1-12 Daily Flow Duration Curve ..................................................................... 4-12
Table 4.1-13 Flow Duration of Panaysayan River ....................................................... 4-13
Table 4.1-14 Monthly Streamflow Statistical Analysis of Balsahan (cms) ................... 4-14
Table 4.1-15 Monthly Streamflow Statistical Analysis of Ilang-Ilang Rivers ................ 4-15
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LIST OF FIGURES
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ANNEXES
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
PD Presidential Decree
PMO Project Management Office
PMO-MFCP Project Management Office-Major Flood Control
Projects
PMO-RWS Project Management Office-Rural Water Supply
PMO-SWIM Project Management Office-Small Water
Impounding Projects
PAWB Protected Area and Wildlife Bureau
PPDO Provincial Planning and Development Office
PPP Public Private Partnership
RPMP Rebolusyong Partido ng Manggagawa Pilipinas
RDC Regional Development Council
RA Republic Act
RPA Revolutionary Proletarian Army
ROW Right of Way
RWSA Rural Water Supply Association
SEP Socio Ecological Profile
SES Socio-Economic Survey
SCS Soil Conservation Services
S South
m2, sum Square meter
TWG Technical Working Group
TOR Terms of Reference
T Time or Period
TDS Total Dissolved Solid
TSS Total Suspended Solids
TMC Trece Martirez City
UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services
VES Vertical Electrical Sounding
WD Water District
WSP Water Supply Providers
WSS Water Supply Sectors
W West
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Executive Summary
BACKGROUND
1. The province of Cavite recognizes the need for an updated, integrated, and
comprehensive water management plan in view of the rapid growth in population,
increased economic activity, decreasing groundwater levels resulting in
groundwater mining, salt-water intrusion in coastal areas, pollution in rivers, and
competition over water rights. The Cavite Integrated Water Resource
Management Master Plan was prepared in response to this need.
3. The legislative fiat for the updating activity was issued under Sangguniang
Panlalawigan Resolution No. 082-S-2012 which authorizes the Provincial
Governor, Hon. Juanito Victor C. Remulla Jr., to formulate an Integrated Water
Resource Management Master Plan that envisions the environmentally
sustainable utilization of the province‘s water resources to help meet and satisfy
the water needs and requirements of the estimated 4.8 million Cavitenos by
2020.
STUDY AREA
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long and narrow drainage areas, generally flow in northerly and northwesterly
directions before emptying into the Manila Bay or the Laguna de Bay. The major
river systems include the Maragondon, Labac, Cañas and San Juan River
Basins.
6. The goal of the Integrated Water Resources Management Master Plan for the
Province of Cavite is to map out a development strategy that will promote the
optimal and sustainable development and management of the water resources of
one of the fastest growing provinces in the country. The specific objectives of the
master plan are as follows:
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The present water supply and distribution systems covering the Province of
Cavite is no longer able to meet the present and future aggregate demand
for water;
Water abstraction in a number of areas in the Province has already reached
critical points causing decreased groundwater levels and resulting in
groundwater mining as well as salt-water intrusion in coastal areas;
To support the short-, medium, and long-term water requirements of the
province, the conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater sources
and/or the importation of water from nearby provinces will be needed;
The planning, development and provision of water supply is de-linked from
that of sanitation facilities, particularly sewerage and septage facilities;
There is lack of any septage collection and treatment system as well as any
piped waste water collection and treatment system or a centralized
sewerage system. Due to this lack, septic tank effluent is generally allowed
to leach into the ground while untreated waste water from households and
industrial establishments is returned to the water sources;
There is a mismatch between the granting and utilization of water rights vis-
a-vis needs and nature of usage;
Existing institutional and regulatory frameworks both at the national and
provincial/local levels appear to be weak and fragmented;
There appears to be a lack of a coherent financing framework that can
rationalize financing in the water sector to make the fullest use of limited
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Policies
Provide the whole population of Cavite Province access to safe and potable
water and basic sanitation
Optimize the use of available water through a more rationalized allocation of
resources and water rights based on need and usage
Improve health outcomes and effect a sustainable environment through
improved sanitation, septage, and sewerage systems provision particularly in
highly urbanized and/or densely populated areas
Encourage private sector participation in the financing, implementation and/or
operation of water resources development and management projects and other
related undertakings of the Cavite Provincial Government
Strategies
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
10. To implement the Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan, a
long-list of time-bound programs and projects has been formulated. Over the
short-term period, covering about one to three years, a total budgetary amount of
PhP 19.0 Billion is earmarked for immediate implementation. A total budget of
PhP 15.5 Billion and PhP 33.7 Billion are earmarked over the medium-term and
long-term period.
Estimated Cost
Program/Project Description
(P Billion)
Short Term Development Works (1-3 years)
Abstraction from river sources and provision of
Surface water development treatment plant and transmission facilities as 5.0
well as other necessary facilities
Abstraction of water through deep wells and
Groundwater Development and
springs and provision of pump stations, pipelines 6.5
Management
and other support facilities.
(a) Provision of Level I water supply systems, (b)
Water distribution system provision of Level II water supply systems and
1.0
development and expansion (iii) provision of Level III water supply systems
and expansion of existing area coverage
Measurement and monitoring of Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
0.003/year
water efficiency equipment
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Estimated Cost
Program/Project Description
(P Billion)
Reduction of Non-revenue water NRW reduction within WSP service area 0.15/year
Financial and Economic studies and provision of
Water productivity measurement 0.006/year
monitoring systems and equipment
Establishment of water pricing mechanism to be
Water pricing 0.007/year
adopted by service providers and consumers
(Included in
Provision of production meters, supply meters system
Metering
and consumer meters development
costs)
Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
Irrigation scheduling 0.006/year
equipment
Provision of sewerage and septage collection and
Sewerage and Septage 6.0
treatment facilities
Medium Term Development Works (3-6 years)
Abstraction from river sources and provision of
Surface water development and
treatment plant and transmission facilities as 7.0
Expansion
well as other necessary facilities
(a) Provision of Level I water supply systems, (b)
Water distribution system provision of Level II water supply systems and
4.0
development and expansion (iii) provision of Level III water supply systems
and expansion of existing area coverage
Provision of technology and designs for domestic
Rainwater/storm water harvesting
households. Construction of impoundment 4.0
and reuse
reservoirs to augment supply
Measurement and monitoring of Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
0.003/year
water efficiency equipment
Reduction of Non-revenue water NRW reduction within WSP service area 0.15/year
Financial and Economic studies and provision of
Water productivity measurement 0.006/year
monitoring systems and equipment
Establishment of water pricing mechanism to be
Water pricing 0.007/year
adopted by service providers and consumers
Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
Irrigation scheduling 0.006/year
equipment
Long Term Development Works (6-10 years)
Abstraction from river sources and provision of
Surface water development and
treatment plant and transmission facilities as 28.0
expansion
well as other necessary facilities
Managed aquifer storage, recharge Reforestation. Protection of watershed areas.
1.0
areas, water balance Declaration of areas as protected areas
Management solid waste through construction
Reduction of water pollution of MRF, and disposal facilities. Continuing 2.0
education campaign and segregation.
Water distribution system (a) Provision of Level I water supply systems, (b) 2.0
development provision of Level II water supply systems and
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Estimated Cost
Program/Project Description
(P Billion)
(iii) provision of Level III water supply systems
and expansion of existing area coverage
Measurement and monitoring of Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
0.003/year
water efficiency equipment
Reduction of Non-revenue water NRW reduction within WSP service area 0.15/year
Financial and Economic studies and provision of
Water productivity measurement 0.006/year
monitoring systems and equipment
Establishment of water pricing mechanism to be
Water pricing 0.007/year
adopted by service providers and consumers
Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
Irrigation scheduling 0.006/year
equipment
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1. Water is a human right and the government has an obligation to respect, protect
and fulfill the enjoyment of the right to water.
2. Water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development
and the environment. It should be managed for the common good.
3. Access to water should be equitable and sensitive to gender and the
disadvantaged.
4. The governance of water resources should be transparent and socially
accountable and its management should be decentralized at the lowest possible
level.
5. Water supply services should be financially sustainable and socially acceptable.
6. Water supply services should be demand responsive. This includes
appropriateness and viability of technology and management options at various
levels.
7. Water supply projects should have capacity development components at all
levels inclusive of knowledge management that promotes a learning environment
for all stakeholders.
8. Water supply provision should be a priority component in poverty reduction
programs. This means giving priority to public allocation for water supply
services.
9. Sanitation is directly linked to water supply.
10. The development of the water supply sector should contribute to the promotion of
gender equality.
The IWRM Plan Framework is a directional plan. It is intended to guide the different
stakeholders involved in water resources management, at different levels, to either
prepare their respective IWRM plans, update/enhance their existing IWRM related plans
or make IWRM an integral part of their development plans/programs. This directional
plan framework also seeks to enable and encourage a wider adoption and localization of
IWRM, across different stakeholders, at different levels. It will guide water-related
government agencies and other stakeholders in ensuring that water and IWRM are
mainstreamed and integrated in their respective plans, programs, and projects. It will
likewise be the take-off in the preparation of regional and local IWRM Operational and
Action Plans.3
1 nd
National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Water Supply Sector Roadmap 2 edition, 2010
2
Ibid
3
Ibid
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The province of Cavite recognizes the need for an updated, integrated, and
comprehensive water management plan in view of the rapid growth in population,
increased economic activity, decreasing groundwater levels resulting in
groundwater mining, salt-water intrusion in coastal areas, pollution in rivers, and
competition over water rights. Hence, it encouraged the conduct of studies to
help improve the province‘s water supply system:
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Nunez, Silang and Tagaytay City and (ii) find alternative water sources in
conjunction with ground water sources.
The Cavite Integrated Water Resources Management Plan sets the direction for
the province to meet challenges in the water sector and meet related objectives
in its Provincial Development Plan (PDP). It also aims to ensure adequate long-
term availability and accessibility of potable water and sustainable management
of wastewater. Specifically, it aims to:
1. Assess the situation of the sector and identify issues and challenges;
2. Review previous initiatives towards integration;
3. Articulate a shared vision and formulate goals and objectives;
4. Formulate feasible strategies for achieving declared objectives, indicate
expected outcomes and translate these into program and investment
priorities;
5. Map out program components and sequence of activities in aid to financial
and investment planning;
6. Identify policy areas that need further research and development;
7. Define institutional arrangements between and among national and local
government agencies and units as well as the role of non-state organizations
and institutions; and
8. Define the sector monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.
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The Province of Cavite is part of the CALABARZON Region or Region IV-A which
is located in southwestern Luzon (Figure 2.1-1). Also called the Southern
Tagalog Mainland, CALABARZON is the second most densely populated region
after the National Capital Region. It derives its name from its composite five (5)
provinces, namely: CAvite, LAguna, BAtangas, Rizal, and QueZON.
Source: NAMRIA
The province is accessible from Metro Manila through several routes that include
the Coastal Road and the newly opened Cavite Expressway, Aguinaldo Highway,
and the South Luzon Expressway. Trece Martires City, the seat of the provincial
government is about 45 km from the City of Manila.
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Source: NAMRIA
Divided into seven (7) congressional districts, the province is composed of19
municipalities and four (4) cities, and has a total of 829 barangays (Figure 2.1-3
Legislative District Map). The four (4) component cities are Dasmariñas, Trece
Martires, Cavite, and Tagaytay. It also has four (4) satellite islands—Corregidor,
Caballo, Fraile, and Limbones. By virtue of Presidential Decree 1163, Imus is the
provincial capital but the seat of the provincial government is located at Trece
Martires City.
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2.1.2.1 Physiography
The province of Cavite has a total land area of 1,427.06 square kilometers
(142,706 hectares), representing 8.72% of the CALABARZON‘s total land area.
The municipalities of Maragondon and Silang have the biggest land areas while
the municipality of Noveleta, has the smallest land area, accounting for only
0.38% of the provincial total.
The land area of the province is classified as follows: 5.9% public forests; 90.07%
alienable and disposable; and 4.02% unclassified forest land. It has four (4)
physiographical areas, namely: the lowest lowland area, the lowland area, the
central hilly area and the upland mountainous area (Figure2.1-4). The
characteristics of these areas are described as follows:
The lowest lowland area or coastal plains have extremely low ground level of
elevation 0m to 2m compared to the high tide level of about elevation 0.8m
from the Mean Sea Level (MSL). Cavite City and the municipalities of Bacoor,
Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario, the northern part of Carmona, and eastern part
of Ternate are part of this area.
The lowland area consists of the coastal and alluvial plains. These areas
have flat ground of less than 0.5%slope and low ground elevation of elevation
2m to elevation 30m. The alluvial plain can be found in the municipality of
Imus and the southern part of General Trias. These municipalities form the
transition area between the coastal plain and the central hilly area. Some
areas of Bacoor, Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Tanza, and Carmona are also part
of the lowland area.
The third topography type is the central hilly area, generally found on the
mountain foot slope. This topography forms the rolling tuffaceous plateau and
includes steep hills, ridges, and elevated inland valley. The plateau is
characterized with ground elevation ranging from 30m to nearly 400m. Its
ground slope ranges from 0.5% to 2%. The cities of Trece Martires and
Dasmariñas and the municipalities of General Emilio Aguinaldo, General
Mariano Alvarez, Indang, Maragondon, Ternate, Silang, and Carmona have
this kind of topography.
The fourth topography type, the upland mountainous area, can be found in
Magallanes, Amadeo, Tagaytay City, Mendez, Alfonso, and the southern part
of Maragondon and Carmona. They are situated at a very high elevation
above 400m with slopes of more than 2%. The Tagaytay ridge has an
average elevation of 610mwith Mount Sungay having the highest elevation in
the province at 716m.
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The prominent topographic features found in the province are the Tagaytay Ridge
and the Marikina Fault. The physiography of the western side of the province is
greatly influenced by the movement of the fault. The side towards Laguna de Bay
is the downthrown block while the up thrown block is manifested by the
topographic rise westward of Tagaytay Ridge.
The most important surface water bodies near the area are the Laguna de Bay
and Taal Lake. Laguna de Bay is a shallow lake that serves as a natural
detention reservoir of discharges from the surrounding tributary streams. Surface
water originating from the eastern portions of Silang flows in an easterly direction
before emptying into the lake; while surface water at the southern half of
Tagaytay City drains into the Taal Lake, a very deep surface water body.
Rivers and streams that originate from upland areas drain into the province.
These waterways, with long and narrow drainage areas, generally flow in
northerly and northwesterly directions before emptying into the Manila Bay or the
Laguna de Bay. The major river systems include the Maragondon River, Ilang-
ilang River, Cañas River, San Juan River, and Imus River (Figure 2.1-5).
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Source: Water Resources Assessment and Development Plan for Sustainable Utilization of Water
Resources in Nine (9) LGUs in Cavite Province, SWECO-WATCON, Inc. Sept.2004
2.1.2.3 Soil
The Province of Cavite is composed of several soil types (Figure 2.1-7). The
lowland area of Cavite is generally composed of Guadalupe clay and clay loam. It
is characterized as coarse and granular when dry, but sticky and plastic when
wet. Its substratum is solid volcanic tuff. Guadalupe clay adobe is abundant in the
southern part of Bacoor and Imus that is bordering Dasmariñas. The soil is hard
and compact and difficult to cultivate which makes it generally unsuitable for
diverse cropping. It is very sticky when wet and granular when dry. Hydrosol and
Obando sand are found along the Bacoor Bay. The shoreline of Rosario, Tanza,
Naic, and Ternate is composed of Guadalupe sand.
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Source: Water Resources Assessment and Development Plan for Sustainable Utilization of Water
Resources in Nine (9) LGUs in Cavite Province, SWECO-WATCON, Inc. Sept.2004
The type of soils that dominate the upland areas are Tagaytay loam and
Tagaytay sandy loam with mountain soil undifferentiated. These are found on the
south-eastern side that borders Laguna province. On the southern tip are
Magallanes clay and Mountain soil undifferentiated with an interlacing of
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Magallanes clay loam steep phase. Tagaytay loam contains fine sandy materials.
It is moderately friable, and is easy to work with when moist. In an undisturbed
condition, it bakes and becomes hard when dry. On the other hand, Tagaytay
sandy loam is friable and granular. It has a considerable amount of volcanic sand
and is underlain by adobe clay. Cavite also has the Patungan sand which is
characterized as pale gray to almost white sand with a substratum of marine
conglomerates. It is found in Sta. Mercedes in Maragondon and in some of the
coastlines of Ternate.
2.1.2.4 Geology
The Province of Cavite is part of the uplifted Central Luzon mobile block. All of its
exposed rocks were deposited during the Pliocene to Quaternary times. Volcanic
rocks on the flanks of volcanic cones were mapped as Pliocene. These rocks are
unconformably overlain by water-laid and sub-aerial pyroclastic deposits, some of
which are well-bedded. Dips normally conform to the underlying depositional
surface. In general, almost all underlying surfaces are irregular in view of faulting
and the erosion of rock sequences. The rocks vary from well lithified and
massive, to loose and bedded. The general geology of the area is presented in
Figure 2.1-8.
The southern portion of Cavite which includes the elevated portions of Silang,
Tagaytay City, and Alfonso (also known as the Cavite slope) is not part of a
mountainside of a strato-volcano as many believe. It is a structural slope that was
originally formed by the tilting movement of the block with low elevation. The
contour lines around Taal Lake show irregular shapes and do not show
concentric circles like those of a strato-volcano. At the same time, no steep cliffs
can be found on the eastern, western, and southern sides of the lake unlike in the
northern portion where a steep slope of more than 600 meters was developed
into what is now known as the Tagaytay Ridge. In addition, the lower parts of the
geologic units that are present in Tagaytay City that extend down to Silang and
parts of Carmona were deposited in a marine environment as sediments can still
be found in these areas. The amount of displacement is largest at the southern
margin of the tilted block with the southern side of the Tagaytay Ridge developing
into a very steep slope with a large relative height. The eastern margin of the
tilted block coincides with the Marikina Fault which course through the property.
Because of these displacements, deposition patterns of the underlying formations
are very much disturbed and are no longer contiguous. Volcanic activities prior to
the tilting movement happened in the lowlands connecting Balayan Bay with the
Laguna Lake.
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Source: Water Resources Assessment and Development Plan for Sustainable Utilization of
Water Resources in Nine (9) LGUs in Cavite Province, SWECO-WATCON, Inc. Sept.2004
Basement Rocks
The deep-seated formations underlying the study area are considered collectively
as Basement. It is mainly composed of marine sediments such as sandstone,
mudstone, and limestone that are commonly found in Mt. Talipusa in
Maragondon.
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In the Cavite Water Supply and Development Study conducted by JICA in 1995,
this formation was locally referred to as the Kaybubutong Formation which is
subdivided as:
Firmly cemented tuff and tuffaceous sandstone with lower porosities and
permeabilities can also yield water to wells along fractures. The most favorable
areas for the development of groundwater are along fault zones and within
thoroughly jointed zones. Also, better wells are found in broad valleys and on flat
upland areas than on hill crests and valley slopes. The permeability of rocks
generally decreases with depth.
Alluvium (QAL)
The alluvium is distributed in the coastal areas of Manila Bay. It is mainly
composed of soft clay, loose sand, and gravel. The alluvium generally forms a
phreatic aquifer in the coastal areas. The thickness of the alluvium varies as well
as the size of the sediments. Exact determination of the thickness of the alluvium
is hard because of the difficulty in distinguishing it from the underlying pyroclastic
sediments.
Moderate well yields can be obtained from almost all wells drilled in the alluvium,
with much larger yields available where the thickness of the permeable zones is
bigger. Areas that are largely deposited with clay and silt are to be avoided and
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
areas near sources of recharge that have greater thickness of saturated sand and
gravel must be located.
2.1.2.5 Seismicity
Based on records of past earthquakes, the area can be affected by the following
geologic structures (Figure 2.1-9):
a) Lubang Fault – This fault is located approximately 100 km SW of the site and
is the second closest earthquake generator to the area. Historical records
show that this fault is seismically active but is unlikely to generate strong
earthquakes due to its high level of seismicity, as indicated by frequent stress
releases through small magnitude tremors.
b) Philippine Fault Zone – This is a major fault measuring approximately 1,300
km and is the source of the most destructive tremors, most specifically the
ones that produced the July 16, 1990 earthquake. The nearest segment to
the project site is located approximately 100 km east and maybe the
epicenter of future earthquakes.
c) Manila Trench – This structure is a subduction zone where the China Sea
Plate is slipping beneath the Philippine Plate. It is located approximately 200
km west of the project site and is believed to be the origin of tsunamigenic
earthquake.
Source : PHILVOCS
Figure 2.1-9 Active Faults and Trenches
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Source : PHILVOCS
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
2.1.3 Meteorology
2.1.3.1 Climate
The study area is characterized by Type IClimate under the Modified Corona
Classification System (Figure 2.1-11). The System is classified into four (4) types
depending on rainfall distribution and pattern described as follows:
a) Type I: Two pronounced seasons. Dry from November to April, and wet
during the rest of the year.
b) Type II: No dry season with very pronounced rainfall from November to April
and wet during the rest of the year.
c) Type III: Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to
April and wet during the rest of the year.
d) Type IV: Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year
Source: PAGASA
The temperature and relative humidity of the study area can both be described by
the data obtained from the Sangley Point and Ambulong stations presented in
Table 2.1-1 below.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Table 2.1-1 Temperature and Relative Humidity, Sangley Point and Ambulong
Stations
Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Temperature, C ° Sangley Point, Cavite
Max 30.0 30.8 32.7 34.4 34.1 32.8 31.7 31.3 31.4 31.4 31.1 30.0 31.8
Min 23.3 23.6 24.6 25.9 26.1 25.8 25.3 25.2 25.2 25.3 25.0 23.9 24.9
Mean 26.6 27.2 28.6 30.1 30.1 29.3 28.5 28.3 28.3 28.4 28.1 27.0 28.4
Rel. Humidity 79 76 74 71 74 78 81 83 82 81 80 79 78
Temperature, C ° Ambulong, Batangas
Max 30.4 31.6 33.2 34.5 33.9 32.5 31.4 31.0 31.4 31.6 31.4 30.2 31.9
Min 22.2 22.1 22.9 23.9 24.6 24.6 24.1 24.3 24.1 23.9 23.6 22.8 23.6
Mean 26.3 26.9 28.1 29.2 29.2 28.6 27.8 27.6 27.8 27.7 27.5 26.5 27.8
Rel. Humidity, % 79 77 74 73 76 80 83 84 84 83 81 80 80
Source: PAGASA
2.1.3.3 Evaporation
The mean daily evaporation rate for the Province (Table 2.1-2), reckoned from
the Tagaytay City station, averages 3.87 mm/day, with the lowest occurring in
December and the highest occurring in April.
2.1.3.4 Winds
The prevailing wind direction conforms with the dominant air stream during the
different months. The northerly winds affect the project area from November to
January with an average speed of 2.3 m/s. From May to October, the prevailing
winds are from the southwest with an average speed of 3.0 m/s. Other wind
directions occur less frequently. Each year the Philippines experiences several
typhoons with destructive winds and torrential rains. The monthly normal and
extreme wind speed and direction, taken from the Sangley Point and Ambulong
Stations, are detailed in Table 2.1-3.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Table 2.1-3 Monthly Normal and Extreme Wind Speed and Direction,
Sangley Point and Ambulong Stations
Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
Normal¹ Sangley Point, Cavite
Wind Speed,
3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
mps
Wind
ESE ESE ESE ESE ESE ESE W SW W ESE ESE ESE ESE
Direction
Extreme²
Wind Speed,
17 15 24 16 27 23 54 30 44 45 49 22 54
mps
Wind
ESE ESE ESE ESE SW NW E W NNW NW NW NNW E
Direction
Normal¹ Ambulong, Batangas
Wind Speed,
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2
mps
Wind
NE NE NE NE NE SW SW SW SW NE NE NE NE
Direction
Extreme²
Wind Speed,
20.0 24.0 22.0 18.0 41.0 40.0 75.0 40.0 54.0 70.0 45.0 54.0 75.0
mps
Wind
ENE NE ENE SE SW SW W NNE SSW S NE NE W
Direction
Source: PAGASA
Notes:
1
Period of Record: 1981-2010
2
Period of Record: 1950-2010
The presence of Tropical cyclones is the most influential factor that brings
considerable rainfall to the Philippines. Typhoons usually occur from June to
December with the highest frequencies in July and August. The cyclones
originate from the region of Marianas and Caroline Islands in the Pacific Ocean,
usually between 125°E and 170°E. Their movements follow a westerly or
northwesterly course over the country and deposit substantial amounts of rainfall.
The most frequent disastrous typhoons generally occur during the months of
September through November.
The Philippines is a typhoon-prone area. During the past 53-year period from
1948-2000, a total of 1,038 tropical cyclones crossed the Philippine Area of
Responsibility with Cavite experiencing 2 tropical depressions, 11 tropical storms,
and 11 typhoons. The province ranked as the 40th most visited by this weather
system.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
2.2 INFRASTRUCTURE
2.2.1 Transportation
The primary mode of transport in the province of Cavite is via the network of
national, provincial, city/municipal, and barangay roads, totaling about 2,186.46 km
long. National roads link Cavite with its neighboring provinces while provincial
roads form a network among the different municipalities and cities within it.
About18.71%of the total road length are national roads, 16.91% are provincial
roads, 14.9% are city/municipal roads, and the remaining 49.48%are barangay
roads. 87.37% of the city/municipal roads are concrete, while most of the
barangay roads are combinations of concrete and earth.
Cavite has six (6) major entrances and exits, namely : (i) the Aguinaldo Boulevard
(Manila-Cavite Coastal Road), (ii)South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) in Carmona,
the (iii) Aguinaldo Highway (Batangas-Alfonso-Tagaytay Road), (iv) Zapote-Las
Piñas Road, (v) Sta .Rosa-Tagaytay Road, and (vi) Alabang-Molino via Daang Hari
Road.
There are 323 bridges with a total length of 6,319.48 m which connect roads in the
different cities and municipalities of the province. About 200 of these bridges with a
combined length of 5,700m are permanent, while the remaining 36 with a
combined length of about 650m are considered temporary structures.
Major land transport projects in the pipeline which will impact the province are the
Cavite-Laguna National Road Project and Light Rail Transit (LRT)-Line1 South
Extension. The CALA Road Project consists of two (2) components - the 27.2 km.,
6-lane North-South Road from Bacoor, Cavite to Sta. Rosa Laguna and the 24.3
km. East-West Road that extends Daang Hari Road eastward to SLEX and
westward to Tanza, Cavite. The LRT Line 1 South Extension project extends from
Baclaran to Bacoor, Cavite.
2.2.2 Communication
The telephone service providers in the province are the Philippine Long Distance
Telephone Company (PLDT), Digital Telecommunications Philippines,
Inc.(DIGITEL), and Globe Telecommunications. PLDT is the biggest service
provider in terms of landline telephone service with a market share of 44.99%in
2010.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
In terms of other services, Smart Communications has the most number of cell
sites in the province, followed by Globe Telecom, Inc. and the Sun Cellular
Network, which is powered by Digitel Mobile Philippines. The Philippine Telegraph
and Telephone Company (PT & T), Radio Communications of the Philippines, Inc.
(RCPI), LBC Express, Inc., and DHL Forwarder also perform specific
telecommunication and courier services throughout the province. There is a limited
number of local radio stations in Cavite due to its proximity to Metro Manila.
For postal services, the Philippine Postal Corporation has 34 post offices in the
province, as of 2010, that are responsible for posting and delivering both domestic
and international mail.
Generally, the entire province of Cavite has access to clean and safe water
delivered by public and private service agencies (12 Water Districts, 2 LGU-
managed and 4 private suppliers). Private subdivisions and Barangays which are
not covered by those agencies have their own water systems, provided by the
respective homeowners associations and barangay waterworks and sanitation
associations (BWSAs). The province sources its water supply mainly from
groundwater through wells and springs. While springs are commonly used in the
upland and rural areas, all others use deepwells as the traditional water source.
The three levels of service recognized in domestic waterworks (Box 2.1) are found
in the entire province.
The water supply service coverage per city and municipality based on the 2009
data from the Provincial Health Office is shown in Table 2.2-1. Level I facilities exist
in almost the entire province, except in the municipalities of Carmona, Gen.
Mariano Alvarez and Magallanes. Level II systems can be found in Rosario, Silang,
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Tagaytay, Alfonso, Gen. Aguinaldo, Indang, Magallanes, and Naic. Level III service
on the other hand is available in all the cities and municipalities except Gen.
Aguinaldo, with service coverage per city/municipality ranging from 12% in Ternate
to 100% in Carmona and Gen. Mariano Alvarez (Figure 2.2-1).
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The existing water service providers are the water districts, Local Government
Units (LGU), Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (MWSI), and small water service
providers which sell in bulk or through individual house connections. Water Districts
under the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) supply 3 cities and nine (9)
municipalities, namely:
a) Tagaytay City
b) Trece Martires City
c) Dasmarinas City
d) Amadeo
e) Carmona
f) Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
g) Gen Mariano Alvarez
h) Indang
i) Maragondon
j) Mendez
k) Silang
l) Tanza
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Private corporations that operate as water service providers include: (i) General
Trias Water Corporation in Gen. Trias, (ii) Naic Water System Corporation in
Naic, and (iii) Western Cavite Water Supply and Service Corporation in Ternate.
The municipal governments of Alfonso and Magallanes manage their respective
water supply systems. The details of the existing water supply facilities are shown
in Annex II-1.
The existing water rate schedule of each water service provider is shown in Table
2.2-2. For the 12 water districts, the minimum charge (first 10 m3) for residential
connections ranges from P158 in Dasmariñas City to P280.00 in General Mariano
Alvarez. The average minimum monthly charge is P198.29.
Commodity Charges
Minimum Charge Date
City/ Municipality Water Utility/Service Provider Date Applied
(1st 10 m3) (11-20 m3) (21-30 m3) (31-40 m3) (41-50 m3) (Over 50 m3) Implemented
District I
Cavite City Maynilad Water Services, Inc. 129.07 15.77 29.97 29.97 39.36 39.36 1/1/2012
Kawit Maynilad Water Services, Inc. 129.07 15.77 29.97 29.97 39.36 39.36 1/1/2012
Noveleta Maynilad Water Services, Inc. 129.07 15.77 29.97 29.97 39.36 39.36 1/1/2012
Rosario Maynilad Water Services, Inc. 129.07 15.77 29.97 29.97 39.36 39.36 1/1/2012
District II
Bacoor Maynilad Water Services, Inc. 129.07 15.77 29.97 29.97 39.36 39.36 1/1/2012
District III
Imus Maynilad Water Services, Inc. 129.07 15.77 29.97 29.97 39.36 39.36 1/1/2012
District IV
Dasmariñas City Dasmariñas Water District 158.00 19.00 22.80 26.80 30.85 30.85 6/23/2011 8/1/2011
District V
Carmona Carmona Water District 238.60 26.20 29.00 32.60 37.00 37.00 3/16/2004 4/1/2006
Gen. M. Alvarez Gen. M. Alvarez Water District 280.00 29.65 32.35 35.70 40.65 40.65 6/23/2011 8/1/2011
Silang Silang Water District 210.85 22.80 25.15 28.10 31.60 31.60 5/19/2009 1/1/2011
District VI
Trece Martires City Trece Martires Water District 170.00 18.25 19.55 20.90 23.50 23.50 7/8/2008 1/1/2010
Amadeo Amadeo Water District 195.00 28.00 30.00 33.00 37.00 37.00 3/15/2005 2/1/2009
Gen. Trias Gen. Trias Water Corporation
Tanza Tanza Water District 180.00 18.30 19.45 20.90 23.25 23.25 2/3/2009 1/1/2011
District VII
Tagaytay City Tagaytay City Water Dsitrict 233.00 25.80 28.55 31.80 35.30 35.30 2/15/2005 1/1/2011
(1st 8 m3)
Alfonso Alfonso Waterworks Office 12.00/m3 ( In excess of 8 m3)
50.00
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo Gen. E. Aguinaldo Water District 163.00 17.30 19.70 23.45 27.60 27.60 6/4/2003 1/1/2006
Indang Indang Water District 188.00 22.25 24.90 27.25 27.25 27.25 2/23/2010 4/1/2010
Magallanes Magallanes Waterworks Office 70.00
Maragondon Maragondon Water District 168.00 18.00 19.00 21.50 24.00 27.00 7/27/2010 9/1/2010
Mendez Mendez Water District 195.00 21.50 24.00 27.25 30.75 30.75 6/19/2002 2/1/2006
Naic Naic Water Supply Corporation 120.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00
Western Cavite Water Supply and
Ternate 144.00 15.50 17.00 19.00 21.50 24.50
Services Corp.
AVERAGE Water Districts only 198.29 22.25 24.54 27.44 30.73 30.98
Provincial 160.81
Source: LWUA, MWSI, Cavite PPDO
For LGUs and private corporations, the minimum charge ranges from P50.00 in
Alfonso to P144.00 in Ternate. MWSI charges P129.07 for the first 10 m3.
The aggregate maximum production capacity of the water agencies serving the
province of Cavite corresponding to a total of 293 pumping stations is estimated
at 303,397.34 cu.m./day. Table 2.2-3 provides a breakdown of the estimated
maximum water production capacity per concerned water agency.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Number of
Water Agency Pumping Maximum Production
Stations Capacity (cu.m./day)
1. Alfonso Waterworks Office 3 1,898.00
2. Amadeo Water District 10 3,123.00
3. Carmona Water District 10 14,136.04
4. Dasmariñas Water District 108 144,n123.43
5. Gen. Aguinaldo Water District* 3 2,643.84
6. GMA Water District** 14 10,354.38
7. Indang Water District 10 5,733.53
9. Magallanes Water district NA NA
10. Maragondon Water District 5 5,703.00
11. Maynilad Water Services, Inc. * 17 12,989.00
12. Mendez Water District 7 3,869.00
8. Naic Water Supply Corporation** 4 124.19
13. Silang Water district 60 39,892.30
14. Tagaytay Water District 15 23,022.00
15. Tanza Water District 6 7,779.67
16. Western Cavite Water Supply & services
Corporation* 1 13,750.00
17. TMC Water District 20 14,255.96
Total 293 303,397.34
Source: PPDO, Naic Water Supply Corporation; NA – not available
In agricultural areas, water-sealed latrines which discharge their contents into a pit
are widely used. However, many toilets are flushed directly into watercourses, rice
fields, and drains. Ground water pollution becomes a serious issue, particularly in
coastal areas where the ground water table is relatively high.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
As of 2010, only Dasmariñas City and Tagaytay City have a centralized material
recovery facility (MRF) while only 14 municipalities were able to implement the
MRF system in their respective barangays. Waste that can no longer be recycled,
also known as residual waste, is disposed of in dumpsites or sanitary landfills.
There are five (5) open dumpsites that can be found in Rosario, Gen. M. Alvarez,
Gen. Aguinaldo, Indang, and Maragondon. These are considered unsanitary
because of the presence and accumulation of uncontrolled hazards to health and
sanitation.
On the other hand, controlled dumpsites are those that are monitored by the
municipal government. Even though the area is secured, health hazards through
leachate are still present and remain unaddressed. In 2010, there were10
controlled dumpsites allover Cavite that serve as main disposal sites of residual
waste. The waste disposal sites per city/municipality are tabulated in Table 2.2-5
and correspondingly shown in Figure 2.2-2.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
EXISTING DUMPSITE
CITY / MUNICIPALITY
Location Area, ha Type Capacity Status
CITIES
DASMARINAS CITY Brgy. Salawag 6.00 Controlled Dumpsite - Operating
TRECE MARTIRES CITY Brgy. De Ocampo 0.50 Open Dumpsite 4.8 tons -
CAVITE CITY San Pedro, Laguna - Open Dumpsite 60 tons Operating
TAGAYTAY CITY San Pedro, Laguna - By Contract / Sanitary Landfill 41 tons -
MUNICIPALITIES
ALFONSO Brgy. Marahan I 0.40 Controlled Dumpsite 18.88 m3 Operating
AMADEO - Controlled Dumpsite 12.00 m3 Closed
BACOOR San Pedro, Laguna - By Contract / Sanitary Landfill - -
CARMONA San Pedro, Laguna - By Contract / Sanitary Landfill 10-15 tons -
GEN. E. AGUINALDO Brgy. Lumipa 1.25 Open Dumpsite - Operating
GEN. TRIAS Brgy. Tapia 1.50 Open Dumpsite 200 m3 Operating
IMUS Brgy. Pasong Buaya 1.37 By Contract / Sanitary Landfill 150 m3 -
INDANG Brgy. Banaba Lejos 4.70 Controlled Dumpsite 24 m3 Operating
KAWIT 0.01 Open Dumpsite - Operating
MAGALLANES Brgy. Kabulugan, Caluangan, Urdaneta - Open Dumpsite - -
3
MARAGONDON Brgy. Layong Mabilog 1.60 Controlled Dumpsite 9,000 m Operating
MENDEZ Brgy. Asis II (Eco-center) 0.75 Controlled Dumpsite 78 m3 Operating/Under-going Rehabilitation
NAIC Brgy. Sabang 1.30 Controlled Dumpsite 10-12 tons Operating/Under-going Rehabilitation
NOVELETA Poblacion, Noveleta 0.15 Open Dumpsite 2 tons Operating
ROSARIO San Pedro, Laguna - By Contract / Sanitary Landfill - -
SILANG Brgy. Lalaan I 1.20 Controlled Dumpsite 12-15 tons Operating/Under-going Rehabilitation
TANZA Brgy. Sahud-Ulan 5.00 Open Dumpsite 60 tons Operating
3
TERNATE Brgy. Sapang II 3.00 Controlled Dumpsite 7.072 m Operating/Under-going Rehabilitation
GMA Brgy. Poblacion 5 0.07 Controlled Dumpsite 20-30 tons Operating
Source: Provincial Government Environment and Natural Resources Office
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Cavite‘s population reached 3.09 million in 2010, making it the most populated
province in the country. It experienced an annual growth of 4.12%, dramatically
increasing its population by 49.8% from 2.06 million in 2000. This pace of growth
is more than twice the national average growth rate of 2% per year and is an
indication of a strong migration pattern into the province. The observed in-
migration is brought about by two factors, namely : (i) the presence of affordable
housing in suburban areas that is highly accessible to the central business
districts of Metro Manila; and,2) increased job opportunities due to the growing
presence of industrial estates.
Districts IV, VI and II are the three most populated districts, accounting for 53.8%
of the total provincial population in 2010. Districts VI and II have been growing
very rapidly, at 7.2% and 5.5% respectively, in view of the industrialization
activities prevailing in the area. Table 2.3-1 shows a cross-section of provincial
population, disaggregated growth rates, and population density in 2000 and
2010.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The three (3) cities/municipalities that have the fastest growing population are:
Trece Martires City (9.64% p.a.), Gen. Trias (8.49% p.a.), and Tanza (5.5% p.a.),
all of which are in District VI. Dasmariñas has the largest population (575,817),
followed by Bacoor (520,216), Imus (301,624) and lastly, Gen. Trias (243,322).
At 2,166 persons per sq.km, Cavite‘s population density in 2010 is almost 8 times
larger than the national average of 274, indicating the province‘s high level of
urbanization and industrialization. Districts II and I, which include Bacoor, Cavite
City, Kawit, Noveleta, and Rosario, are the most densely populated, with 9,928
people per sq. km. and 8,627 per sq.km, respectively. In terms of
cities/municipalities, Rosario (16,270 per sq.km) and Gen. M. Alvarez (14,770 per
sq.km) have the highest population density, the former being a major industrial
site and the latter a resettlement site for informal settlers from Metro Manila. The
least densely populated areas are in District VII, Magallanes (270 per sq.km) and
Maragondon (213 per sq. km).
Data for the urban-rural population structure of Cavite come from two (2) sources,
namely: the 2000 Census of Population and Housing of the NSO and the 2010
Cavite Socio-Economic and Physical Profile (Box 2.1)
The adoption of the new definition and the changes in the municipal structure
have resulted in the decrease in projected percentage of the urban population in
Dasmarinas City and seven (7) municipalities in the Province (Table 2.3-2).
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The more recent definition, prescribed by the National Statistical Coordination Board since
2003 uses population, the number of establishments, and the number of employees in
establishments as main criteria. In the new definition, a barangay has urbanized if :
It is estimated that 88.3% of the province‘s population were living in urban areas
in 2010, an increase of 1.5% from 86.8% in 2000. As indicated in Table 2.3-2, no
significant changes in the structure of urban-rural population was expected in
2010. The municipalities of Silang, Alfonso, Gen. Aguinaldo, Indang, Magallanes,
Maragondon, and Ternate remain predominantly rural while the rest of the cities
and municipalities are predominantly urban.
2000 2010
City/municipality
Urban Rural Urban Rural
District I 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Cavite City 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Kawit 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Noveleta 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Rosario 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
District II 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Bacoor 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
District III 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Imus 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
District IV 100.0 0.0 95.7 4.3
City of Dasmariñas 100.0 0.0 95.7 4.3
District V 66.8 33.2 66.9 33.1
Carmona 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Gen. M. Alvarez 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Silang 32.7 67.3 33.0 67.0
District VI 95.3 4.7 97.2 2.8
Trece Martires City 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Amadeo 47.9 52.1 45.8 54.2
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
2000 2010
City/municipality
Urban Rural Urban Rural
Gen. Trias 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Tanza 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
District VII 51.0 49.0 52.9 47.1
Tagaytay City 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0
Alfonso 19.1 80.9 17.9 82.1
Gen. Aguinaldo 24.1 75.9 21.5 78.5
Indang 38.3 61.7 37.0 63.0
Magallanes 2.1 97.9 1.8 98.2
Maragondon 1.8 98.2 1.9 98.1
Mendez 82.0 18.0 81.8 18.2
Naic 81.7 18.3 82.3 17.7
Ternate 23.0 77.0 22.3 77.7
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The two most populous districts, VI and IV, also had small average family sizes,
of 4.4 and 4.8, respectively. The district with the smallest family size was District I
at 4.30. Interestingly, rural areas which had the least number of households had
the largest household size. Specifically, these are the towns of Gen. Aguinaldo,
Ternate, Maragondon, and Magallanes (District VII) which had household sizes
close to 5.0.
2000 2010
City/municipality
No. (‘000) Size No. (‘000) Size
District I 57.6 4.64 72.8 4.30
Cavite City 21.3 4.64 22.7 4.46
Kawit 13.5 4.64 18.3 4.27
Noveleta 6.9 4.61 9.9 4.20
Rosario 15.8 4.64 21.9 4.21
District II 64.0 4.77 119.6 4.35
Bacoor 64.0 4.77 119.6 4.35
District III 42.2 4.62 65.4 4.61
Imus 42.2 4.62 65.4 4.61
District IV 77.3 4.90 119.7 4.81
City of Dasmariñas 77.3 4.90 119.7 4.81
District V 63.8 4.95 91.7 4.57
Carmona 10.4 4.57 18.1 4.14
Gen. M. Alvarez 22.6 4.97 28.7 4.82
Silang 30.8 4.92 44.9 4.76
District VI 60.6 4.71 130.7 4.40
Trece Martires City 8.8 4.75 23.9 4.38
Amadeo 5.5 4.69 7.4 4.52
Gen. Trias 23.3 4.60 56.8 4.28
Tanza 23.0 4.77 42.6 4.43
District VII 63.2 4.95 81.8 4.73
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
2000 2010
City/municipality
No. (‘000) Size No. (‘000) Size
Tagaytay City 8.6 4.91 13.5 4.59
Alfonso 8.0 4.92 10.2 4.76
Gen. Aguinaldo 2.8 5.17 3.5 4.99
Indang 10.6 4.82 13.1 4.74
Magallanes 3.4 5.28 4.4 4.77
Maragondon 6.3 5.28 7.4 4.77
Mendez 4.8 4.81 6.3 4.53
Naic 15.2 4.75 19.4 4.53
Ternate 3.5 4.85 4.0 4.88
Total 428.9 4.78 681.7 4.54
Source: 2000 data - National Statistics Office (NSO); 2010 – Estimated
Despite the fact that some areas in Cavite have been assigned as relocation sites
for Metro Manila‘s informal settlers, the province already has a low and slightly
declining poverty incidence. The poverty incidence among Cavite‘s families
improved slightly from 4.8% in 2003 to 4.5% in 2009. In contrast, the national
average was 4 times higher at 24.4% in 2003 which declined to 20.9% in 2009
(Figure 2.3-2).
Similarly, there is a marked contrast between the local and national incidences. In
Cavite, the incidence of poverty among population dropped from 6.7% in 2003 to
6.4% in 2009 while the national average was at 30.0% in 2003, and 26.5% in
2009 (Figure 2.3-3)
30
24.4
25
21.1 20.9
20
15
10
4.8 4.2 4.5
5
0
2003 2006 2009
Cavite Philippines
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
35.0
30.0
30.0 26.4 26.5
25.0
20.0
15.0
0.0
2003 2006 2009
Cavite Philippines
The average annual family income in Cavite was P282,606 in 2009. It was much
higher than the average of P248,600 for CALABARZON and P206,000 for the
entire country. The average family income for Cavite in 2009 represented an
average annual growth of 4.10% from P196,401 in 2000.
Employment data prior to 2007 are not comparable to present data due to a
change in the definition of labor force which has resulted in lower unemployment
rate. Hence, the comparison is being made with data from 2008. There are also
no actual employment figures at the provincial level after 2003. However,
previous results indicate that a relatively industrialized area like Cavite has a
higher labor force participation rate and higher unemployment rate as more
people migrate to this area to search for employment and income opportunities.
Based on the above observations, it was estimated that Cavite generated 1.25
million jobs in 2010, 2.4% higher or 29,000 more than in 2008. Consequently, the
unemployment rate declined from 10.1% to 9.7% despite the rise in labor force
participation from 63.1% to 64.4% (Table 2.3-4). This indicates that the province
is increasingly providing jobs to new entrants in the labor force.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
2005 2010
Population 15 years old and over (‘000) 2,062.6 2,134.7
Labor Force Participation Rate (%) 63.1 64.4
Labor Force (‘000) 1,301.5 1,374.8
Employed (‘000) 1,211.6 1,241.4
Employment Rate (%) 89.9 90.3
Unemployed (‘000) 131.5 133.4
Unemployment Rate (%) 10.1 9.7
Source: National Statistics Office (NSO); 2005 Cavite Socio-Economic Profile; 2010 data -
Estimated
Based on 2009 and 2010 records, Cavite had lower birth rate (20) and death rate
(3.7) than Calabarzon and the entire Philippines. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) for
Calabarzon was 23, while its Crude Death Rate (CDR) was 5.6. For the
Philippines, CBR was 20; while CDR was 5.1. Cavite‘s infant mortality rate of 5.6
was slightly higher than Calabarzon‘s 5.0.
Morbidity Mortality
No. Rate per No. Rate per
Disease Causes
(‘000) 100,000 (‘000) 100,000
1. Hypertension 124.1 3,766 1. Pneumonia 0.751 23
2. Acute upper 71.8 2,180 2. Acute myocardial 0.746 23
respiratory infection infarction
3. UTI 11.0 333 3. Malignant 0.584 18
neoplasm
4. Influenza 6.5 198 4. Hypertensive heart 0.515 16
disease
5. Gastroenteritis & 6.5 197 5. Heart disease, 0.455 14
colitis organic
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Morbidity Mortality
No. Rate per No. Rate per
Disease Causes
(‘000) 100,000 (‘000) 100,000
6. Other respiratory 5.6 169 6. Cardiovascular 0.407 12
disorders disease
7. Multiple open 5.5 166 7. Acute renal failure 0.371 11
wounds
8. Acute 4.2 126 8. Respiratory 0.330 10
nasopharyngitis tuberculosis
9. Bronchitis 3.9 118 9. Diabetes melitus 0.329 10
10. Disorder of the skin 3.6 110 10. Atherosclerotic 0.283 9
heart disease
Source: Cavite Socio-Economic and Physical Profile 2010
The economically active population (15 years old and above) in Cavite is
expected to rise from 2.09 million in 2010 to 4.33 million in 2040. This represents
an increase in share to total population from 65.3% in 2010 to 80.5% in 2040.
Assuming a constant 64% Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR)—nearly the
average LFPR for Cavite during the past 5 years—the size of the labor force is
projected to go up from 1.35 million to 2.77 million (Table 2.3-7).
Given this trend, employment is projected to rise from 1.24 million (90.3% of labor
force) in 2010 to 4.64 million (91.7% of labor force) in 2040. This also suggests a
decline in the unemployment rate from 9.7% in 2010 to 8.3% by 2040.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Gross regional domestic product (GRDP) measures the overall level of output or
economic activity in a particular region in a given period of time. Based on
historical record, it appears that the entire country has grown almost twice
faster(at 4.3%) than CALABARZON (2.4%)from 2006 to 2009. The growth of
CALABARZON‘s industrial sector remained almost constant over the 2005-2009
period (Table 2.4-1).
The region‘s performance, however, may not necessarily have been dragged
down by Cavite, but more likely by the less industrialized provinces in the region.
As will be shown in subsequent sections of the study, Cavite‘s industrial sector
remained dynamic from 2005 to 2009. It should also be noted that the province
could have a higher share of the industrial sector in its economy than the 38.3%
average for the entire CALABARZON due to the presence of numerous industrial
parks and estates in the area. Cavite is only 2nd to Laguna in terms of the
provinces with the most number of industrial estates in the country.
2005 2009
% Ave.
in Billion in Billion
Area % share to % share to Annual
Pesos @ Pesos @
GRDP GRDP GR
1985 prices 1985 prices
CALABARZON (Region IV-A)
GRDP 150.6 100.0 165.6 100.0 2.4
Agriculture, fishery &
28.3 18.2 31.1 18.8 2.4
forestry
Industry 62.9 40.9 63.4 38.3 0.2
Services 59.4 40.9 71.0 42.9 4.6
PHILIPPINES
GDP 1,211.4 100.0 1,432.1 100.0 4.3
Agriculture, fishery &
230.8 19.1 259.4 18.1 3.0
forestry
Industry 396.9 32.8 460.2 32.1 3.8
Services 583.6 48.2 712.5 49.8 5.1
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
Except for rice and corn, Cavite generally cultivates high value commercial crops,
such as fruits, sugarcane, vegetables, and cut flowers. The production of
traditional cash crops, slipped during the past five years, although vegetables and
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
other crops managed to hold up. Other crops include papaya, dragon fruit,
muskmelon, and watermelon. There has also been a noticeable shift towards
sugarcane cultivation, perhaps due in part to increased demand for bio-ethanol
as a result of the implementation of the Bio-Fuels Act. Overall, agricultural crop
production is estimated to have posted a growth rate that is only slightly below
the CALABARZON average agricultural growth of 2.4% in 2005-2010 (Table 2.4-
2).
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
2005 2010
City/Municipality % of total land % of total
Hectares Hectares
area land area
District I 147 6.0 323 13.2
Cavite City - - - -
Kawit 120 9.0 260 19.4
Noveleta 25 4.6 52 9.6
Rosario 2 0.3 11 1.9
District II 438 8.4 260 5.0
Bacoor 438 8.4 260 5.0
District III 1,953 29.1 2,090 31.2
Imus 1,953 29.1 2,090 31.2
District IV 1,574 19.1 2,410 29.3
City of Dasmariñas 1,574 19.1 2,410 29.3
District V 4,919 25.0 6,089 31.1
Carmona 492 15.9 424 13.7
Gen. M. Alvarez 253 27.0 72 7.7
Silang 4,174 26.7 5,592 35.7
District VI 10,100 33.5 11,601 38.5
Trece Martires City 274 7.0 627 15.9
Amadeo 4,516 94.3 4,785 99.9
Gen. Trias 3,501 29.7 3,676 31.2
Tanza 1,809 18.8 2,513 26.1
District VII 17,213 26.0 29,060 43.9
Tagaytay City 1,123 17.0 1,080 16.3
Alfonso 3,315 51.3 4,323 66.9
Gen. Aguinaldo 1,394 27.3 3,963 77.7
Indang 2,298 25.8 5,191 58.2
Magallanes 1,588 20.2 5,821 74.1
Maragondon 2,732 16.5 3,649 22.0
Mendez 899 53.9 1,148 68.9
Naic 3,305 38.4 3,279 38.1
Ternate 559 12.8 606 13.9
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Cavite‘s livestock industry showed modest growth during the 5-year period,
although the swine/hog population actually declined. In contrast, poultry posted
creditable performance, with the chicken population rising by 38.7% yearly to
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
reach almost 10 million heads in 2010 from just about 2 million in 2005. Other
poultry, consisting mostly of geese and quail, increased by 21.1% p.a. (Table
2.4-5)
Significant increase in area planted to crops is not anticipated over the medium-
term as urbanization and industrialization take precedence over agricultural
development. The modest increase in agricultural crop production will essentially
come from productivity improvement and shift to higher value crops. Cultivation of
crops, however, is not a source of demand for the water supply project as it is
more dependent on irrigation and other water sources, hence even competing
with the project for water source. Poultry and livestock have stronger growth
potential due to increase in large scale operations which feed into agro-
processing, and which is a major source of demand for the water supply project.
Overall, the agricultural sector will remain to a major user of the water resources
of the province, but its growth in demand will be modest at 3-4% per annum,
slower than the demand of households, industrial establishments and tourism-
related establishments.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
850
805 806
798
800
773
760
751
750 731
718
700
668
650
600
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
As of 2010, there were 28 operating industrial estates (IE‘s) and economic zones
(EZ‘s) with a combined land area of almost 1,500 hectares in Cavite (Table 2.4-
6). In addition, there were seven (7) proclaimed IE‘s/EZ‘s and 16 IE‘s/EZ‘s that
were in progress. The 28 operating IE‘s and EZ‘s had 629 industrial
establishments, or 78% of the industrial establishments for the entire province.
Based on 2010 data, most of the industrial establishments are found inside
industrial estates (90% of total establishments), with only 10% operating outside
the estates.
Most of the industrial zones are concentrated on the middle eastern part of the
province, especially in Gen. Trias, Silang and Carmona. A significant number of
industrial estates also operate in the northern part, specifically in Imus and Tanza
(Figure 2.4-3). In terms of number of establishments (i.e., locators in industrial
zones/estates), it is still the central area that prevails, particularly Carmona (204
establishments), Dasmarinas (118), Gen. Trias (50) and Trece Martires (36).
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Not all industries, however, are water-intensive, which are the ones that could
create a surge in demand rather than just natural growth in demand due to the
growth in industry. The water intensive industries would be food and beverages
(4% of establishments in 2010), agri-business (5%), and, to some extent,
electronics (17%, mostly for washing/cleaning) and chemicals (12%, for
compounding and other chemical processes). When added up, the water
intensive industries account for about 38% of the total industrial establishments.
Except for very few industrial estates under development which specified
preferred industries (electronics, etc. in Silang and one estate in Gen. Trias), it is
difficult at this point to identify the specific type of industries that will increasingly
locate in Cavite.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Hence, the likely GRDP increase is about 3-4% p.a. Further, industry growth is
roughly 1%-point faster than GRDP growth in Calabarzon. It is also assumed that
Cavite‘s industrial sector will grow faster than the industrial growth target for the
entire region as, similar to Laguna, it has the more dynamic industrial sector. This
means about 5-6% per annum increase in Cavite‘s industry, which is also
assumed to be the growth in industrial demand for water.
Cavite generated exports worth US$7.3 billion in 2010, an increase from US$4.1
billion in 2002, although below the peak of US$11.7 billion in 2007 (Figure 2.4-
4).The Cavite economic zones accounted for 18% of the countrywide PEZA
ecozone exports in 2010.The Cavite ecozones also required US$6.7 billion worth
of imports in 2010, double their demand of US$3.1 billion in 2002. In short,
exports exceeded imports, so the province consistently enjoyed trade surpluses.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
14,000
12,000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Imports 3,133 4,299 3,941 2,349 8,589 8,589 8,891 5,297 6,726
Exports 4,107 5,187 8,078 9,254 10,213 11,720 11,245 6,453 7,312
Imports Exports
District VI
2,180 (16%)
District II
2,261 (17%)
District V,
1,829 (14%)
District III,
1,910 (14%)
District IV
2,812 (21%)
Source: Cavite Socio-Economic and Physical Profile (Cavite SEPP 2010)
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Services have actually grown even faster than industry in Calabarzon, and the
rapid growth trend is expected to continue as the province continues to urbanize.
Water demand growth in commercial and tourism establishments is therefore
expected to average 6-7% p.a., nearly the same pace of growth as the service
sector over the medium-term.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The population of Cavite province is projected to increase from 3.1 million in 2010
to 9.0 million by 2040. This is due to the continuous influx of migrants from
different parts of Metro Manila, as well as from other provinces. This is brought
about by economic opportunities from the presence of industrial estates,
availability of affordable housing, and improved connectivity with Metro Manila.
The details of the historical and projected population of the province,
disaggregated into its component cities and municipalities are shown in Annex II-
3 and Annex II-4, respectively.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The future domestic water demand was calculated based on projected unit water
consumptions of different consumer categories and the population to be served.
Other factors that were considered are the following: (i) economic potential of the
city/municipality; (ii) the present water rates; and (iii) the planned housing
projects, commercial and industrial establishments in the area based on the 2010
Socio-Economic and Physical Profile of the Province and the Comprehensive
Land Use Plans (CLUP) of each city and municipality.
In general, the total domestic water demand is equal to the sum of the residential,
commercial, institutional/government and small industries‘ demand, and non-
revenue water (NRW). The NRW is defined as the difference between water
being produced and water being billed. Unbilled connections, leakage, wastage,
and other unbilled uses constitute the NRW.
For this study, the following unit consumption rates, depending on the
development level of each city and municipality, were adopted:
Residential (liters/day/capita)
Level I - 30 lpcd
Level II - 60 lpcd
Level III - 90 to 145 lpcd
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The domestic water demand forecasts were based on the urban and rural
populations projected to be served by Levels I, II, and III water supply systems
and an equivalent (domestic, commercial, institutional, and small industries) per
capita or connection consumption. The service levels were extracted from the
Cavite Socio-Economic and Ecological Profile of 2009 and validated with the
recent data gathered from the water service providers. In projecting the changes
in the service levels for years 2012 to 2040, the following were considered:
(i)existing urban-rural structure, (ii)income class per city/municipality, the current
urbanization trend, (iii)the massive ongoing improvement and expansion
programs of MWSI in its service areas (covering Cavite City and the
municipalities of Kawit, Noveleta, Rosario, Bacoor and Imus), and (iv) the
ongoing expansion programs of the Water Districts and private corporations. The
Level I service coverage is forecasted to decrease from 18.46% in 2009 to 14.0%
in 2012, and less than 1% by the year 2040 while the Level II service coverage is
projected to increase from 2.32% in 2009 to 4.4% in 2040. Likewise, Level III
coverage is forecasted to increase from 79.22% in 2009 to 95.45% in 2040.
The unit consumption for the various categories was forecasted to increase
slightly each year to reflect economic growth within the city/municipality, as
derived from forecasted rates of growth across the various sectors within the
province (NSO, 2011). An annual rate increase ranging from 0.5% to 1.0%,
consistent with LWUA methodology, was adopted.
2,000
Total Domestic Water
1,800
1,600
Demand, MLD
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Agriculture is not limited to planted crops. Agricultural areas in Cavite are utilized
in many forms: aquaculture, livestock and poultry production, and allied
agricultural industries (feed mill production, breeding farms, demonstration farms,
etc.) As for crop production, it is one of the major components of agricultural
activities in Cavite. In 2010, 79.68% of the total agricultural areas are devoted to
crop production. Still, there were a total of seven (7) city/municipalities (Trece
Martires City and Municipalities of Amadeo, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, Imus,
Magallanes, Tanza and Ternate) that have areas actually planted with crops that
are larger than their declared total agricultural lands as shown in Annex II-13B.
This can be attributed to some residential, commercial and industrial lands that
are currently utilized for agricultural use.
Rice is the most planted crop in the province. In 2005, some 12,818.38 hectares,
distributed in one (city) and 11 municipalities, were planted with rice. This
dropped by 4.7% in 2007, but then increased by 9.4% and 5.5% in 2009 and
2010, respectively. In 2010, 15,347.46 hectares of irrigated land (Annex II-13C),
were cultivated -composed of Cavite Friar Lands Irrigation System (59%),
Communal Irrigation Systems (3%), and private systems (38%).
3-4
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
15,000
14,500
Source: NIA-Naic Office, Cavite PDPFP 2008-2013, Cavite SEPP 2005, 2009 & 2010
The actual percentage of benefitted service area per cropping season, based on
data gathered from NIA-Naic Office for years 2008 to 2011, showed that
benefitted area ranged from 65% to 68% in the wet season crop and 30% to 48%
in the dry season crop. For years 2012 to 2040, an average benefitted service
area of 60% is assumed all throughout. The projected benefitted service area in
hectares are shown in Annex II-14A and Figure 3.2-3.
9,000
Average Benefitted Service
8,750
8,500
8,250
Area, Ha
8,000
7,750
7,500
7,250
7,000
2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
The water requirement for rice production was estimated based on the projected
irrigable areas and the average benefitted service area per cropping season. An
agricultural water duty of 1.24 lps/ha for palay, which is being adopted by NIA-
Naic Office, was used in the projections. The projected irrigated water
requirement is tabulated in Annex II-14A and shown graphically in Figure 3.2-4.
This is forecasted to decrease slightly from 934.76 MLD in 2010 to 825.41 MLD
in 2040 or by about 12% in 30 years.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
1,000
MLD
900
875
850
825
800
2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
The agricultural water requirement for vegetables was estimated based on the
projected cultivated areas and a water duty of 0.75 lps/ha as per NIA-Naic
Office. The projected irrigated water requirement is tabulated in Annex II-14B
and shown graphically in Figure 3.2-6. This is forecasted to increase by 2.0%
annually from 139.24 MLD in 2010 to 232.45 MLD in 2040.
4,000
3,750
Area Planted to Vegetables,
3,500
3,250
3,000
2,750
Ha
2,500
2,250
2,000
1,750
1,500
1,250
1,000
2005 2007 2009 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Source: Cavite PDPFP 2008-2013, Cavite SEPP 2005, 2009 & 2010
3-6
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
300
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
50
Area Planted toCutflowers &
45
40
Ornamentals , Ha
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2005 2007 2009 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Source: Source: Cavite PDPFP 2008-2013, Cavite SEPP 2005, 2009 & 2010
Figure 3.2-7 Total Area Planted to Cut flowers & Ornamentals (2005-2040)
The water requirement for cut flowers and ornamental plants production was
estimated based on the projected cultivated areas and a water duty of 0.75 lps/ha
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
as per NIA-Naic Office. This is forecasted to increase from 1.78 MLD in 2010 to
2.88 MLD in 2040 as shown in Annex II-14C and Figure 3.2-8.
4.00
Cutflowers & Ornamentals
3.50
Water Demand, MLD
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
The livestock water requirement was estimated based on the projected number
of heads and an average consumption of 25 liters/head/day, as per data
gathered from the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist. The projected livestock
water demand (Annex II-14D and Figure 3.2-9) is forecasted to increase by
about 1.0% annually from 14.84 MLD in 2010 to 20.83 MLD in 2040.
24.0
Livestock Water Demand, MLD
23.0
22.0
21.0
20.0
19.0
18.0
17.0
16.0
15.0
14.0
13.0
12.0
2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
14,000
12,000
Poultry Heads '000
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
2005 2007 2009 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Source: Cavite PDPFP 2008-2013, Cavite SEPP 2005, 2009 & 2010
The poultry water requirement was estimated based on the projected number of
heads and an average consumption of 0.40 liter/head/day, as per data gathered
from the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist. Similar to livestock, poultry is
forecasted to increase by about 1.0% annually, from 3.91 MLD in 2010 to 5.16
MLD in 2040 (Annex II-14E and Figure 3.2-11).
6.0
Poultry Water Demand, MLD
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
34
Aquaculture Area, Ha
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
2007 2009 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
Source: Cavite PDPFP 2008-2013, Cavite SEPP2009 & 2010
2.00
Aquaculture Water Demand, MLD
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The projected agricultural water demand per city/municipality for years 2012 to
2040 at 5-year interval are tabulated in Annex II-14 and shown graphically in
Figure 3.2-14. The total agricultural water demand is estimated to slightly
decrease from 1,094 MLD in 2012 to 1,089 MLD in 2040.
225
Demand, MLD
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
Imus
Tanza
Tagaytay City
Noveleta
Dasmariñas City
Alfonso
Trece Martires City
Magallanes
Carmona
Mendez
Kawit
Rosario
Amadeo
Indang
Gen. Mariano Alvarez
Silang
Bacoor
Gen. Trias
Cavite City
Maragondon
Ternate
Naic
Figure 3.2-14 Water Demand per City/Municipality (2010-2040)
Hence, the total area utilization was estimated to be 1,812.69 hectares and
estimated to increase to 3,078.04 hectares by the year 2040, a 170% increase of
the industrial area as shown in Annex II-15A and Figure 3.2-15.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
3,500
Economic Zones
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
300
No. of Industrial Establishments Outside
280
Industrial Estates/ Economic Zones
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
2005 2009 2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
3-12
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The total industrial water demand was estimated based on the assumed phase of
development within the IEs/EZs, increase in the number of industrial
establishments outside the IEs/EZs, and assuming a unit consumption of 60
cum/day/ha and 25 cum/day/connection. The projected industrial demand is
forecasted to increase annually by 1.8%, from 112 MLD in 2010 to 192 MLD by
2040. The industrial demand projections are tabulated in Annex II-15 and shown
graphically in Figure 3.2-17.
200
190
Total Industrial Water Demand,
180
170
160
150
MLD
140
130
120
110
100
2010 2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
3.2.4 Recreation
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
16.0
There are no reported existing hydropower plants in the study area. The electric
power of the entire province is being supplied by the National Power Corporation
(NPC) through the Manila Electric Company (MERALCO). The current
energization rate is at 100%.
The total water demands by category per city/municipality for years 2012 through
2040 at 5-year interval are shown in Annex II-17 and are summarized in Table
3.2-2. The estimated 2012 total water demand of 1,753 MLD is forecasted to
increase by 1.6% average annually, to reach 2,845 MLD by the year 2040.
Domestic Water Demand 525 538 669 838 1,063 1,297 1,549
Industrial Water Demand 122 136 160 172 184 188 192
Recreational Water Demand 12.02 12.45 13.03 13.46 13.90 14.47 15.17
Water Demand 1,753 1,777 1,929 2,100 2,335 2,576 2,845
The percentage share of the different category of users in 2012 will have
significantly changed in the year 2040, shown in Figure 3.2-19 and Figure 3.2-
20. The agriculture demand will reduce from its 62% share in 2012 to 38% in
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
2040. Land is a limited resource- with the built up areas forecasted to increase
further due to increase in population and industrial establishments, agriculture will
decline in land area and water demand allocation. On the other hand, the
domestic demand will dramatically increase from only 30% share in 2012 to 54%
in 2040. For industrial and recreation uses, these will experience a slight increase
but allocation will remain at the same levels at 7% and 1%, respectively.
38%
54%
7%
1%
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
2,100
2,000
Total Ground Water Demand, MLD
1,900
1,800
1,700
1,600
1,500
1,400
1,300
1,200
1,100
1,000
900
800
700
600
2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
The surface water demand consists mainly of demand for irrigated rice
production and aquaculture, currently estimated at 932 MLD and representing
about 53% of the present total Cavite water demand. The demand for surface
water is forecasted to decrease by an average of 0.40% annually and estimated
to reach 827 MLD by the year 2040 (Figure 3.2-22), representing about 29% of
the total Cavite water demand in 2040.
Total Surface Water Demand, MLD
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
2012 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
4.1.1 General
The main factors determining river flow, the amount of water passing any given
location along the river at any time, are:
Surface water supplies are generally of two (2) types: a) on-stream storage,
which is controlled using a dam structure and is necessary for streams that
exhibit significant flow variability, and b) run-of-the river supply source which
supplies directly from the unregulated stream. In view of the potentially significant
environmental implications, this study pertains to the latter type.
Streamflow can vary considerably from the long-term average value, with the
variation being largest for short-time intervals but still has significant variation
even over longer time scales. The ability of a water source to supply a certain
level of water demand thus depends not only on the long-term mean flow, but
also on the degree of seasonal and inter-annual streamflow variability. The
seasonal variation of demand is a key determinant of supply reliability because
peaks in demand may occur when the natural availability of supply is smallest.
The ability to supply water reliably to the service area depends primarily on the
availability of the water at its source, normally measured in terms of ―Yield‖. Yield
is the amount of water that can be supplied from the river during a specified
interval of time.
4.1.2 Rainfall
Rainfall is one of the primary drivers of the hydrological cycle, with its volume
and intensity directly affecting the volume of water available within a catchment.
Rainfall within a catchment generally varies spatially with topography. Observed
rainfall is representative only of rainfall falling over a limited area in the vicinity of
the gauge. For this study, mean annual rainfall values (Table 4.1-1) are derived
from four (4) PAGASA rainfall stations located in the province of Cavite and
two(2) stations located in the province of Batangas.
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Isohyetal maps (Figure 4.1-1), showing lines of equal rainfall depth (isohyets),
are produced by PAGASA using the synthesized rainfall values. PAGASA
claimed that the recorded data for Amadeo station are dubious and therefore
were not included in the calculation of the annual mean rainfall isohyetal map of
the province.
Source: PAGASA
Figure 4.1-1 Mean Annual Rainfall Isohyetal of Cavite
Annual Rainfall
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Monthly Rainfall
The conditions at the project area are reflected in the rainfall data at the four (4)
stations in the province. The maximum rainfall usually occurs during the months
of July and August. The rainy season lasts from May to October, with aggregate
rainfall in this season representing 78-90% of the total annual rainfall. The dry
season lasts from November to April, with aggregate rainfall in this season
covering 10-22% of the whole year‘s rainfall. March is the driest month while July
or August is the wettest month.
Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Record
Sangley
18.8 9.8 9.6 18.8 141.1 251.8 397.8 455.9 326.9 211.0 112.6 57.7 2041.0 1974-2010
Point
Tagaytay 39.3 38.7 32.9 51.3 193.5 233.2 381.5 279.9 337.0 204.7 161.9 141.7 2115.2 1996-2010
Amadeo 106.6 58.5 40.6 63.3 338.9 457.5 775.9 710.2 393.7 465.4 257.2 198.6 3931.1 1985-2003
Bacoor 10.5 8.4 7.0 11.2 126.0 227.1 354.0 410.3 266.9 182.9 99.8 43.7 1744.7 1975-2006
Source: PAGASA
The major river basins in Cavite (Table 4.1-4) originate in the southern
mountainous part of the province and flows northerly, traversing the various
municipalities and emptying into Manila Bay. The size of the watershed or
catchment basin is the most important parameter affecting the determination of
the total runoff.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Figure 4.1-2 shows the location and catchment areas of the major basins in the
province.
Source: Water Resources Assessment and Development Plan for Sustainable Utilization of Water
Resources in Nine (9) LGUs in Cavite Province, SWECO-WATCON, Inc. Sept.2004
By definition, a watershed is the land area that contributes surface water runoff to
a common point. It is separated from adjacent watersheds by a land ridge or
divide and can vary in size, from a few hectares to thousands of square
kilometers. A larger watershed can contain many smaller sub-watersheds which
are defined in the same manner as a watershed. On a larger scale, a basin is
defined as a collection of watersheds that feed into a common main tributary or
large body of water.
The drainage areas or the points of interest in the study were determined from
the 1:50,000 topographic maps of the National Mapping and Resource
Information Authority (NAMRIA) of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR). The locations of the gauging stations were identified in the
1:50,000 scale topographic map and delineated for confirmatory purposes. The
delineated watershed, reckoned at the site of interest, and the estimated size of
the catchment area is shown in Table 4.1-5.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Water for irrigated rice lands in the province is provided through the different
irrigation systems, namely: (i) Cavite Friar Lands Irrigation System (CFLIS) being
managed by NIA, (ii) Cavite Provincial Irrigation Office(CPIO)/Communal
Irrigation Systems (CIS), and (iii) private systems. While the designed service
area of the CFLIS is 15,000 hectares, its firmed-up service area as of 2010 is
8,618.09 hectares, covering 34 barangays within the eight (8) towns of Cavite
(Bacoor, Dasmariñas, Imus, Gen. Trias, Tanza, Naic, Maragondon and
Ternate).The system is a run-off the river type with approved water rights of
1,925 mld (22,278 lps) and water duty of 1.24 lps per hectare. The major dams
divert water from 18 rivers, and one (1) creek. The main irrigation facilities in the
system consist of 18 diversion dams, 72 minor dams, two reservoirs, and
conveyance canals including appurtenant structures,
The CPIO/CIS covers four (4) municipalities (Gen. Mariano Alvarez, Carmona,
Ternate and Maragondon) with a firmed-up service area of 430.63 hectares as of
2010 while the private systems are distributed within the 10 towns with a total
service area of 5,492.86 hectares. The total irrigated area as of 2010 is
14,541.59 hectares as shown in Annex II-13C. Both the CIS and private
systems divert water from the nearby rivers and creeks.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Maragondon River
The daily maximum for the recorded flows varies from a high of 34,266.24 MLD
(396.60 cms) during the month of September to a low of 240.192 MLD (2.78 cms)
during the month of April. The minimum flow varies from 13.824 MLD (0.16 cms)
in September to 56.16 MLD (0.65 cms) in December (Figure 4.1-4). It was also
noted that the mean of the daily flow varies from 94.176 MLD (1.09 cms) during
the dry season to 1,900.80 MLD (22.00 cms) during the rainy season. The
coefficient of variability ranges from a minimum of 0.41 to a high of 4.07,
indicating a high variability of flow.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
25.00
20.00
Discharge, cms
15.00
Minimum
10.00 Mean
Median
5.00
0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Panaysayan River
Available daily streamflow data (1983-2004) for Panaysayan River from the
Bureau of Research and Standards of DPWH were analyzed. The river is gauged
at Brgy. Palubluban in the municipality of Gen. Trias. Mean discharge values are
expectedly high during the southwest monsoon season (May-October) and low
during the northeast monsoon season (November-April).
The maximum daily flows from record varies from a high of 11371.104
MLD(131.61 cms) during the month of July to a low of 100.224 MLD (1.16 cms)
from January to April. The minimum flow varies from 1.728 MLD (0.02 cms) in
March to 7.776 MLD (0.09 cms) from August to September (Figure 4.1-5).It was
also noted that the mean of the daily flow varies from 19.008 MLD (0.22 cms)
during the dry season to 178.848 MLD (2.07 cms) during the rainy season. The
coefficient of variability ranges from a minimum of 0.78 to a high of 4.88,
indicating a high variability of flow.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
2.50
2.00
Min, cms
Discharge, cms
0.50
0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
Figure 4.1-5 Plot of Minimum, Median and Mean Discharge of Panaysayan River
Monthly discharge records were the only available data for the Ilang-Ilang and
Balsahan Rivers, covering the early 50‘s until the 70‘s. Source information on
daily flows were no longer available. The statistical information provided for both
gauged rivers are summarized in Table 4.1-6.
Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Balsahan River
Mean 0.52 0.35 0.33 0.30 0.96 2.37 3.64 3.57 4.01 2.14 1.67 0.84
Std. Dev 0.66 0.48 0.53 0.57 1.25 2.25 4.43 3.06 3.45 2.60 3.30 1.27
Correl 0.82 0.95 0.98 0.61 0.27 0.51 0.36 0.37 0.12 0.58 0.45 0.53
Skew 1.69 2.00 2.19 2.77 1.25 1.32 2.13 1.24 0.62 1.64 3.32 1.87
Cv 1.28 1.39 1.58 1.89 1.31 0.95 1.22 0.86 0.86 1.21 1.98 1.52
Minimum 0.07 0.06 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.21 0.27 0.19 0.04 0.06 0.04
Maximum 2.38 1.62 1.92 2.3 3.57 8.74 17.89 11.43 11.26 9.32 14.79 4.27
Ilang-Ilang River
Mean 0.12 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.53 0.86 1.74 3.54 4.38 1.68 2.27 0.88
Std. Dev 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.04 2.07 2.08 4.20 4.90 7.46 2.76 4.73 1.87
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Parameter Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Correl 0.73 0.93 0.81 -0.16 0.15 0.92 -0.03 0.81 0.01 -0.11 0.71 -0.03
Skew 1.93 1.30 1.14 1.12 4.76 3.98 3.53 2.10 1.96 2.15 2.81 3.10
Cv 0.88 0.75 0.84 0.80 3.93 2.41 2.42 1.39 1.70 1.65 2.08 2.12
Minimum 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.02 0.01
Maximum 0.5 0.26 0.2 0.16 10.46 9.8 19.04 18.71 26.21 11.59 20.52 7.99
Source: BRS-DPWH
General
The flow duration curve can be used to set categories of flow and used as a
general indicator of hydrologic conditions. The various categories and their
corresponding flow intervals drawn from an FDC are summarized in Table 4.1-7.
Maragondon River
The daily streamflow record at Maragondon River varies significantly over the
year. Flow duration analysis on a monthly basis was conducted on the daily
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
historical data and the results are shown in Table 4.1-8. The daily discharge
values are generally higher during the rainy season (May-October).
For Maragondon River, about ninety five percent (95 %) of the time, one may
expect flow rates to range from 0.49 cums to1.78 cums. A firm yield on a monthly
basis can be set at the lowest value of this range 0.49 cums (dry season, March).
A ninety nine percent (99%) exceedence for Maragondon River would set a firm
yield at about 0.47 cums (dry season, March).
When all daily flows are included in a curve and regardless of the time sequence
of the year, a flow duration analysis for Maragondon River yields the results in
Table 4.1-9.
The graph of the flow duration for Maragondon Rive is shown in Figures 4.1-6.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
1000.00
All days
Dry Season
100.00
Wet Season
Discharge, cms
10.00
1.00
0.10
0 20 40 60 80 100
Probability of Exceedance, %
Panaysayan River
Using daily stream flow record, a flow duration analysis on a monthly basis was
conducted on the daily historical data of Panaysayan River and the results are
shown in Table 4.1-11. For Panaysayan River, in about ninety five percent (95
%) of the time, one may expect flows to range from 0.06 cums to
0.19cumsacross the months. A firm yield on a monthly basis can be set at 0.06
cms. A ninety nine percent (99%) exceedence for Panaysayan River would set
the firm yield at about 0.03 cums (observed in May).
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
A flow duration analysis of all data for Panaysayan River wasconducted and the
resulting values are summarized in Table 4.1-12.
The graphs of the flow duration for Panaysayan River is shown in Figures 4.1-7.
The chart is organized to show values for the dry and wet season, and when all
flows are considered.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
1000.00
All days
100.00
Dry Season
Wet Season
Discharge, cms
10.00
1.00
0.10
0.01
0 20 40 60 80 100
Probability of Exceedance, %
Balsahan River
Using monthly gauged stream flow data available for Balsahan River, a statistical
analysis was conducted and the results are summarized in Table 4.1-14.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Balsahan River
Mean 0.518 0.345 0.333 0.301 0.956 2.370 3.644 3.575 4.007 2.144 1.655 0.836
Std. Dev. 0.663 0.479 0.527 0.570 1.254 2.255 4.430 3.064 3.448 2.603 3.303 1.270
Correl 0.815 0.948 0.980 0.606 0.274 0.505 0.360 0.374 0.117 0.578 0.447 0.533
Skew 1.693 2.005 2.190 2.766 1.250 1.321 2.131 1.241 0.624 1.640 3.323 1.874
Cv 1.281 1.389 1.583 1.894 1.312 0.951 1.216 0.857 0.861 1.214 1.984 1.518
Minimum 0.070 0.060 0.020 0.000 0.020 0.080 0.210 0.270 0.190 0.040 0.060 0.040
Maximum 2.380 1.620 1.920 2.300 3.570 8.740 17.890 11.430 11.260 9.320 14.790 4.270
Source: BRS-DPWH
10.000
1.000
Discharge, cms
All Data
0.100
Dry Season
Wet Season
0.010
0.001
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Probability of Exceedance, %
Ilang-ilang River
Using monthly gauged stream flow data available for Ilang-ilang River, similar
statistical analysis was conducted and the results are summarized in Table 4.1-
15.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
Mean 0.122 0.076 0.062 0.052 0.528 0.863 1.737 3.537 4.385 1.676 2.269 0.880
Std. Dev. 0.107 0.058 0.052 0.041 2.074 2.079 4.195 4.901 7.459 2.761 4.729 1.866
Correl 0.726 0.928 0.805 -0.160 0.147 0.923 -0.028 0.806 0.006 -0.106 0.710 -0.035
Skew 1.931 1.296 1.140 1.117 4.759 3.980 3.533 2.104 1.959 2.151 2.811 3.103
Cv 0.875 0.754 0.841 0.798 3.925 2.409 2.415 1.386 1.701 1.648 2.084 2.122
Minimum 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.040 0.120 0.140 0.160 0.020 0.010
Maximum 0.500 0.260 0.200 0.160 10.460 9.800 19.040 18.710 26.210 11.590 20.520 7.990
Source: BRS-DPWH
The resulting flow duration values for Ilang-ilang River are charted in Figure 4.1-
9.
10.000
All Data
Dry Season
1.000
Wet Season
Discharge, cms
0.100
0.010
0.001
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Prob. of Exceedance, %
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Aside from the four (4) rivers identified as possible surface water sources, other
rivers were also observed in the study. The following are the observations made
during the survey of six (6) minor rivers in the Province of Cavite.
1) LULUNGISAN RIVER
Lulungisan River, a tributary of Maragondon River, originates from Brgy.
Kayquit III, Indang, approximately 1.5km from the town proper. The river is
surrounded by vegetation and rock formation. Access is difficult due to steep
slopes on both sides. According to local residents, the depth of the water
usually ranges from 0.5m to1.0m. No active signs of freshwater life were
observed during the site visit. The water looked clear and was flowing quite
fast.
2) LUMIPA RIVER
Lumipa River, also a tributary of Maragondon River, originates in Brgy.
Tabora of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, Cavite. The river is surrounded by
vegetation and rock formation. Slope is not that steep on both sides and
some locals have settled along the banks of the river.
According to residents in the area, the depth of the river varies from 1.0m to
1.5m or deeper. No active signs of freshwater life were observed during the
site visit. The water looked clear and was quite fast-flowing.
3) HALANG RIVER
Halang river, a tributary of Panaysayan River originates from the highlands of
Tagaytay and passes through the boundary of Silang and Amadeo.
4) HABULING RIVER
Habuling River is also a tributary of Maragondon River.It originates
approximately 2km northwest of Indang town proper. The river is surrounded
by vegetation and access is difficult due to steep slopes. The water is
relatively clear despite the presence of garbage. River flow is slow and depth
was about 0.5m at the time of the survey.
5) CAISOBO RIVER
Caisobo River originates approximately 4km southeast of Naic and is a
tributary of Balsahan River.The river is surrounded by vegetation. Water is
turbid and flows very slowly and at times almost stagnant. According to
residents, the river never dries up during summer and the water depth was
less than 0.5m at the time of the survey. Presence of garbage on the river
was observed.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
6) MAGAY RIVER
Magay River is a tributary of Maragondon River and originates at gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo. It is located approximately 4km southeast of Maragondon, Cavite.
The river is surrounded by vegetation and water is a bit turbid and fast
flowing. According to residents, the river never runs dry during summer and
its depth varies from 0.5m to 1.5m or deeper. No active signs of freshwater
life were observed during the site visit.
Table 4.1-16 shows the estimated cumulative discharges of the surveyed river
basins in the province.
4.1.7 Lakes
Two (2) huge bodies of water which are potential sources of surface water supply
for the province of Cavite are Laguna de Bay and Taal Lake. These sources are
situated east and southeast of the province of Cavite.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Laguna de Bay is the second largest body of freshwater in Southeast Asia. It has
a surface area of approximately 90,000 hectares, an average depth of 2.8m, a
total volume of 3.2 billion cubic meters measured at elevation 11.50 meters
above the Laguna de Bay datum set at 10.0 meters below the Mean Lower Low
Water (MLLW) and a shoreline of 220 kms. There are 21 tributaries that drain into
the lake; 35% of freshwater that drains comes from Pagsanjan River while 15%
comes from the Sta. Cruz River. The only outlet of the lake is the Napindan
Channel which at its confluence with the Marikina River forms the Pasig River.
This river meanders along 24-km long course westward through a major part of
Metropolitan Manila, before finally discharging into Manila Bay.
The hydrology of the lake has a natural stage regime which in the dry season
results in a minimum lake elevation of about 10.5 m controlled by mean level in
Manila Bay. At the end of the dry season, the lake level may drop below the level
of high tide in Manila Bay, resulting in the intrusion of seawater up the Pasig river.
With this diurnal reversal, the highly polluted waters of the Pasig river system are
carried into the lake. The tidal influx is also the primary cause of elevated salinity
in the lake during this part of the year (Francisco, 1985).
During the wet season, precipitation results in an annual mean high water
elevation of 12.5m and a peak elevation which may reach as high as 14.6m for a
100 year recurrence interval. During extremely wet years, widespread flood
damage occurs along the lakeshores because the land is relatively flat for several
kilometers inland in most areas. Also during this period, the Marikina river floods
the Pasig river and overflows into the Laguna de Bay via the Napindan Channel
because the Marikina river can generate flood flows of about 200 cms to 4000
cms, and because the Pasig river bank full channel capacity varies from as little
as 50 cms to only about 750 cms.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
There is a small volcanic island in the middle of the lake which has been the site
of almost all the historic volcanic activity and responsible for the lake's sulfuric
content. The Taal Volcano itself has a lake of its own inside its crater called
"Crater Lake". Taal Lake is situated in a highly populated and rapidly growing
agricultural and industrial region. A high ridge, part of the crater wall, rises to
640m above sea level to the northwest of the lake, upon which is located the
chief town in the catchment area, Tagaytay City. To the south and east, the land
is more gently sloping.
The catchment area is largely deforested and given over to agriculture. Coconut
cultivation is important, with additional crops such as coffee, cocoa and cassava
grown underneath the coconut trees. Other areas are dominated by grassland
and there is some livestock raising.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
River Flow
Flow duration curves for the gauged and selected ungauged rivers in Cavite were
analysed. A comparison of the flow duration values across the selected rivers,
considering riparian flow requirement based on NWRB guidelines, shows that
Maragondon has the highest significant sustainable flow. Based on available flow
data, the flows in Maragondon River during the critical months at selected
dependability levels are as follows:
Probability of
Jan Feb Mar Apr May
Exceedance, %
99 0.53 0.48 0.47 0.50 0.59
95 0.59 0.50 0.49 0.59 0.62
90 0.62 0.59 0.58 0.65 0.74
80 0.86 0.83 0.71 0.74 0.77
50 1.69 1.24 1.02 0.91 1.13
From the estimated flow duration curve, Maragondon River has the best potential
as possible source of water supply in the province. Besides having a much
greater drainage area as compared to others, its source in the headwaters of
Magallanes and partly from Alfonso are generally forested and uninhabited.
Water Quality
While Maragondon River, has the largest sustainable yield, using it as a main
souce of water supply will present some challenges in terms of water treatment.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Well Inventory
Records of wells were obtained from the LWUA Groundwater Data Bank,
National Water Resources Board, WATCON, Inc., local water districts, and well
drilling contractors. Available information on well owner, location, depth, casing
diameter, capacity, strata logs, test pumping results, and water quality are
presented in the Annexes to the Report.
Collected data from the NWRB that include records of 308 wells are presented in
Annex II-23. Well information includes location, depth, diameter of casings and
screens, and static and pumping water levels. Also obtained from the NWRB are
recent water quality test results of 308 wells and water level measurements of
155 wells.
A summary of well data collected from the LWUA Groundwater Data Bank is
presented in Annex II-24. There are 1,174 records of wells in the province.
However, except for the location of the well, most of the records, particularly
those on strata logs, test pumping results, and water quality test results, are
incomplete.
The Dasmariñas Water District operates and maintains the most number of wells
with complete records. As of August 2009, the water district has 100 operational
wells. Production from these wells ranges from 0.356 – 3.040 MLD (4.12 – 35.18
lps) for a total production of about 77.343 MLD.A summary of information
obtained from the Water Safety Plan of the Dasmariñas Water District is
presented in Annex II-25.
Data obtained from the SWECO4 report shows that a total of 642 wells were
inventoried during the study. Most of the wells were constructed by the then
Bureau of Public Works. These wells were test pumped with very low discharge
because the wells were commonly provided with very small casings as they were
intended for Level I barangay water supply sources only. Annex II-26 shows the
well data summary from the SWECO report.
4
Water Resources Assessment and Development Plan for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in
Nine (9) Local Government Units in Cavite Province, Philippines. SWECO International/WATCON, Inc. –
United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), 2004.
5
Groundwater Resources Investigation and Geo-resistivity Survey for Various Projects. WATCON, Inc. 1991
– 2011
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Available information shows that the Municipality of Maragondon has the least
number of information, which is limited to four(4) wells with only one (1) well
having lithologic logs and test pumping records. The Municipality of Dasmariñas
on the other hand, has the most number of well records. It must be mentioned
however that except for the records obtained from well drilling contractors, the
records are usually not complete for most of the wells particularly those on test
pumping and water quality test results.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The results of well inventory reflected the trend of urban and industrial
developments, which began as early as the 1970‘s. The main centers of
groundwater pumping at present are Dasmariñas City, Trece Martires, Gen.
Trias, Bacoor, Carmona, Imus, Tanza, and Silang. These areas have the biggest
number of groundwater permits granted as of December 2011. Records from the
NWRB show that there were no groundwater permits granted in the Municipality
of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and the Municipality of Indang. Level III water supply
systems in these towns rely on spring sources.
Spring Inventory
There are numerous springs and seepages in the province, most of which are
very low yielding. The bigger yielding springs are being utilized by the various
water districts and barangay waterworks systems as water supply sources. Some
of the productive springs are described as follows:
Amadeo Springs
Banga Spring Located at elevation 372 masml at the boundary of Minantok Kanluran and
Minantok Silangan. This spring is provided with a spring box and is being
utilized by Barangay MinantokSilangan residents as domestic water supply
source.
Banio Spring Located in Barangay Minantok Silangan at elevation 370 mamsl at a ravine
close to the Halang River. This spring is provided with a spring box and is
being utilized by Barangay Banaybanay residents as a Level III water supply
source.
Balite 1 and 2 These springs, also called Halang Falls, are located in Barangay Halang at
Springs elevations 278 and 300 mamsl, respectively. Discharge of Balite Spring
measured in December 2003 was 0.527 MLD (6.1 lps) while discharge of
Balite 2 Spring measured in May 1994 was 3.672 MLD (42.5 lps).
Bukal Spring Located in Barangay Halang at elevation 329 mamsl. This spring is provided
with a spring box and is being utilized by Barangay Halang residents as a
Level III water supply source.
Indang Springs
Ikloy Spring Located in Barangay Kayquit 2 at elevation 279 mamsl. It is the main water
supply source of the Indang Water District. The spring discharge measured
in 1994 was 18.058 MLD (209 lps) during the wet season and 15.638 MLD
(181 lps) during the dry season.
Ulo Spring Located in Barangay Alulod at elevation 261 mamsl. With discharge of about
0.605 MLD (7 lps), this spring is being utilized by the Barangay Alulod Water
Supply System.
Siloy Spring Located in Barangay Carasuchi in Indang at elevation 410 mamsl. The
discharge measured in 1994 was 5.918 MLD (68.5 lps) during the wet season
and 3.344 MLD (38.7 lps) during the dry season. This spring is being utilized
as a Level III water supply source.
Saluysoy Spring Located in Barangay GuyamMalaki at the boundary with Alfonso. In
December 2003, the spring discharge was measured at about 0.864 MLD (10
lps). It is being used as a barangay Level III water supply system.
Makabag Spring Llocated in Lumampong Balagbagat elevation 310 mamsl. In December 2003,
the spring discharge was measured at about 1.037 MLD (12 lps). It is being
used as a barangay Level III water supply system.
Bulbok Spring Located in Barangay Lumampong Balagbag at elevation 310 mamsl. In
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
December 2003, the spring discharge was measured at about 1.037 MLD (12
lps). It is being used as a barangay Level III water supply system source.
Sibol Spring Located in Barangay Pulo at elevation 318 mamsl. It is provided with a spring
box and is being utilized as a Level III water supply source by the barangay
residents.
Madilim Spring Located at Villa Verde Resort in Barangay Pulo at elevation 315 mamsl. It is
provided with a spring box and is being utilized as a Level III water supply
source by Barangay Tambo Malaki and Barangay Tambo Ilaya residents.
Discharge measured during the wet season in 1994 was 3.871 MLD (44.8 lps)
and 0.259 MLD (3.0 lps) during the dry season of the same year.
Makawayan Located in Barangay Tambo Kulit at elevation 318 mamsl. It is provided with
Spring a spring box and is being utilized as a Level III water supply source by
Barangay Tambo Kulit residents.
Ipie 1 and Ipie 2 Located in Barangay Kayquit 2 in a ravine approximately 50 meters apart.
Springs Ipie 1 Spring is provided with a spring box and is being utilized by Barangay
Banaba Cerca residents. Ipie 1 Spring flow was measured in 1994 at 6.048
MLD (70 lps) and 5.011 MLD (58 lps) during the wet and dry seasons,
respectively.
Makanda Spring Located in Barangay Kaytapos at elevation 285 mamsl. It is provided with a
spring box and is being utilized as a Level III water supply source by
Barangays Agus-os, Bancod and CalumpangCerca residents.
Niyog Spring Located at a ravine in Barangay Buna Cerca at elevation 313 mamsl. It is
provided with a spring box and is being utilized as a Level III water supply
source by Barangay Buna Cerca residents.
Mendez-Nunez Spring
Ulo Spring This spring is located at elevation 446 mamsl in Barangay Punongyan 2. This
spring is provided with a spring box and it used to be the water supply
source of the Mendez Water District. It was abandoned by the water
district due tohigh cost of pumping to its service areas. Flow measured in
December 2003 was 0.349 MLD (4.5 lps).
Silang
Lucsuhin Spring Located in Barangay Lucsuhin at elevation 329 masml. This spring is provided
with a spring box and is being utilized by the Silang Water District as a water
supply source. This spring has varying flows of 1.037 MLD – 1.728 MLD (12 –
20 lps).
Batas Spring Located in Barangay Batas at elevation 268 mamsl. This spring is provided
with a spring box and is being utilized by the Silang Water District as a water
supply source.
Cabangaan Located in Barangay Cabangaan in a ravine close to a river. It is provided
Spring with a spring box and serves as a Level III water supply source of Barangay
Cabangaan residents. Overflow measured in November 2003 was 0.173 MLD
(2 lps).
Tagaytay City
Kaybubutong Located in Barangay Sambong at elevation 395 mamsl, on the western side
Spring of the Tagaytay Ridge. It is the main water supply source of the Tagaytay
City Water District. In 1994, discharge during the wet season was measured
at 15.293 MLD (177 lps) while discharge of 14.550 MLD (168.4 lps) was
measured during the dry season. Discharge of 11.232 MLD (130 lps) was
measured in June 2004.
MatangTubig Located in Sitio Matang Tubig in Barangay San Francisco at elevation 395
Spring mamsl. It is one of the oldest sources of the Tagaytay City Water District.
Spring discharge measured during the wet season in 1994 was 2.272 MLD
(26.3 lps) and 0.705 MLD (8.16 lps) during the dry season of the same year.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Pulong Usiw Located in Iruhin Central at elevation 545 mamsl. This spring is provided
Spring with a spring box and is being utilized by the Tagaytay City Water District as a
water supply source. Spring flow measured in 1994 was 0.014 MLD (0.16
lps).
Kaybubutong Located in Barangay Sambong at elevation 410 mamsl about 400 meters east
Spring 2 of Kaybubutong Spring. The Tagaytay City Water District has plans to utilize
this spring as an additional water supply source.
Trece Martires
Agtas Spring Located in Barangay Cabuco near the boundary with Barangay Aguado at
elevation 95 mamsl. Discharge measured in November 2003 was about
0.864 MLD (10 lps). It is being utilized as a Level I water supply source for
Barangay Aguado residents.
Water Quality
Recent water quality test results were obtained from the NWRB records covering
13 municipalities and two (2) cities of the province while WATCON, Inc.‘s records
from year 1991 to year 2011 covered 12 municipalities and two (2) cities.
The analysis of the physical properties such as color, turbidity, and odor generally
indicated no impurities that would be offensive to taste and smell were present in
most of the water samples from the whole province. High turbidity and color from
the samples collected in Gen. Aguinaldo, Dasmariñas, Gen. Mariano Alvarez,
Alfonso and Silang could be attributed to well design and construction, failure to
include screens or place well intakes opposite clayey and silty layers, incomplete
well development, and surface contaminants entering the granular space
between the casing and the borehole.
PARAMETER DETAILS
pH Value The pH value, which is the expression for the concentration of hydrogen ion
ranged from 6.1 – 8.5. The pH value of 7 indicates neutral water while a pH value
less than 7 indicates acidic water. Groundwater with very low pH value reacts to
iron, and concrete and thereby causes corrosion problems. The PNSDW’s
permissible limit for pH is 6.5 – 8.5, which is based on aesthetic consideration
only.
Total TDS varied from 26 – 3,296 mg/l. It represents the amount of elements in the
Dissolved water, which is mainly salt. TDS in groundwater originate from natural sources,
Solids (TDS) sewage, urban runoff, and industrial wastewater. High values of 580 – 3,296 mg/l
were obtained in Cavite City and Noveleta, which are located near the coastline.
The PNSDW’s permissible limit is 500 mg/l.
Chloride Chloride varied from 1.48 – 1,204.00 mg/l. Again, high concentrations of chloride
of 383 – 1,204 mg/l could be observed in Cavite City. Chloride in groundwater
originates from natural source, sewage, industrial effluents, urban runoff, and
seawater intrusion. The PNSDW’s permissible limit is 250 mg/l.
Sodium Sodium from the NWRB’s records varied from 1.96 – 216.35 mg/l. It is usually
associated with chloride and it has the same source as chloride. High sodium
content was observed from one (1) sample in Noveleta. The PNSDW’s
permissible limit is 200 mg/l.
Hardness Hardness varied from 15 – 594 mg/l. Hardness is due to the presence of
naturally- occurring divalent cations, such as calcium, magnesium, and strontium
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
PARAMETER DETAILS
resulting from the contact of acidic groundwater with limestone and dolomite.
Again, a high hardness is observed in areas near the coastline, particularly in
Cavite City. The PNSDW’s permissible limit is 300 mg/l as CaCO 3. Hardness
beyond the permissible limit maybe acceptable in certain areas.
Calcium Calcium varied from 5 – 174 mg/l. Hardness is due to the presence of naturally
occurring divalent cations, such as calcium, magnesium and strontium resulting
from contact of acidic groundwater with limestone and dolomite. Again high
hardness was observed in areas near the coastline. The PNSDW’s permissible
limit is 300 mg/l as CaCO3.Hardness beyond the permissible limit may also be
acceptable in certain areas.
Iron Iron varied from 0.05 – 9.02 mg/l. It is found in natural freshwater and may be
present in drinking water as a result of the use of iron coagulants or the
corrosion of steel and cast iron pipes during distribution. High concentration of
iron will color laundry and give an ink-like taste. The PNSDW’s permissible limit
is 1.0 mg/l.
Magnesium Magnesium varied from 1 – 50 mg/l. It is naturally-occurring but usually in very
small concentrations. High manganese content will yield a blackish color upon
oxidation or contact with air.
Manganese Manganese varied from 0.05 – 0.61 mg/l. It is naturally-occurring but usually in
very small concentrations. High manganese content will give blackish color upon
oxidation or contact with air.
Nitrate Nitrate varied from 0.05 – 0.15 mg/l. The nitrate concentration in groundwater
can reach high levels as a result of leaching or run-off from agricultural land or
contamination from human or animal wastes. The PNSDW’s permissible limit is
50 mg/l.
Flouride Flouride varied from 0.04 – 0.67 mg/l. The PNSDW’s permissible limit is 1.0 mg/l.
Aluminum Aluminum varied from 0.004 – 0.157 mg/l. The PNSDW’s permissible limit is 0.2
mg/l. Aluminum sulfate is used in water treatment as a coagulant.
Lead Lead varied from 0.006 – 0.01 mg/l. The PNSDW’s permissible limit is 0.01 mg/l.
Lead may be present in water primarily from plumbing systems containing lead
pipes, solder fittings. It is rarely present in water supply as a result of dissolution
from natural sources.
Chromium Chromium from a water sample collected in Carmona was 0.001 mg/l. The
PNSDW’s permissible limit is 0.05 mg/l. It is widely distributed in the earth’s crust
and commonly occurs in wastewater in certain industries as chromium plating.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
solids are the principal controls on the flow of electric current. The resistivity
decreases as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, water content, and water salinity
increase. Lesser resistance indicates the rocks‘ lower ability to transport water
and less chances of finding productive aquifer. Electrical resistivity values of 30 -
200 ohm-meter are normally associated with increasing ability of underground
layers to transmit water. The points with these values are normally selected as
sites for drilling of wells.
From the geo-resistivity surveys carried out in 84 sites in the province, a total of
15 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) points were selected to be able to
represent the electrostratigraphic sections near the coastline, at the low lying
areas, the central hilly areas, and the elevated areas of the province. Annex II-
21 presents the summary of the geo-resistivity data while Figure 4.2-2 shows the
location of the selected VES stations. Medium to high resistivity values indicate
predominance of coarse-grained materials, while very low resistivity values
indicate presence of very fine-grained materials, which are considered as very
poor aquifer owing to their very low permeability. This also refers to formations
saturated with brackish to saline water.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
resistivity value of 0.8 ohm-meter determined at the Fort San Felipe in Cavite City
indicates formations saturated with saline water.
Electrostratigraphic Section B – B’, which represents the low lying areas of the
province, shows the potential aquifer layer located near the surface down to
about 100 meters below mean sea level. Resistivity values of 22.7 – 24.0 ohm-
meter correspond to intercalation and/or mixture of sand, gravel, clay, silt, and
tuffaceous sandstone with predominance of fine-grained materials. This is the
section being tapped into by the productive wells in Naic, Tanza, and Bacoor.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
ARMA Model
The ARMA model was developed to provide values of monthly runoff and
groundwater recharge from which the groundwater resources potential of a given
area can be evaluated.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
In determining the effective rainfall and runoff components, the runoff coefficient
was assumed according to vegetative cover, type of soils, slope, and land use.
Slope, land use, geology, and soil maps presented in Figure 2.1-6 – 2.1-8 in
Chapter 2 were used for the determination of the runoff coefficients. The runoff
coefficients varied according to the type of vegetative cover, type of soil, and
slope.
Figures 4.2-5 – 4.2-7 present the water balance components in Areas 1 – 3. Also
presented in the figures are the tables on mean annual rainfall, mean areal
temperature, evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, direct runoff, recharge to the
groundwater system, and generated discharge.
As shown in Figure 4.2-5, which covers Area 1, the effective annual rainfall of
1,280 mm is about 48% of the annual rainfall; while direct runoff of 1,176 mmis
44% of the annual rainfall. The negative effective rainfall values of -33 mm to -
113 mm from December to April indicate soil moisture deficit during these months
which needs to be satisfied before direct runoff and recharge can take place.
However, considering that there are still irrigated farmlands, water imported from
surface water sources will reduce soil moisture deficit and promote recharge
provided that the piezometric level of the water table aquifer is not close to the
ground surface.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Mean Areal Mean Areal Evapotrans- Evapotrans- Effective Direct Recharge Generated Baseflow Watershed Area in sq. km . 531.2
Month Rainfall Tem perature piration "1 piration "2 Rainfall Runoff to GW Disharge Length of the Watershed in km .
mm C mm mm mm mm mm cum /s cum /s mm Watershed Condition Poor
Jan 28 26.4 101 101 -74 0 -74 0.00 0.00 0 Rice 0.29
Feb 12 27.0 108 111 -96 0 -96 0.00 0.00 0 Built Up Areas & Wetlands 0.31
Mar 18 28.3 123 137 -104 0 -104 0.00 0.00 0 Coconut w ith Coffee, Banana, Fruit Trees 0.04
Apr 26 29.7 139 167 -113 0 -113 0.00 0.00 0 Grass, Shrubs, Bushes. Pasture, Golf Course 0.30
May 207 29.7 134 167 73 27 46 0.00 0 Crops (Banana, Sugarcane, Corn, Pineapple) 0.07
Jun 318 28.9 122 150 196 119 77 18.33 0 Curve Number; CN 66.63
Jul 522 28.1 108 133 414 317 97 63.73 0 U 0.50
Aug 586 27.9 104 129 481 381 101 79.46 0 Max.storage capability;Fp, mm 127
Sep 393 28.0 110 130 284 196 88 42.66 0 Ia, mm 25
Oct 312 28.0 112 131 200 122 78 31.43 0 K 0.180
Nov 164 27.8 113 126 51 15 37 9.10 0 Annual Infiltration, mm 104
Dec 71 26.7 104 106 -33 0 -33 5.59 0 Percentage of Annual Rainfall 4
Annual 2,658 1,378 1,589 1,280 1,176 104 Annual Net Change in GS, m m 104
Mean 221 28.1 115 132 107 98 20.86 GW recharge cum /yr 55,180,401
% of AR 52 60 48 44 4 GW recharge cum /d 151,179
600
Evapotranspiration
Rainfall
500
400
Effective Rainfall
300
(mm)
Run Off
200
100
Groundwater Recharge
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
-100
-200
Month
The table shows that the mean annual recharge to the groundwater system is
104 mm, which is about 4% of the annual rainfall. The recharge occurs from May
to November when the soil moisture deficit has been satisfied. During this period
the available rainfall is adequate enough to force downward percolation from the
unsaturated zone. Recharge is fairly constant from June to October.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
As presented in Figure 4.2-6 the effective annual rainfall in Area 2 of about 2,086
mm is 61% of the annual rainfall; while direct runoff of 1,870 mm is 55% of the
annual rainfall. The negative effective rainfall of – 15 mm to – 104 mm from
December to April is to be satisfied before direct runoff and recharge could take
place. Located at the central portion of the province and at higher elevation, Area
2 has no irrigated farmlands. Vegetative cover consists of fruit bearing trees and
the piezometric level in this area is deeper when compared to Area1.
Mean Areal Mean Areal Evapotrans- Evapotrans- Effective Direct Recharge Generated Baseflow Watershed Area in sq. km . 412.9
Month Rainfall Tem perature piration "1 piration "2 Rainfall Runoff to GW Disharge Length of the Watershed in km .
mm C mm mm mm mm mm cum /s cum /s mm Watershed Condition Fair
Jan 43 25.6 98 91 -55 0 -55 0.00 0.00 0 Rice 0.03
Feb 16 26.2 106 100 -89 0 -89 0.00 0.00 0 Built Up Areas 0.22
Mar 27 27.4 121 121 -95 0 -95 0.00 0.00 0 Coconut w ith Coffee, Banana, Fruit Trees 0.47
Apr 35 28.7 139 145 -104 0 -104 0.00 0.00 0 Grass, Shrubs, Bushes. Pasture, Golf Course 0.13
May 272 28.7 132 145 140 77 64 6.53 0 Crops (Banana, Sugarcane, Corn, Pineapple) 0.15
Jun 411 28.0 119 132 293 209 83 29.73 0 Curve Number; CN 68.56
Jul 666 27.2 102 117 564 467 97 74.13 0 U 0.46
Aug 743 27.0 98 114 644 546 99 88.35 0 Max.storage capability;Fp, mm 116
Sep 484 27.1 106 116 378 289 89 48.25 0 Ia, mm 23
Oct 418 27.1 108 116 310 226 85 41.18 0 K 0.180
Nov 224 26.9 109 112 114 57 58 14.18 0 Annual Infiltration, mm 215
Dec 85 25.8 100 95 -15 0 -15 5.35 0 Percentage of Annual Rainfall 6
Annual 3,424 1,339 1,403 2,085 1,870 215 Annual Net Change in GS, m m 215
Mean 285 27.2 112 117 174 156 25.64 GW recharge cum /yr 88,601,478
% of AR 39 41 61 55 6 GW recharge cum /d 242,744
700
Rainfall
Evapotranspiration
600
500
Effective
400
Run Off
(mm)
300
200
100
Groundwater Recharge
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
-100
-200
Month
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Water balance components for Area 3 are shown in Figure 4.2-7. The effective
annual rainfall of 2,480 mm is 69% of the annual rainfall; while direct runoff
of2,025 mm is 56% of the annual rainfall. Negative effective rainfall of – 14 mm to
– 87 mm from December to April corresponds to the soil moisture deficit during
these months. The mean annual recharge to the groundwater system is 455 mm
which is 13% of the annual rainfall. Recharge occurs from May to November
when the soil moisture deficit has been satisfied. During this period the available
rainfall is adequate enough to force downward percolation from the unsaturated
zone.
Mean Areal Mean Areal Evapotrans- Evapotrans- Effective Direct Recharge Generated Baseflow Watershed Area in sq. km . 240.4
Month Rainfall Tem perature piration "1 piration "2 Rainfall Runoff to GW Disharge Length of the Watershed in km .
mm C mm mm mm mm mm cum /s cum /s mm Watershed Condition Poor
Jan 66 24.1 80 78 -14 0 -14 0.30 0.30 3 Rice 0.29
Feb 14 24.7 88 85 -75 0 -75 0.03 0.03 0 Built Up Areas & Wetlands 0.18
Mar 32 25.9 103 100 -71 0 -71 0.00 0.00 0 Coconut w ith Coffee, Banana, Fruit Trees 0.46
Apr 30 27.0 117 115 -87 0 -87 0.00 0.00 0 Grass, Shrubs, Bushes. Pasture, Golf Course 0.02
May 300 27.0 110 115 189 104 85 7.47 0 Crops (Banana, Sugarcane, Corn, Pineapple) 0.04
Jun 444 26.4 99 107 345 237 107 21.06 0 Curve Number; CN 62.00
Jul 696 25.6 84 96 612 488 124 46.76 0 U 0.61
Aug 792 25.4 80 94 713 585 128 56.80 0 Max.storage capability;Fp, mm 156
Sep 451 25.6 89 96 361 252 109 26.28 0 Ia, mm 31
Oct 479 25.5 88 95 391 280 111 30.59 0 K 0.180
Nov 247 25.3 90 92 157 79 78 11.79 0 Annual Infiltration, mm 455
Dec 42 24.3 83 80 -41 0 -41 4.50 0 Percentage of Annual Rainfall 13
Annual 3,593 1,112 1,154 2,480 2,025 455 Annual Net Change in GS, m m 455
Mean 299 25.6 93 96 207 169 17.13 GW recharge cum /yr 109,413,478
% of AR 31 32 69 56 13 GW recharge cum /d 299,763
700
Evapotranspiration Rainfall
600
500
Effective
400
Run Off
(mm)
300
200
100
Groundwater Recharge
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
-100
-200
Month
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Based on the water balance analysis, the total groundwater replenishment for the
whole Province of Cavite is estimated at 298.48 million cum per year or an
average of 817.755 MLD. The total recoverable groundwater is 208.94 million
cum per year or 572.429 MLD. Table 4.2-1 presents the recharge and
recoverable groundwater for each of the towns and cities in the province.
Rainwater that infiltrates into the ground is discharged by drainage into the
various river systems, by pumping wells and by groundwater flow through the
water table and artesian aquifers into the Manila Bay or the Laguna de Bay.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
From the logs of the inventoried wells, 13 wells with strata logs were selected for
the presentation of the lithologic sections near the coastline, at the low lying
areas, the central hilly areas, and the elevated areas of the province. Figure 4.2-
8 shows the location of the selected wells, for which lithologic sectional analysis
were made.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Lithologic Cross Section B – B’ represents wells drilled in the low lying areas
farther from the coastline, and shows intercalation of permeable and
impermeable materials with predominance of coarse-grained sediments.
Lithologic Cross Section C - C’ represents wells drilled in the hilly central area
of the province and shows intercalation of permeable and impermeable materials
with predominance of coarse-grained sediments.
It is clear that no single extensive aquifer exists in the province. The aquifer
system consists of numerous aquifers, which, taken as a whole, function as one.
It is composed of interconnected aquifers intercalated with lenses or thin layers of
impermeable to semi-permeable materials.
The description of the penetrated strata indicates that the aquifers consist mainly
of tuff and tuffaceous sandstone, while the confining layers consist of clay and
clayey tuff. It should be mentioned that the depth of burial affects the permeability
of geological units and consequently aquifer. Permeability of the aquifer
decreases gradually with increasing depth of burial. Higher permeability at the
upper portion of the aquifer is due to a lesser degree of consolidation and
compaction and also being near the surface, a higher degree of weathering.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
A more detailed water level contours and groundwater flow direction was
prepared in 2004 by the SWECO International and WATCON, Inc. for the Water
Resources Assessment and Development Plan for Sustainable Utilization of
Water Resources in nine (9) Local Government Units in Cavite Province,
Philippines with the assistance of the United Nations Office for Project Services.
Figure 4.2-10 shows the contours of elevation of groundwater level and direction
of groundwater flow before 1990, prior to the start of intensive groundwater
withdrawals in some parts of the province. The direction of groundwater flow was
towards the northwest to Manila Bay and towards the northeast towards the
Laguna de Bay.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Figure 4.2-12 shows the change in water level between 1990 and 2003. In areas
of intensive withdrawal in Silang and General Trias, groundwater levels have
been lowered by as much as 25 meters, and in General Mariano Alvarez and
Carmona by more than 25 meters. In Dasmariñas, the water level has been
lowered by 25 – 50 meters. The average decline of water level in the areas of
intensive withdrawal was about 15 meters over the 13 years period, which was
more than 1 meter per year.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Records of recently drilled wells show static water levels of 63.10 m bgl (121.05
m amsl) in Dasmariñas, 64.00 - 101.95 mbgl (164.01 – 236.00 m amsl) in Silang,
43.65 m bgl (146.35 m amsl) in Magallanes, 19.8 m bgl (75.2 m amsl) in Trece
Martires, 16.2 m bgl (9.8 m amsl) in Carmona, and 6.10m bgl (1.9 m asml) in
Imus.
The decline of static water level in the centers of big groundwater withdrawal was
due to groundwater mining from wells distributed in small area, which caused
acceleration in decline rate, as more of the saturated was dewatered. It is
expected that the recharge within the well capture zone or within the wellfield will
increase due to the available storage in the upper portion of the aquifer, which
could accommodate additional runoff. Consequently, it can be expected that
river base flow will decrease on the account of increase groundwater withdrawal.
Near the coast, particularly Cavite City, all deepwells have been abandoned due
to the decline of water level below mean sea level that resulted to saline water
invasion. Overdevelopment of groundwater resources through wells in areas near
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
the coastline will ultimately result to inland movement of seawater once the cone
of depression created by pumping reaches the sea.
There are two types of aquifer tests, which are commonly performed on newly
constructed wells: the step-drawdown test and the constant discharge test. In the
step-drawdown test, the well is pumped with varying discharge rates for relatively
short periods, whereas in a constant discharge test, the well is pumped
continuously for a significant length of time with one discharge rate. Data from
both tests are analyzed to determine hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer and
efficiency of the well, which are then used to determine sustainable well yield.
Test pumping results also serve as baseline data for future evaluation of well
performance.
From the well data summary in Annex II-20, there are 19 wells out of 84 wells
with step-drawdown test records. There are 11 wells with an aquifer loss
coefficient of less than 300 sec/m2while there are five (5) with an aquifer loss
coefficient of more than 1,000 sec/m2.To illustrate the significance of the aquifer
loss coefficient,withdrawal of 0.864 MLD (10 lps) will create 3.0 meters drawdown
due to formation loss for a well with aquifer loss coefficient of 300 m/s 2 and 10
meters drawdown due to aquifer loss for a well with aquifer loss coefficient of
1,000 m/s2.
Aquifer loss coefficient of less 100 m/s2 was determined from a well in Silang
drilled near the Marikina Fault while intermediate values of 200 – 400 s/m2were
determined from wells drilled in Imus, Bacoor, and Kawit and more than 1,000
s/m2 in some areas in Silang, Dasmarinas, Tagaytay City, and Magallanes.
Aquifer Yield
As also presented in Annex II-20, all the wells have specific capacity values
while only 80 wells with transmissivity values. Transmissivity is the rate at which
water flows through a vertical strip of the aquifer 1 meter wide and extending
through the full saturated thickness, under a hydraulic gradient of 1.The specific
capacity of a well is its yield per unit of drawdown usually expressed as liters per
second per meter of drawdown.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The specific capacity values which ranged from 0.35 – 3.60 lps per meter of
drawdown indicate wells with poor to high yielding properties. Figure 4.2-13
shows the distribution pattern based on the test pumping records collected during
this study. High specific capacity values of more than 3 lps per meter of
drawdown were observed in some parts of Trece Martires, Naic, Gen. Trias,
Carmona, and Silang, while low specific capacity values of less than 1 lps per
meter of drawdown were observed in Alfonso, Amadeo, Tagaytay City,
Magallanes, Ternate, and parts of Silang.
The high specific capacity of wells in Silang could be attributed to its location,
being within the Marikina Fault, and in areas where thick layers of coarse-grained
pyroclastic rocks are present.
From the same Annex II-20, the transmissivity of selected wells ranged from
0.18 – 7.06x10-3 m2/s, which indicates aquifer with very poor to very good yielding
properties. Again, very high transmissivity values of more than 5 x10 -3 m2/s could
be observed among wells drilled within the Marikina Fault. Wells drilled at the
higher elevations showed transmissivity of less than 1.0 x 10 -3 m2/s, which
indicate aquifer with very low yielding properties.
There is no information on the storage properties of the aquifers from any of the
previously conducted test pumping. Storage coefficient of water table could be
assumed to range from 0.001 to 0.0001 and less than 0.0001 for artesian
aquifers.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The total drawdown in a pumping wells were calculated from the following:
Jacob‘s formula (BQ + CQ2) for the first 60 minutes of pumping; the effect of long
term pumping without recharge; interference‘s from other pumping wells; and
correction for the decrease of saturated thickness of aquifer and decline of water
level due to seasonal effect.
Annex II-22 presents the sustainable yields of 16 selected wells all over the
province. The estimated sustainable yield of individual well was based on
allowable drawdown and well designs and not based on recoverable discharge in
a given area. As shown in the table, wells in Bacoor, Imus, Trece Martires, and
Indang have the biggest sustainable yield of more than 2.592 MLD (30 lps) while
wells in Noveleta and Gen. Mariano Alvarez have the lowest sustainable yields of
less than 0.432 MLD (5 lps).
On Groundwater Availability
4-43
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
To support the long-term water requirements of the province, the conjunctive use
of surface water and groundwater sources, or the importation of water from
nearby provinces becomes imperative. Because groundwater resources have
become fully appropriated in some municipalities, whatever water is available
must be used. The conjunctive use of both surface water and groundwater will
require a detailed knowledge of the hydrogeology of the basin, records of
pumping and recharge rates, and updates on groundwater levels and quality.
This will involve coordinated and planned operation of both surface water and
groundwater resources to meet water requirements in a manner whereby water is
conserved. The basic difference between the usual surface water development,
with its associated groundwater development and conjunctive use, is that the
separate yields of the former can be replaced by the larger and more economic
joint yields of the latter. During periods of above normal precipitation, surface
water is utilized to the maximum extent possible. During the dry periods, limited
surface water is supplemented by pumping groundwater.
Both water quantity and quality become dominant issues with the growth in
population and economic activities and the corresponding increasing demand for
water as a consequence of the same. In the case of the Province of Cavite, this
becomes more pronounced given the lack of any septage collection and treatment
system, as well as the absence of any piped waste water collection and treatment
system or a centralized sewerage system.
4-44
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Due to the lack of the necessary sewerage and septage systems, septic tank
effluent is generally allowed to leach into the ground while untreated waste water
from households and industrial establishments is returned to the water sources. In
some cases, septic tank effluents are discharged into nearby drains, ditches, or
watercourses, which cause particular problems especially in coastal areas where
the ground water table is relatively high.
The analysis made in the foregoing points to the following salient findings:
With an average recoverable recharge of about 572 MLD and a projected water
demand of 1,756 MLD by 2040 (excluding agriculture demand), groundwater
resources will not be adequate to meet the long-term water requirements of the
province. Groundwater mining, which could adversely affect the environment and
which already appears to be occurring in some cities/municipalities, may be
bound to increase if no alternative sources of water are developed.
4-45
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Water is a valuable and limited natural resource and its development should be
governed by principles that will benefit all the stakeholders. The Cavite integrated
water resources development and management framework aims to harness the
potential of provincial water resources in an economically sustainable manner to
spur inclusive development of all stakeholders. The framework is anchored on five
(5) pillars, namely:
5-1
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Management
Wastewater and Environmental Control
Systems
Infrastructure
Development Hydropower
Water
Agriculture and Other
Supply
Uses
Institutional and
Legal Framework
On the basis of the sector scanning and assessment detailed in the preceding
chapters, a number of key issues begin to surface. In summary, these are:
5-2
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The present water supply and distribution systems covering the Province of
Cavite is no longer able to meet the present and future aggregate demand for
water. Groundwater abstraction in a number of areas in the Province has already
reached critical points causing decreased groundwater levels and resulting in
groundwater mining and salt-water intrusion in coastal areas (Table 5.2-1).
Recoverable Total
CITY/ Domestic Industrial Recreation Agriculture Surplus
Ground Groundwater
MUNICIPALITY Demand Demand Demand Demand (Deficit)
Water Withdrawal
District I
Cavite City 2.42 23.16 6.27 - 0.01 29.43 (27.01)
Kawit 2.75 16.93 1.66 0.21 0.69 19.49 (16.74)
Noveleta 1.15 8.09 0.05 - 0.74 8.88 (7.74)
Rosario 0.74 19.28 20.16 - 0.76 40.20 (39.46)
District II
Bacoor 5.13 98.52 0.42 - 2.58 101.53 (96.40)
District III
Imus 18.26 59.85 10.86 - 7.95 78.66 (60.40)
District IV
Dasmariñas 27.73 95.19 14.22 1.61 15.45 126.47 (98.74)
District V
Carmona 12.37 10.53 12.39 3.21 1.74 27.87 (15.50)
Gen.Mariano
3.51 22.01 0.48 - 0.72 23.21 (19.70)
Alvarez
Silang 91.31 35.52 15.95 0.90 25.59 77.96 13.35
District VI
Trece Martires 16.05 16.91 7.00 1.78 12.06 37.74 (21.70)
Amadeo 30.87 4.63 - - 2.39 7.02 23.85
Gen. Trias 26.78 40.04 27.80 1.75 14.57 84.16 (57.39)
Tanza 14.86 22.01 2.57 - 17.92 42.50 (27.64)
District VII
Tagaytay City 65.00 13.72 0.08 1.39 4.09 19.29 45.71
Alfonso 56.74 6.57 0.16 0.54 26.25 33.51 23.23
Gen. E. Aguinaldo 20.97 2.20 - - 6.08 8.28 12.69
Indang 52.71 8.53 0.10 - 4.18 12.82 39.89
Magallanes 32.26 2.16 0.81 - 9.42 12.39 19.87
Maragondon 43.03 4.39 - - 2.59 6.98 36.05
Mendez 14.67 4.34 - 0.06 2.75 7.15 7.52
Naic 24.19 8.93 0.99 - 3.20 13.13 11.07
Ternate 8.93 1.04 - 0.58 0.77 2.39 6.54
TOTAL 572.43 524.57 121.98 12.02 162.50 821.06 (248.63)
5-3
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Infrastructure Backlog
There is a mismatch between the granting and utilization of water rights vis-a-vis
needs and nature of usage. As of December 2011, the NWRB has granted water
rights to 32,759.17 entities in the province for domestic/municipal, industrial/
commercial, irrigation, recreational and other purposes.
Table 5.2-3 Allocation of Water Rights by Source and Purpose, Cavite, 2011
5-4
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
30,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
15,000.00
10,000.00
Spring
5,000.00
Surface
-
Deep well
re l
a
s
Li ion
/ I pal
Irr n
er
io
oc
R stri
at
i
at
th
ci nic
st
u
ig
O
ve
nd
u
ec
/M
al
tic
es
er
m
om
om
D
Source: NWRB
Figure 5.2-1 Allocation of Water Rights by Source and Purpose, Cavite 2011
Surface water is used solely for irrigation while water from springs is
predominantly used for domestic/municipal purposes. Groundwater from deep
wells has the widest variety of usage ranging from domestic to industrial and
irrigation.
With the changing land use in Cavite from agricultural to industrial, there is a
possibility that some water rights are no longer used for the very purpose they
were granted. For instance, in view of the decreasing size of irrigable land areas,
water rights that have been allocated for agriculture remain largely unutilized or
underutilized. In the same breath, parties without water rights resort to illegal and
extra-legal means to supply their demand, leading to an unfavourable situation
wherein water resources are unmonitored and become unaccounted for. This
situation is best illustrated in Table 5.2-4 Irrigation Water Rights Granted vs.
Estimated Water Requirements. It is worthy to note that the original service area
of the CFLIS of 15,000 hectares has been reduced to 8,618.09 hectares
(57.4%)in 2010 due to land conversion, but the original water right allocation of
22,278lps was not adjusted. Moreover, the total irrigated areas developed by the
private systems, as of 2010, totaled 5,493 hectares. But the total water rights
granted is only 581 lps, just enough to serve about 468 hectares. It shows that
roughly 70% of the private systems‘ irrigated areas do not have actual water right
allocation.
5-5
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Senate Bill 2641, “Water Regulatory Act of 2011,” which rationalizes the
economic regulation of water utilities through the creation of a Water
Regulatory Commission, an independent, quasi-judicial body that has the
responsibility and power to create policies for water supply, sewerage,
and septic management; issue licenses; set, review, and approve rates;
review and suspend contracts; and ensure that the welfare of consumers
is prioritized; and
Senate Bill 2997, “Water Sector Reform Act (WSRA) of 2011” aims to
institute reforms in the water industry by adopting the Integrated Water
Resources Management Approach of the Global Water Partnership
(GWP). The bill also opens up the industry to private investment by
allowing participation in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) of water and
sanitation services.
Funding Shortfall
5-6
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Development Strategy
5-7
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Figure 5.4-1 presents a map indicating areas with available water and areas which
will have difficulty of accessing water within its boundaries in the future.
The groundwater sources in the province consist of springs and wells which have
great potential to augment the existing supply for the increasing demand in the
province. There are many springs in the province, most of which, however, have
already been tapped and being utilized to supply domestic demand and recreation
and agricultural demand. The inventory of existing wells and their potential to
augment the supply to meet the future demand is discussed in detail in the chapter
on ground water assessment. Additional deep wells may still be drilled within the
specific area.
Surface water resources in the province consist mostly of rivers, creeks and
rivulets that abound in many parts of the province. There are no major lakes in the
province. The major rivers that have potential to supply the demand are
Maragondon River, Panaysayan River, Balsahan River and Ilang-ilang River.
These rivers and some tributaries may also be tapped as possible source of supply
for the province.
5-8
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Given the present situation, the Provincial Government‘s primary objective for this
sector is to improve Cavite‘s sanitation and sewerage. As stated in the Water
Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan, this involves the expansion of the
coverage of sanitation and sewerage services and their institutionalization.
The selection and allocation of new projects for sanitation will be based on the
following criteria: ―(i) Community commitment; (ii) Inadequacy of existing water
supply and sanitation; (iii) Prevalence of water-related diseases; (iv) Community
development level and potential; (v) Capital cost per capita; and (vi) Proportion of
households served by flush toilets, water sealed latrines or sanitary latrines
deemed suitable by local health authorities.”
For sewerage projects, the criteria are: “(i) Presence of existing sewerage
system; (ii) Existence of economically and efficiently operated and maintained
water supply system; (iii) Population density; and (iv) Community commitment.”
Cavite‘s Water Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation Master Plan is in keeping with
Republic Act No. 9275 or the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, which
mandates the DPWH, LGUs, and other concerned agencies to prepare a national
sewerage and septage management program which also covers domestic
sewage collection, treatment, and disposal. The program includes the
identification of priority LGUs for sewerage, septage, and combined sewerage-
septage projects; as well as the allotment of funds for the construction and
rehabilitation of facilities.
Other environmental laws that govern sewerage and sanitation are the following:
the Sanitation Code of the Philippines (1975); Presidential Decree No. 984 –
Pollution Control Law (1976); DAO No. 34 – Revised Water Usage and
Classification Criteria (1990); DAO no. 35 – Revised Effluent Regulations (1990);
and Republic Act No. 4850 – The Creation of the Laguna Lake Development
Authority.
5-9
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The objective of the Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
(CIWRMMP) is guided by the Philippine Integrated Water Resource Management
(IWRMP) Framework6 which enables the integration of the water supply sector to
the overall social and economic agenda of the Province of Cavite. In order to
decentralize water governance, management by the Local Government Units
(LGUs) will be promoted, as mandated in Republic Act No. 7160 or the Local
Government Code of 1991 (LGC). The CIWRMMP also aims to support the
Province of Cavite‘s vision of having sustainable water resources and responsive
services for present and future needs; and to map out a development strategy
that will promote the optimal and sustainable development and management of
the water resources of one of the fastest growing provinces in the country.
Around 112 billion cubic meters, roughly 70% of the country‘s total water
resources is either wasted or lost each year. Water is lost from leaking pipes and
illegal connections. In addition, rainwater just flows back into the sea instead of
being preserved for irrigation, industrial purposes, or domestic use due to lack
water catchments and other appropriate infrastructure. 7
The relevant legislations pertaining to the development of the Water Resources sector in
Cavite, including their status of implementation, are summarized in Table 6.2-1.
6
Integrated Water Management Plan Http://Www.Wepa-Db.Net/Pdf/0710philippines/4_NWRB.Pdf (Last
Accessed 06 September 2012)
7
Press Release, April 9, 2012, Http://Www.Senate.Gov.Ph/Press_Release/2012/0409_Angara1.Asp
8
Press Release, April 9, 2012, Http://Www.Senate.Gov.Ph/Press_Release/2012/0409_Angara1.Asp
9
Press Release No. 3, May 3, 2012, Http://Www.Senate.Gov.Ph/Press_Release/2012/0503_Angara1.Asp
10
Press Release, April 9, 2012, Http://Www.Senate.Gov.Ph/Press_Release/2012/0409_Angara1.Asp
11
Senate Policy Brief Published August 2011 Turning The Tide: Improving Water Resource Management In
The Philippines,Http://Www.Senate.Gov.Ph/Publications/PB%202011-08%20-%20Turning%20the%20Tide.Pdf
(Last Accessed 06 September 2012)
6-1
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
6-2
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
6-3
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
6-4
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The water supply sector consists of several agencies with different regulatory
practices. The absence of a single lead agency to coordinate development in the
water sector is one of the major hurdles to the efficient implementation of
strategic water infrastructure. There are at least 30 agencies involved in the water
sector, with specific but often overlapping or conflicting mandates for water
supply, irrigation, flood management, pollution control, watershed management,
financing, policy formulation and coordination, among others. This situation
presents difficulties for effective coordination and implementation of projects and
programs to sustainably meet water use and management. (e.g., in meeting the
needs of competing users of water; linking water service provision with basic
sanitation services; and ensuring effective and efficient flood risk reduction and
management).12
The National Water Resources Board (NWRB)16 as the national regulating and
12
Page 134, Chapter 5 (Accelerating Infrastructure Development), Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016,
Http://Www.Neda.Gov.Ph/PDP/2011-2016/Default.Asp (Last Accessed 06 September 2012)
13
Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016, Http://Www.Neda.Gov.Ph/PDP/2011-2016/Default.Asp (Last
Accessed 06 September 2012)
14
Cf. Footnote 3, Page 123, Chapter 5 (Accelerating Infrastructure Development), Philippine Development
Plan 2011-2016, Http://Www.Neda.Gov.Ph/PDP/2011-2016/CHAPTER%205.Pdf (Last Accessed 06 September
2012)
15
Ibid
16
Cf. PD 424 Created The National Water Resource Council (1974); PD 1206 Assigned The Resources
Board Residual Functions Of The Board Of Waterworks And The Defunct Public Service Commission To
6-5
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
It should be noted that the NWRB has started to devolve and share it functions
with the LGUs,17 a few examples are:
While NWRB has the legal mandate for water governance, its existing structure
and budget limit the exercise of its functions. To address the existing leadership
gaps, the mandate of the Subcommittee on Water Resources (SCWR), initially
created under the Committee on Infrastructure (INFRACOM) to ensure the
implementation of the Philippine Water Supply Sector Roadmap, was expanded
to become the key policy coordination body for the water sector. Despite this, the
sector remains weak in terms of regulation and allocation of water resources.18
NWRB; EO 124-A, S. Of 1987 Converted NWRC To NWRB (1987); Transferred BRS To DPWH; EO 123 S.
Of 2002, Reconstituted The NWRB, Transferring NWRB To DENR And Transferring Regulatory Functions
Of LWUA To NWRB (2002)
17
Abano, Susan, NWRB, Devolving Functions And Sharing Power With Lgus, Managing Water Resources
For Sustainability And Equity, March 11, 2009,
Http://Wwf.Org.Ph/Wwf3/Downloads/Publications/Abano.Devolvingfunctionsandsharingpower.Pdf
18
Page 134, Chapter 5 (Accelerating Infrastructure Development), Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016,
Http://Www.Neda.Gov.Ph/PDP/2011-2016/Default.Asp (Last Accessed 06 September 2012)
19
LWUA Was Created Through Presidential Decree No. 198, Also Known As ―The Provincial Water Utilities
Act Of 1973,‖ Which Was Signed Into Law On May 25, 1973.
6-6
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
As stated, other than LWUA and the NWRB, who are at the forefront of water
resource development, there are 30 other government agencies directly and
indirectly involved in the water resource sector. Table 6.3-1 summarizes the
functions and responsibilities of these key government agencies in the water
sector.
Local Government Units (LGUs) also play a critical role in the management of
water resources in their respective areas of jurisdiction. Since LGUs are on the
frontline in the provision of services each local government should be able to
develop its own local plans, strategies and corresponding budget allotments,
consistent with national policies and targets, including those identified in the
Philippine Development Plan.
The table below summarizes the functions and responsibilities of these key
government agencies.
Table 6.3-1 Key Water Supply Sector Agencies: Delineated Roles and
Responsibilities
20
Http://Www.Lwua.Gov.Ph/About_Lwua_10/What_Is_Lwua.Htm
6-7
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The Local Government Code of 1991 (RA 7160) mandates provinces to provide
basic services and facilities such as ―inter-municipal waterworks, drainage and
sewerage, flood control, and irrigation systems; reclamation projects and similar
facilities.‖21 Hence, the province of Cavite has passed the following resolutions to
govern the development of bulk water supply in its jurisdiction:
21
Section 17 (B) (3) (Vii)
6-8
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The sector‘s weak ability to respond to the water needs of the population and
problems related to sanitation, sewerage and wastewater management is due to
a fragmented institutional environment, weak regulatory framework, inadequate
support for service providers and utilities and weak access to financing and
investments.
The biggest concern that besets the provincial government is the unavailability of
water sources to tap for reservoirs since most water rights have been allocated
for various purposes. As of December 2011, the NWRB has granted water rights
to 32,759.17 entities in the province for domestic/municipal, industrial/
commercial, irrigation, recreational and other purposes (Table 6.5-1, Figures
6.5-1 & 6.5-2).
Table 6.5-1 Allocation of water rights by source and purpose, Cavite, 2011
30,000.00
25,000.00
20,000.00
15,000.00
10,000.00
Spring
5,000.00
Surface
-
Deep well
re l
a
s
Li ion
/ I pal
Irr n
er
io
oc
R stri
at
i
at
th
ci nic
st
u
ig
O
ve
nd
u
ec
/M
al
tic
es
er
m
om
om
D
Source: NWRB
Figure 6.5-1 Allocation of water rights by source and purpose, Cavite 2011
6-9
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
3,500.00
3,000.00
2,500.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,000.00 Spring
500.00 Deep well
-
l l n k s
ipa tria e atio tion toc Other
u nic Ind us cr I rriga Liv es
/M e
stic ial/ R
me m e rc
Do m
Co
Source: NWRB
Surface water is used solely for irrigation while water from springs is
predominantly used for domestic/municipal purposes. Groundwater from deep
wells has the widest variety of usage ranging from domestic to industrial and
irrigation (Figure 6.5-3).
Irrig a tion,
118.29, 3% L ive stoc k,
26.91, 1%
R e c re a tion,
192.52, 5%
Industria l,
835.28, 20%
C om m e rc ia l, Dom e stic /
54.29, 1% Munic ipa l
De m a nd,
2959.03, 71%
Source: NWRB
6-10
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
With the changing land use in Cavite from agricultural to industrial, there is a
possibility that some water rights are no longer used for the very purpose they
were granted. The question then is whether unused water rights can be revoked
and put to better use.
Article 29 of the Water Code stipulates that water permits may be revoked after
due notice and hearing on grounds of: (i) non-use; (ii) gross violation of the
conditions imposed in the permit; (iii) unauthorized sale of water; (iv) willful failure
or refusal to comply with rules and regulations or any lawful order; (v) pollution;
(vi) public nuisance; or (vii) acts detrimental to public health and safety; (viii)
when the appropriator is found to be disqualified under the law to exploit and
develop natural resources of the Philippines; (ix) when, in the case of irrigation,
the land is converted to non-agricultural purposes; and (x) other similar grounds.
Allocation of water rights, especially for domestic use, is imperative in light of the
threat of unregulated and increased well-drilling of groundwater resources. There
is a need to diversify water distribution systems and sourcing, and reduce
inefficiencies in distribution and consumption.22
3. Low Tariff and Cost-Recovery Level: Water utilities are not able to sustain
operation and expand coverage. Water tariff structures and setting
methodologies differ across individual service providers. Implemented tariffs
are not enough for the majority of the WSPs to recover recurrent cost and
accumulated sufficient reserves to fund new capital development. The lack of
detailed guidelines, guidance and assistance in tariff setting and problems
22
United Nations Economic And Social Commission For Asia And The Pacific, Pro-Poor Water And
Wastewater Management In Small Towns, Integrated Water Management In Baguio City, Philippines
6-11
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
6. Investment and Financing: Low public and private sector investment in the
water supply sector, which resulted into, limited access to financing for
service expansion of small utilities.
8. Improper and Inadequate Utilization of Water Rights : In line with the need
to continuously keep abreast of developments in the sector, there is a need to
bring the allocation of water rights up to date with current realities. For
instance, in view of the decreasing size of irrigable land areas, water rights
that have been allocated for agriculture remain largely unutilized or
underutilized. In the same breath, parties without water rights resort to illegal
and extralegal means to supply their demand, leading to an unfavourable
situation wherein water resources are unmonitored and become unaccounted
for. This situation is best illustrated in Table 6.5-2 - Irrigation Water Rights
Granted vs. Estimated Water Requirements. It is worthy of note that the
original service area of the Cavite Friar Land Irrigation System (CFLIS) of
15,000 hectares has been reduced to 8,618.09 hectares (57.4%) in 2010 due
to land conversion, but the original water right allocation of 22,278 lps was not
adjusted. Moreover, the total irrigated areas developed by the private
systems, as of 2010, totaled 5,493 hectares. However, the total water rights
granted is only 581 lps, only enough to serve about 468 hectares. It shows
that roughly 70% of the private systems irrigated area do not have actual
water right allocation.
6-12
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Table 6.5-2 Irrigation Water Rights Granted vs. Estimated Water Requirements
Province of Cavite
Estimated Estimated
Allocated
Firmed Up Water Water
Water Water Rights
Hectares Service Area Requirements Requirements Remarks
Rights @ Granted, lps
(Hectares) (lps) @ 1.5 (lps) @ 1.24
1.5 lps/ha
lps/ha lps/ha
National Irrigation
15,000 22,278 8,618.09 22,278.00 12,927 10,686
System
With
9,351 11,592
excess
Communal
430.63 526.73 646 534
Irrigation Systems
(119) (7) Deficit
Private Systems 5,492.86 580.90 8,239 6,811
No water
(7,658) (6,230)
rights
Total 14,541.57 23,385.63 21,812 18,032
Total
1,573 5,354
excess
Source: NIA - Naic, Cavite SEPP 2010
About 734 MLD of surface water can be generated from excess of NIA and illegal
water rights used by the private sector.
The province of Cavite also acknowledged the highly sectoral orientation in its
institutional response to water governance. Inter-agency collaboration is limited
by the agencies‘ mandates (e.g., water quality testing, technical assistance in
water infrastructure development, etc.). There is no single agency that
coordinates local water policy-making, planning and actions. However, with the
creation of the Cavite Integrated Water Management Plan, management of water
resources and services would hopefully improve.
There is a disconnection between water rights applied for and granted within the
Province of Cavite with actual demand. This is mainly to the lack of an integrated
water management plan to guide the coordination of the water resource
allocation.
The Water Code provides several ways to do this by application for water rights, 23
individual revocation, (mass application for terminated water rights)24, mass
revocation/modification for a project of greater beneficial use, 25 transfer of
rights26.
23
Articles 2 and 7 of the Water Code
24
Articles 20 and 89 of the Water Code
25
Article 89 of the Water Code
26
Article 19 of the Water Code
6-13
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
The provincial government has since then taken some steps to address the
issues on regulation and financing of water utilities. The Cavite Integrated Water
Resource Management Master Plan emphasizes the urgency of taking on the
following challenges:
4. There may also be a need for the government of the Province of Cavite to
enter into a Memorandum of Understanding with the NWRB, so that certain
regulatory and monitoring functions can be devolved to the Provincial
Government, similar to the Bohol Integrated Water Management Board.
Similar to the issues at the national level, the uncontrolled use of groundwater is
partly due to the absence of an integrated local water regulatory framework.
There is no agency or office that gathers, synthesizes and analyzes data on
water extraction in relation to issuance of permits for well drilling and water
sourcing.28A local mechanism to share responsibilities with NWRB is needed.
The NWRB, with its current constraints in terms of financial and human
resources, recognized the need to collaborate and partner with different agencies
in order to effectively manage the water resources of the country.
Under Article 80 of the Water Code of the Philippines, the Board may deputize
any official or agency of the government to perform any of its specific functions or
activities. Since NWRB does not have regional offices, deputized agencies were
created through a Memorandum of Understanding between NWRB and agencies
such as NIA, DPWH, NPC and WDs to perform some of its functions. The
NWRB has implemented LGU deputation in Bohol to strengthen its presence in
27
Abano, Susan, NWRB, Devolving Functions And Sharing Power With Lgus, Managing Water Resources
For Sustainability And Equity, March 11, 2009,
http://wwf.org.ph/wwf3/downloads/publications/abano.devolvingfunctionsandsharingpower.pdf
28
United Nations Economic And Social Commission For Asia And The Pacific, Pro-Poor Water And
Wastewater Management In Small Towns, Integrated Water Management In Baguio City
6-14
Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
the area. A similar model may be followed by the Province of Cavite while
retaining the ultimate regulatory functions with the NWRB.
The CWRMC will be a permanent inter-agency committee which shall ensure that
the CIWRMP of the Province of Cavite will be implemented properly, with specific
focus on ensuring the rational allocation of water rights based on the CIWRMP.
The main function of the CWRMC is to clear all water rights applications within
the Province of Cavite for compliance and consistency with the CIWRMP. The
Clearance from the WRCH shall be a prerequisite before the NWRB gives due
course to an application for water rights within the Province of Cavite and
subsequently approve the application if meritorious.
The Clearance from the CWRMC will be indispensable in the water rights
application process, without which the NWRB will not grant rights. However,
clearance from the CWRMC will not be definitive and the NWRB may deny water
rights applications already cleared by the WRCMC, if it finds convincing proof of
the absolute lack of merit of the application.
1. Accept, process, investigate and submit reports to the NWRB for its proper
action with recommendations on water permit application;
2. Investigate and submit reports to the NWRB for its proper action with
recommendations on water use controversies referred by NWRB within the
respective territorial jurisdiction;
3. Conduct continuing inventory of different users of water and other water
resources development activities in their respective jurisdiction in
conformance with the provisions of the Water Code and submit its findings to
the to the NWRB for its proper action;
4. Conduct monitoring of well drilling activities in respective jurisdictional area
and submit reports to the NWRB for its proper action;
5. Monitor and validate compliance by water permittees with the conditions
imposed in the water permits and submit reports to the NWRB for its proper
action;
6. Notify NWRB of violations by water appropriators and illegal drilling activities
for the issuance of Notice of Violation (NOV) and Cease and Desist Orders
(CDOs);
29
Abano, Susan, NWRB, Devolving Functions And Sharing Power With Lgus, Managing Water Resources
For Sustainability And Equity, March 11, 2009,
http://wwf.org.ph/wwf3/downloads/publications/abano.devolvingfunctionsandsharingpower.pdf
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
7. Conduct water resources assessment and other related studies with the
assistance of NWRB;
8. Undertake information, education and communication campaigns to key
stakeholders regarding the Water Code of the Philippines and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations;
The CWRMC will better serve the purposes of the Province of Cavite since it
wishes to enter into a Joint Venture ("JV") Agreement with a private entity for
purposes of the Bulk Water Supply Project. The conflict of interest on the part of
the province that may arise from controlling both the regulatory and operational
body will be avoided.
According to the PPP Code of the Province of Cavite, there are 16 PPP
Modalities available to it:
1. Build-and-Transfer (BT);
2. Build-Lease-and-Transfer (BLT);
3. Build-Operate-and-Transfer (BOT);
4. Build-Own-and-Operate (BOO);
5. Build-Transfer-and-Operate (BTO);
6. Contract-Add-and-Operate (CAO);
7. Develop-Operate-and-Transfer (DOT);
8. Rehabilitate-Operate-and-Transfer (ROT);
9. Rehabilitate-Own-and-Operate (ROO);
10. Concession Arrangement;
11. Joint Venture (JV);
12. Lease or Affermage;
13. Management Contract;
30
Page 16, Volume 1 of the PPP Manual for LGUs
31
ibid.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
While these options are available to the Province of Cavite, there are certain
approval requirements which must be taken into consideration (Table 6.7-1).
Levels Description
City Development
• Local projects costing up to Php50 million
Council (CDC)
Municipal Development
• Local projects costing up to Php20 million
Council (MDC)
Source: Section 2.7 of the RA 7718
Further, the relevant local office and committees for PPP are:
LGU
Lead Officer Responsibilities
Office/Committee
Oversee the preparation of the local development
plans, prioritization of projects, including those for
Office of the Local
Governor or Mayor PPP implementation; and shepherding the process
Chief Executive
of project development to approval, procurement,
implementation and monitoring and evaluation.
Provincial, City and
Planning and Formulate integrated economic, social, physical
Municipal Planning
Development and other development plans and policies for
and Development
Coordinator consideration of the LDC;
Office
Provincial, City and Initiate, review and recommend changes in
Municipal Engineering Engineer policies and objectives, plans and programs,
Office techniques, procedures and practices in
32
Page 11, Volume 1 of the PPP Manual for LGUs
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
LGU
Lead Officer Responsibilities
Office/Committee
infrastructure development and public works of
the local government unit concerned
Provide engineering services to the local
government unit concerned, including
investigation and survey, engineering designs,
feasibility studies and project management
Provincial, City and Prepare, coordinate and execute local economic
Municipal Local Local Economic and and investment promotion policies, projects and
Economic and Investment Promotion activities at the provincial, city and municipal
Investment Promotion Officer (LEIPO) level
Head the PPP Sub-Committee as per DILG
Office MC No. 2010-113.
Assist in the formulation of action plans and
strategies related to the implementation of PPP
Provincial, City and Local Economic and programs and projects
The PPP Sub-Committee is
Municipal PPP Sub- Investment Promotion headed by the LEIPO in Provinces and Cities. In
Committee Officer Municipalities, however, the Local Chief Executive
designates a staff under the Office of the Mayor to
head the Sub-Committee
Provincial, City and The Chairperson should Responsible for all aspects of the pre-bidding and
Municipal Pre- be at least a third bidding process of solicited proposals and
qualification, Bids and ranking regular official comparative bidding process of unsolicited
Awards Committee of the LGU proposals
Appraise and prioritize socioeconomic
development programs and projects
Coordinate,
Provincial, City and Planning and monitor, and evaluate the implementation of
Municipal Development development programs and projects
Development Council Coordinator
Endorse to the Sanggunian a PPP project that has
passed the review and appraisal process
Provincial, City and Issue a resolution approving PPP projects and
SanggunianConvenor
Municipal Sanggunian contracts
The Province of Cavite may enact Resolutions for the following purposes in order
to implement the CIWRMMP:
The selective revocation of existing water permits, which are held by several
water supply operators, is necessary for the integration of water resources under
the CIWRMMP.
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Revocation of water permits may be achieved either by: (a) individually revoking
water permits of each water supply operators; or (b) mass revocation of water
permits pursuant to the Water Code (PD 1067).
In the case of mass on the other hand, NWRB may terminate the water
permits in favor of the Province of Cavite on the ground that it shall, under the
CIWRMMP, undertake a project for greater beneficial use or for multi-purpose
development. The Resolution shall, in this case, provide for just
compensation of the holder which shall suffer the revocation. The
compensation may be front-loaded by the PPP partner and later deducted
from the revenue stream of the Province.
Either modes of revocation will entail risks. In the case of individual revocation,
the process will involve a lengthier procedure since after each individual
revocation, the Province of Cavite, and/or the PPP partner will still have to apply
for the water permits. It shall be considered a new application, with the usual
requirements and procedures. On the other hand, while mass revocation may be
ordered summarily, considering the number of parties involved, it may become a
complicated process with several parties opposing the initiative.
Ensuring that only those water rights that are partially utilized will be terminated,
where practicable, may soften the opposition to the mass revocation procedure.
Further it must also be ensured that qualified revocation of irrigation water rights
permits, to the extent that these are unutilized, are given special attention
considering the strong community opposition this may entail. Note further that
mass revocation is in the nature of an eminent domain taking which entails
compensation. Hence, there must be a clear benchmarking of the value of an
unutilized water rights permit.
The Province of Cavite, instead of seeking the revocation of said water rights,
may also opt to directly negotiate the transfer of the water rights, as well as the
operation and management of the water supply system, from existing
holders/water districts. The transfers shall be in consideration for an allocation in
the revenue share of the province.
33
DILG MC No. 2011-16, in particular, recognizes the need to facilitate the ―localization of the mandated
powers and functions of the PPP Center‖ and, thus, enjoins all Local Chief Executives to establish a PPP
Sub-Committee in the Local Development Council that would, among others, ―assist the Local Development
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
possibility of entering into a PPP to implement the CIWRMMP and integrate the
water resources of the Province of Cavite; (4) Authority to enter into Memoranda
of Agreement with various government agencies to establish the CWRMC; (5)
authority to represent the Province in its negotiation with the NWRB to allow the
mass revocation of unutilized water rights and transfer these to the Province of
Cavite; and (6) negotiation and execution of all other transactions pursuant to,
and in furtherance of, the CIWRMMP.
As part of the review and monitoring function of the CWRMC, the state of
groundwater supply-demand situation in the entire province should be reviewed
and the declaration of identified municipalities as ―critical areas‖ should be
undertaken to mitigate the adverse effect of over-extraction.
Council (LDC) in the formulation of action plans and strategies related to the implementation of PPP
programs and projects.‖ (page 9, Volume 1 PPP Manual for LGUs)
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
7.1 POLICIES
The Provincial Government of Cavite shall be guided by the following policies for
the integrated development and management of its water resources:
Provide the whole population of Cavite Province access to safe and potable
water and basic sanitation
Optimize the use of available water through a more rationalized allocation of
resources and water rights based on need and usage
Improve health outcomes and effect a sustainable environment through
improved sanitation, septage, and sewerage systems provision particularly in
highly urbanized and/or densely populated areas
Encourage private sector participation in the financing, implementation and/or
operation of water resources development and management projects and other
related undertakings of the Cavite Provincial Government
7.2 STRATEGIES
To achieve the policies defined and established above, the following strategies
shall be carried out:
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Stimulation of growth in rural areas to curb rural-urban migration that has led
to increasing pressures in ecosystems and water bodies as well as
unsustainable land use practices in urban areas.
Promotion of environmental education, particularly in water resource
management, to enable people to appreciate and understand the complexity
of environment and their roles and responsibilities in sustainable water
resource management.
Resource regulation shall be strengthened to ensure that surface and ground
water supply sources are sustainably developed, managed and utilized.
Estimated Cost
Program/Project Description
(P Billion)
Short Term Development Works (1-3 years)
Abstraction from river sources and provision of
Surface water development treatment plant and transmission facilities as 5.0
well as other necessary facilities
Abstraction of water through deep wells and
Groundwater Development and
springs and provision of pump stations, pipelines 6.5
Management
and other support facilities.
(a) Provision of Level I water supply systems, (b)
Water distribution system provision of Level II water supply systems and
1.0
development and expansion (iii) provision of Level III water supply systems
and expansion of existing area coverage
Measurement and monitoring of Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
0.003/year
water efficiency equipment
Reduction of Non-revenue water NRW reduction within WSP service area 0.15/year
Financial and Economic studies and provision of
Water productivity measurement 0.006/year
monitoring systems and equipment
Establishment of water pricing mechanism to be
Water pricing 0.007/year
adopted by service providers and consumers
(Included in
Provision of production meters, supply meters system
Metering
and consumer meters development
costs)
Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
Irrigation scheduling 0.006/year
equipment
Provision of sewerage and septage collection and
Sewerage and Septage treatment facilities 6.0
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Cavite Integrated Water Resource Management Master Plan
Estimated Cost
Program/Project Description
(P Billion)
Medium Term Development Works (3-6 years)
Abstraction from river sources and provision of
Surface water development and
treatment plant and transmission facilities as 7.0
Expansion
well as other necessary facilities
(a) Provision of Level I water supply systems, (b)
Water distribution system provision of Level II water supply systems and
4.0
development and expansion (iii) provision of Level III water supply systems
and expansion of existing area coverage
Provision of technology and designs for domestic
Rainwater/storm water harvesting
households. Construction of impoundment 4.0
and reuse
reservoirs to augment supply
Measurement and monitoring of Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
0.003/year
water efficiency equipment
Reduction of Non-revenue water NRW reduction within WSP service area 0.15/year
Financial and Economic studies and provision of
Water productivity measurement 0.006/year
monitoring systems and equipment
Establishment of water pricing mechanism to be
Water pricing 0.007/year
adopted by service providers and consumers
Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
Irrigation scheduling 0.006/year
equipment
Long Term Development Works (6-10 years)
Abstraction from river sources and provision of
Surface water development and
treatment plant and transmission facilities as 28.0
expansion
well as other necessary facilities
Managed aquifer storage, recharge Reforestation. Protection of watershed areas.
1.0
areas, water balance Declaration of areas as protected areas
Management solid waste through construction
Reduction of water pollution of MRF, and disposal facilities. Continuing 2.0
education campaign and segregation.
(a) Provision of Level I water supply systems, (b)
Water distribution system provision of Level II water supply systems and
2.0
development (iii) provision of Level III water supply systems
and expansion of existing area coverage
Measurement and monitoring of Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
0.003/year
water efficiency equipment
Reduction of Non-revenue water NRW reduction within WSP service area 0.15/year
Financial and Economic studies and provision of
Water productivity measurement 0.006/year
monitoring systems and equipment
Establishment of water pricing mechanism to be
Water pricing 0.007/year
adopted by service providers and consumers
Engineering studies and provision of monitoring
Irrigation scheduling 0.006/year
equipment
7-3