Different Citation Styles

1. APA (American Psychological Association) – Psychology, Education, and other Social Sciences
2. MLA (Modern Language Association) – Literature, Arts, Humanities
3. Chicago Style (Chicago Manual of Style/Turabian Style) – Arts and Humanities
4. Turabian Style – Literature, History, Arts

Citation and References

1. Plagiarism
2. Citation
3. Referencing
4. Bibliography

Reasons for Citation

1. To be able to identify and relocate the sources used in the study for verification purposes
2. To present a proof that the topic under study is well accounted
3. To rightfully acknowledge the authors of the research materials used
4. Do not plagiarism

Ways of Citing a Source Material

1. As a Direct Quote
2. As a Paraphrase
3. As a Summary

Reasons for Referencing

1. To prove that the study is on academic works

2. To locate the sources of the cited text in the study
3. To share additional knowledge and information about the topic under study
4. To confirm the basis of the study’s hypothesis
5. To show respect and appreciation to the author of the study and to avoid plagiarism

Ways of Referencing Source Materials

1. In-text Citation
a. Direct Quotation
b. Paraphrased Text
c. Summarized Text/Content

Purposes of RRL

1. To find out the connection of your research to the present world

2. To know more about theories or concepts underlying your research
3. To discover the relation of your research with previous research studies
4. To obtain accuracy or relevance of your research
5. To familiarize yourself with technical terms related to your research
Traditional RRL – for qualitative research

Systematic RRL – for quantitative research

Earthquake Risk

Seismic Waves – forms of energy that travel through different layer of the Earth

Ground Shaking – proximity of the area to the epicenter and duration and intensity of the earthquake

Ground Rupture – occurs when ground movement happens on a fault line and breaks through surface

Liquefaction – when seismic shaking causes loose materials in the soil to mix with groundwater or soil
saturated with water.

Earthquake-induced ground subsidence – subsidence is the lowering of land to various causes, one of
which is the earthquake on a fault line

Tsunami – “harbor wave”

Earthquake-induced landslide

Seismometer – instrument used to measure movements of the Earth’s surface

- P-waves – first to be recorded

- S-waves - second to be recorded, carries most energy of the seismic activity

Homeostasis – refers to the body’s ability to maintain a constant interval environment

Cell Membrane – serves as the gatekeeper of the cell; allows substances go in and out of the cell hence
semipermeable; contains signal receptors.

Stimulus-Response model – shows the event that happen when a certain stimulus changes the internal
condition of the body

1. Stimulus–a structure that produce the change

2. Receptor–a structure that detects the change
3. Control center –a structure that determines the appropriate response to the stimulus.
4. Effector–can be organs, glands, or tissues that are instructed to adjust the amount of output that
produces a desired effect
5. Response–the outcome of the adjustment that should remove the initial stimulus.

Negative Feedback Mechanism – allows the internal body condition to return to normal

Positive Feedback Mechanism – enhance the original stimulus’

4 Types of Respiratory Surfaces

1. Skin – skin breathers; outer skin is gas exchange organ; worms

2. Gills – extensions of the body surface; found in most aquatic animals
3. Tracheal System – branching internal tube system in insects; most terrestrial animals
4. Lungs – internal sacs with moist epithelium; most terrestrial vertebrates

Respiratory Problems

1. Bronchitis – inflammation of bronchioles which impedes breathing

2. Premature babies having difficulty alveoli open

Ventilating Our Lungs

1. Breathing – alternation of inhalation and exhalation

- Maintains high O2 and low CO2
a. Inhalation – rib cage expands as rib muscles and diaphragm contract to enlarge chest cavity
b. Exhalation – reverses muscle movement

Hemoglobin – O2 is not soluble in H20 must be transported by proteins called respiratory pigments or
colored muscles

- Iron containing pigment that turns red with O2