Elementary Functions.
Chapter 4. Trigonometric functions.
An angle is formed by two rays that have a common endpoint. One ray is called
the initial side and the other the terminal side; common point is a vertex.
An angle is called quadrantal angle if its terminal side lies on the x- or y-axis.
One radian is the measure of the central angle of a circle that intercepts an arc
equal in length to the radius of the circle. The radian measure of any central angle
s
of a circle is the length of the intercepted arc divided by the circle’s radius. q = .
r
In one complete rotation 3600 is the amount of rotation of a ray back into itself. In
radians?
2p r
The circumference of a circle of radius r is 2p r , q = = 2p radians.
r
Using the basic relationship π radians = 1800,
p radians
1. To convert degrees to radians, multiply degrees by .
1800
1800
2. To convert radians to degrees, multiply radians by .
p radians
Thinking in radians means determining what part of a complete revolution or how
many full revolutions will produce an angle whose radian measure is known.
Two angles with the same initial side and terminal sides but possibly different
rotations are called coterminal angles.
Increasing or decreasing the degree measure of an angle in standard position by
an integer multiple of 3600 results in a coterminal angle. Thus, an angle of θ0 is
coterminal with angles of q �3600 k , where k is an integer.
Increasing or decreasing the radian measure of an angle by an integer multiple of
2π results in a coterminal angle. Thus, an angle of θ radians is coterminal with
angles of θ±2πk, where k is an integer.
The length of a circular arc. Let r be the radius of a circle and θ the nonnegative
radian measure of a central angle of the circle. The length of the arc intercepted
by the central angle is s = rq .
A unit circle is a circle of radius 1, with its center at the origin of a rectangular
coordinate system. The equation of this unit circle is x 2 + y 2 = 1 .
In a unit circle, the radian measure of the central angle is equal to the length of
the intercepted arc.
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The trigonometric functions have names that are words, rather than single letters
such as f, g, etc.
If t is a real number and P = (x , y) is point on the unit circle that corresponds to t,
then
1
sin t = y csc t = , y �0
y
cos t = x
1
y sec t = , x �0
tan t = , x �0 x
x x
cot t = , y �0
y
Because this definition expresses function values in terms of coordinates of a
point on a unit circle, the trigonometric function are sometimes called the circular
functions.
The domain of the sine function and the cosine function is the set of all real
numbers. The range of these functions is the set of all real numbers from -1 to 1,
inclusive.
p
Trigonometric functions at
4
p 2 p
sin = csc = 2
4 2 4
p 2 p
cos = sec = 2
4 2 4
p p
tan = 1 cot = 1
4 4
Fundamental identities:
Reciprocal identities:
1 1
sin t = csc t =
csc t sin t
1 1
cos t = sec t =
sec t cos t
1 1
tan t = cot t =
cot t tan t
Quotient identities:
sin t
tan t =
cos t
cos t
cot t =
sin t
Pythagorean Identities:
sin 2 t + cos 2 t = 1
1 + tan 2 t = sec2 t
1 + cot 2 t = csc2 t
The trigonometric function value of θ depend only on the size of the angle θ and
not on the size of the triangle.
Cofunction identities:
The value of a trigonometric function of θ is equal to the cofunction of the
complement of θ. Cofunctions of complementary angles are equal.
sin q = cos ( 900 - q )
cos q = sin ( 900 - q )
tan q = cot ( 900 - q )
cot q = tan ( 900 - q )
sec q = csc ( 900 - q )
csc q = sec ( 900 - q )
p
If θ is in radians, replace 900 with .
2
Application.
Many applications of right trigonometry involve the angle made with an imaginary
horizontal line.
An angle formed by the horizontal line and line of sight to an object that is above
the horizontal line is called the angle of elevation. The angle formed by the
horizontal line and line of sight to an object that is below the horizontal line is
called the angle of depression.
4.4 Trigonometric functions of any angle.
Let θ be any angle in standard position and let P ( x , y ) be a point on the terminal
side of θ. If r = x 2 + y 2 is the distance from (0, 0) to (x, y), the six trigonometric
functions of θ are defined by the following ratios:
y r
sin q = csc q = , y �0
r y
x r
cos q = sec q = , x �0
r x
y x
tan q = , x �0 cot q = , y �0
x y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
Blue y = sin x
Red y = cos x -5
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-10
y = A sin B( x - C )
The standard form is y = A cos B( x - C )
A - amplitude;
2p
- period;
B
C - phase shift;
� �2p �
�
C, C + �
� �- appropriate interval on which to sketch one complete period.
�
� �B �
�
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
Blue y = tan x
Red y = cot x -5
-10
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
Blue y = csc x
Red y = sec x -5
y = A tan B ( x - C )
Standard form y = A cot B-10( x - C )
� p p �
Appropriate interval for tan is �- + C, + C �.
� 2B 2B �
� p �
Appropriate interval for cot is �C , + C �.
� B �
y = A csc B ( x - C )
Standard form y = A sec B ( x - C )
� 2p �
Appropriate interval for csc and sec is �
C, +C�
� B �
y = cos -1 x
y = tan -1 x
�p p �
tan -1 ( tan x ) = x for x in �- , �
� 2 2�
4.8 Applications of trigonometric functions.
Solving a right triangle means finding the missing length of the sides and
measurements of angles.