KNOWLEDGE
2019
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CONTENTS
UNION BUDGET 2018-19 (i)-(iv)
• WHO’s WHO
• National Events Diary 2017
• International Events Diary 2017
• Satellites Launched in 2017
• Supreme Court Judgments 2017
• Indian Panorama
• World Panorama
• International Awards
• United Nations
• Sobriquets
• Important Days of the year
3. HISTORY GK-33-GK-42
4. POLITY GK-43-GK-49
5. GEOGRAPHY GK-50-GK-55
6. ECONOMY GK-56-GK-63
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7. GENERAL SCIENCE GK-64-GK-83
Corporation-
14 p. 16 p.
Tax 19 p.
9 p.
Goods and
Service Tax
& Other Taxes
23 p.
Income-Tax
16 p.
Pensions
18 p. 5 p.
24 p.
9 p.
5 p. 10 p.
Interest
Payments
States’ Share of 18 p.
taxes & duties
24 p.
Defence
9 p.
Finance Commission
& Other Transfers Subsidies
8 p. 9 p.
Note: Total expenditure is inclusive of the States’ share of taxes and duties which have
been netted against receipts in the table.
BUDGET PROFILE (In ` lakh crore)
General
Small Savings and Services 1.02
State Provident Fund
0.92
Economic
Services Food
Central Subsidy
Non Debt Capital Receipts, 0.92 2.27 1.69
Sector 2.95
Market Schemes Petroleum
Loans 7.09 Social 0.25
UNION BUDGET 2018-19
Debt
4.07 Services 0.45 Others
Receipts Fertilizer
Scheme 0.31
6.24 0.70
Capital Expenditure Others 0.40
Others 1.25 Receipts (CS+CSS)
7.16 Centrally Core
10.15
Sponsored Schemes
Schemes 2.28
3.06
Core of the core
Taxes Schemes 0.78
Budget Size Transfer
Customs on UTs Finance
GST Net Tax to State
1.12 0.05 24.42 Transfers, Commission
7.44 Receipts Pension 2.41
Establishment 1.68 Transfers
14.81 Establishment
and Other 1.09
Expenditure Expenditure
Union 5.08 Salary &
Non-Tax 14.27
Excise Interest Allowances
Gross Tax Revenue Other Grants/
Duties Receipts 2.07
Revenue 2.45 Other Loaans 1.32
2.67 0.15 Central Others
22.71 Others 0.28 Expenditure 1.33
Income Dividend & Others 6.78
Taxes Profit, 1.07 1.23 Public Sector
5.29 Undertakings 0.04
Regulatory/Statutary
Corporation Bodies 0.07 Autonomous
Interest
Tax 5.21 Bodies 0.61
Payment
5.78
22 Dr. Harsh Vardhan Minister of Science and Technology; Minister of Earth Sciences;
and Minister of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
23 Prakash Javadekar Minister of Human Resource Development.
24 Dharmendra Pradhan Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas; and Minister of Skill
Development and Entrepreneurship.
25 Piyush Goyal Minister of Railways; and Minister of Coal.
26 Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman Minister of Defence.
27 Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Minister of Minority Affairs.
Arjuna Award
Recipients: Ms. V.J. Surekha (Archery), Ms. KhushbirKaur (Athletics), Mr. Arokia Rajiv
(Athletics), Ms. Prasanthi Singh (Basketball), Sub. LaishramDebendro Singh (Boxing), Mr.
CheteshwarPujara (Cricket), Ms. HarmanpreetKaur (Cricket), Ms. OinamBembem Devi
(Football), Mr. S.S.P. Chawrasia (Golf), Mr. S.V. Sunil (Hockey), Mr. Jasvir Singh (Kabaddi),
Mr. P. N. Prakash (Shooting), Mr. A. Amalraj (Table Tennis), Mr. SakethMyneni (Tennis), Mr.
SatyawartKadian (Wrestling), Mr. Mariyappan (Para-Athlete), Mr. Varun Singh Bhati (Para-
Athlete).
Dhyan Chand Award
Recipients: Mr. Bhupender Singh (Athletics), Mr. Syed Shahid Hakim (Football), Ms.
SumaraiTete (Hockey).
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy
Recipient: Punjabi University, Patiala.
Jnanpith Award
Sankha Ghosh, eminent Bengali poet and literary critic was honoured with the 52nd Jnanpith
Award on 27 April 2017 by President Pranab Mukherjee in New Delhi.
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CA-8 CURRENT AFFAIRS
OCTOBER
11th Oct Anupam Kher - New Chairman of Film and Television Institute of India (FTII)
NOVEMBER
10th Nov Dalveer Bhandari - International Court of Justice
15th Nov Urjit Patel - Advisory Board of Bank of International Settlement
DECEMBER
2nd Dec Salil S. Parekh – CEO & MD of Infosys.
3-TOP UPDATES
NATIONAL EVENTS DIARY 2017
5th January Mahendra Singh Dhoni steps down as Captain of India ODI and T20I teams.
7th January Virat Kohli named Team India ODI, T20 Captain.
10th January IIT Kharagpur alumnus Parag Havaldar wins Technical Oscar Award.
20th January Dharamshala declared as second capital of Himachal Pradesh.
Elections in Five Poll-bound states to be held between 4th February and
3rd February
March 8, 2017.
15th February ISRO successfully launches 104 satellites.
16th February Palaniswami sworn in as new Tamil Nadu Chief Minister.
20th February Barren Island, India’s only live volcano, active again.
6th March World’s oldest serving aircraft carrier INS Viraat decommissioned.
Assembly election results; BJP wins in Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand , Congress
11th March
emerges the largest party in Punjab
Manohar Parrikar sworn in as Goa’s Chief Minister.
15th March
Nongthombam Biren Singh sworn in as Chief Minister of Manipur.
16th March Captain Amarinder Singh sworn in as Chief Minister of Punjab.
Trivendra Singh Rawat sworn in as Uttarakhand Chief Ministry.
19th March
Yogi Adityanath sworn in as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
1st April SBI merged with its 4 associate banks.
10th April Kulbhushan Jadhav sentenced to death in Pakistan.
PM Narendra Modi launches UDAN scheme, flags off first UDAN flight on
27th April
Shimla-Delhi route.
SAARC satellite set for lift-off: All nations in the grouping except Pakistan to
1st May
benefit
7th May Facebook launches Express Wi-Fi in India.
RBI issues new batch of `500 notes with inset letter A; DRDO successfully
13th June
test fires anti-tank Nag missile
17th June PM Narendra Modi inaugurates Kochi Metro.
Goods and Services Tax, India's biggest tax reform in 70 years of
1st July
independence, launched.
Nitish Kumar (JDU) resigns as Chief Minister of Bihar, breaking the coalition
26th July
with RJD & Indian National Congress.
27th July NDA (JDU + BJP) led government comes in Bihar.
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CA-10 CURRENT AFFAIRS
11th August Venkaiah Naidu took oath as 13th Vice President of India.
15th August 71st Independence Day celebrated.
CBI special court sentenced Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh 20 years jail in
28th August
verdict of rape case.
Cabinet expansion conducted in Rashtrapati Bhavan, 9 new ministers
took oath. Nirmala Sitaraman and Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi got promoted to
3rd September
Cabinet Ministers. Nirmala Sitharaman, the current defence minister is the
second woman after Indira Gandhi.
Narendra Modi visits China for 9th BRICS Summit and Myanmar for
5th September bilateral talk. Lucknow Metro inaugurated. Gauri Lankesh, senior journalist
shot dead in Bangalore.
Japan prime minister Shinzo Abe visits Ahmadabad for bilateral talk, signs
13th September
many agreement including Bullet Train project in India.
India opened two immigration check posts along the borders with
1st October
Myanmar and Bangladesh
29th October Virat Kohli becomes fastest batsman to score 9,000 runs in ODIs
Ministry of Finance increased the maximum age of joining the National
1st November
Pension System (NPS) from the existing 60 years to 65 years
2nd November Delhi hosted 9th global green film festival
PM Narendra Modi inaugurated ‘World Food India’ 2017 in New Delhi;
3rd November
Krishna Sobti gets prestigious Jnanpith award 2017.
7th November India test-fires ‘Nirbhay’ missile
9th November Telangana CM declares Urdu as second official language
Pankaj Advani wins 17th world title at the IBSF World Billiards Championship
13th November
2017 in Doha, Qatar
16th November 12th North East Business Summit inaugurated in New Delhi.
19th November Manushi Chhillar wins Miss World 2017
India’s Justice Dalveer Bhandari re-elected as Judge in International Court
21th November
of Justice
India’s Saikhom Mirabai Chanu won gold medal at World Weightlifting
30th November
Championship held in Anaheim, United States
5th December Veteran actor Shashi Kapoor passes away.
Cabinet passed the National Medical Commission Bill, which does away
17th December
with the Medical Council of India (MCI)
18th December PM inaugurates 60 MW Tuirial Hydro power Project in Aizawl, Mizoram
19th December BJP wins Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh Assembly election
NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson sets new record for time in spac(534
24th April
days).
First natural human antibodies against Ebola virus discovered by US
19th May
scientists.
India’s iconic monument Taj Mahal features in the World’s Top 10 Travel-
27th May
ler Choice Awards for Landmarks.
Trump announces US withdrawal from Paris Agreement on Climate
1st June
Change.
15th June China lauches 1st X-ray space telescope to study black holes.
North Korea successfully tested an intercontinental ballistic missile
4th July
(ICBM)
The 12th meeting of the Group of Twenty (G20), which was held on 7th
8th July
and 8th July, 2017, in Hamburg, Germany
28th July Pakistan PM Nawaz Sharif resigns over Panama Papers verdict.
Qatar becomes first Arab country to offer permanent residency to non-cit-
3rd August
izens.
23th August Severe Typhoon Hato hits Hong Kong
5th September 9th BRICS summit @ Xiamen, China
12th September UNSC unanimously adopts new sanctions against North Korea.
13th October US and Israel withdraw from UNESCO
19th October Japanese P.M. Shinzo Abe secured a crucial victory in Japan’s elections.
Burundi becomes first country to leave International Criminal Court;
27 October
Catalonia declares independence from Spain
World’s third largest book fair, Sharjah International Book Fair (SIBF)
1st November
2017, opened in Sharjah, UAE
6th November COP23 climate change summit begins in Bonn, Germany
10th November India re-elected as member of UNESCO’s executive board
10th South Asia Economic Summit held in Nepal; Kevin Lilliana of
14th November
Indonesia won Miss International 2017
Zimbabwe’s Robert Mugabe resigns, ending 37-year rule; India-Russia
21st November sign pact for visa free entry of flight crew; China launches three remote
sensing satellites
The United States has pulled out of UN Global Compact on Migration.
4th December The first phase of Iran’s Chabahar port was inaugurated by Iran’s
President Hassan Rouhani..
5th December International conference on Climate Change held in Nepal
6th December UAE and Saudi Arabia form new group, separate from GCC
Time magazine named ‘The Silence Breakers’ as its Person of the Year
7th December
for 2017
Night Morning
* Revision is the most important aspect of preparation for any exam, whether it is academic
or competitive. But it plays a greater role in selection when an aspirant follows it, because
of complexity of syllabus and subjects for competitive exam.
Like study strategy, there is no fixed revision format that will suit each and every aspirant.
RAIL RRB NTPC 2019 GUIDE BOOK
Environment 17 28 22 21 14
Agriculture 5 8 4 5 5
Geography 14 10 11 4 7
Sci – Tech 13 9 9 10 6
History 7 6 11 6 9
Art &Culture 8 14 3 11 5
India/State Capital Area Language Establish- Sex Literacy Pop. Festivals Dance Tribes
(Sq.Km) ment Year Ratio Average Density
/1000 % (Sq.
Km)
INDIA New Delhi 3.3 No National 15-08-1947 940 73% 382 G.Jayanti, I.Day. & – –
Million Language R. Day
1. Andhra Hyderabad 160205 Telugu, 01-10-1953 992 67.7% 308 Sankranti, Ugadi Kuchipudi Andh, Bagata,
Pradesh Urdu Bhil, Konda
2. Arunachal Itanagar 83,743 English 20-02-1987 920/ 66.95% 17 Losar” or The Bardo Chham Abor, Aka,
Pradesh 1000 New Year Apatani
3. Assam Dispur 78,550 Assamese, 1st April – – 397 Bihu Ankia Naat Mikirs, Khasis,
(Assom) Bengali, 1912 (Onkeeya) Nagas, Boro
4. Bihar Patna 99,200 Bhojpuri, 1st April 916 63.4% 1,102 Chhath Bidesia Kajari Gonda, Mundas,
Maithili 1936 Gaur
5. Chhattis- Raipur 135,194 Chattisgarhi, 1-11-2000 991 71.04% 189 Bastar Dussehra, Panthi, Rawat Agariya, Andh,
garh Hindi Bhoramdeo Nacha Baiga, Bhaina,
6. Goa Panaji 3,702 Konkani 30-05- 1987 968 88.70% 394 per Ganesh Chaturthi Dekhnni, Dhodia, Dubla
sq km. Fugdi (Halpati),
7. Gujarat Gandhinagar 196,204 Gujarati 01-05-1960 918 79.31% 310 Makar Sankranti Rass-garba Bhils, Barda,
Bavacha
8. Haryana Chandigarh 44,212 Punjabi, 01-11-1966 877 76.64% 573 Hariyali Teej, Lohri, Saang, Dhamal Meo, Ror
Haryanvi
9. Himachal Shimla 55,673 Pahari, Kangri 25-01-1971 974 83.78% 123 Kullu, Shoolini Losar Shona Bhot, Bodh, GK-6
Pradesh Chuksam Gaddi, Gujjar
10. J & K Srinagar 222,236 Kashmiri, Urdu 26-10-1947 883 66.7% 56 Hemis, Urs Dumhal, Rouff Balti, Beda, Bot,
Boto
11. Jharkhand Ranchi 79,714 Santhali, 15-11-2000 947 67.6% 414 Jhumar, Paika, Karam, Vat Asur, Agaria,
Mundari, Ho Chau, Agni savitri Baiga, Banjara
12. Karnataka Bengaluru 191,791 Kannada 01-11-1956 968 75.60% 320 Mysore Dasara, Bharatanatyam, Adiyan, Barda,
Ugadi Bolak-aat Bavacha, Bhil
13. Kerala Thiruvanantha- 38,863 Malayalam, 01-07-1949 1,084 93.91% 860 Onam Kathakali Adiyan, Arandan
puram English
14. Madhya Bhopal 308,245 Hindi 01-11-1956 930 70.60% 236 Shivratri, Badhai, Rai, Bhil, Bhunjia,
Pradesh Bahgoriya Saira Biar, Binjhwar
15. Maharash- Mumbai 307,713 Marathi 01-05-1960 929 82.9% 370 Vijayadashami or Lavani, Koli Andh, Baiga,
tra Dasara Barda
16. Manipur Imphal 22,327 Meiteilon 21-01-1972 987 79.21% 120 Lui-ngai-ni, Manipuri Aimol, Anal,
Ningol Chakouba, Angami
Yaoshang
17. Meghalaya Shillong 22,429 Khasi,Garo 21-01-1972 986 75.84% 130 Nongkrem, Nongkrem` Chakma,
Wangala Dimasa, Garo
18. Mizoram Aizawl 21,087 Mizo 20-02-1987 975 91.58% 52 Chapchar Kut, Cheraw, Chakma,
Thalfavang Kut, Khuallam Dimasa, Garo
19. Nagaland Kohima 16,579 English 01-12-1963 931 80.11% 119 Hornbill, Sekrenyi Zeliang Naga, Kuki,
Mikir, Garo
20. Odisha Bhubaneshwar 155,820 Odia, English 01-04-1936 978 73.45% 270 Ganesh Chaturthi Odissi Agata, Bathudi,
Birhor
21. Punjab Chandigarh 50,362 Punjabi 15-08-1947 893 76.68% 550 Bandi Chhor, Bhangra, –
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
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23. Sikkim Gangtok 7,096 Nepali, Bhutia 16-5-1975 889 82.2% 86 Maghe, Losar Singhi Chham Bhutia, Lepcha,
Limboo
24. Tamil Nadu Chennai 130,058 Tamil 26-01-1950 995 80.33 % 550 Pongal Bharata- Adiyan,
natyam Aranadan,
25. Telangana Hyderabad 114,840 Telugu, Urdu 02-06-2014 – 66.50% 310 Ugadi Kuchipudi Andh, Konda
26. Tripura Agartala 10,491.69 Bengali , 21-01-1972 961 94.65% 350 – Goria, Jhum Bhil, Bhutia,
Kokborok Chaimal
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
27. Uttara- Dehradun 53,483 Garhwali, Ku- 9-11-2000 963 79.63% 189 Kandali, Ramman Langvir Nritya Bhotia, Buksa,
khand maoni Jaunsari, Raji
28. Uttar Lucknow 243,286 Hindi, Urdu 01-04-1937 908 69.7% 820 Makar Sankranti, Kathak Bhotia, Buksa,
Pradesh Chhath Tharu, Baiga
29. West Kolkata 88,752 Bengali and 15-08-1947 947 77.08% 1,000 Durga Puja, Kali Chau dance Asur, Baiga,
Union
Bengal English Puja Bedia, Chero
Territory
1. Andaman Port Blair 8,073 English, Hindi 01-11-1956 878 86.27% 46 – – Andamanese,
and Chariar, Chari
Nicobar
Islands
2. Chandigarh Chandigarh 114 Punjabi 01-11-1966 818 81.9% 9,300/ Lohri Bhangra –
3. Dadra and Silvassa 102 English, 11-08-1961 775 77.65% 698 Pongal Tarpa, Warlis, Dublas
Nagar Gujarati Bhavada
Haveli
4. Daman and Daman 102 Gujarati, Mar- 30-05-1987 618 87.07% 2169 Garba Mando, Vira Dhodia, Dubla
Diu athi (Halpati)
5. Lakshad- Kavaratti 32 English, 01-11-1956 946 92.28% 2013 Eid-Ul-Fitr, Lava, Kolkali Koya, Malmi
weep Malayalam Muharram
GK-7
6. NCT of Delhi New Delhi 1,484.0 Hindi 01-02-1992 866 86.34% 11,297 Diwali, Eid ul-Fitr – –
7. Puducherry Pondicherry 492 Malayalam, 07-01-1963 1,038 86.34% 2,500 Pongal Garadi Irulas, Villi
Tamil
GP_3404
GK-8 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) is a space probe, launched on 24 September, 2014. The
mission focuses on developing the technologies for designing, planning, management
and operations of an interplanetary mission. The probe carries five instruments for
gathering knowledge about Mars. The space craft is now jointly monitored by ISRO
Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bangalore, and Indian Deep
Space Network antennae at Byalalu.
Defence of India
The supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces is the President of India.
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GP_3404
GK-18 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
The first woman judge in Supreme Court Mrs. Meera Sahib Fatima Bibi
The first woman Ambassador C.B. Muthamma
The first woman Governor of a state in free India Sarojini Naidu
The first woman Speaker of a State Assembly Shanno Devi
The first woman Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
The first woman Minister in a Government Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
The first woman to climb Mount Everest Bachhendri Pal
The first woman to climb Mount Everest twice Santosh Yadav
The first woman President of Indian National Congress Annie Besant
The first woman pilot in Indian Air Force Harita Kaur Dayal
The first woman Graduates Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi
Basu, 1883
The first woman President of United Nations General Vijaya Laxmi Pandit
Assembly
The first woman Chief Minister of an Indian State Sucheta Kripalani
The first and last Muslim woman ruler of India Razia Sultan
WORLD PANORAMA
COUNTRIES : CAPITAL, LANGUAGE & THEIR CURRENCY
Country Capital Chief Language Currency
Afghanistan Kabul Pushtu Dari Afghani
Algeria Algiers Arabic, French Algerian Dinar
Argentina Buenos Aires Spanish Argentine Peso
Australia Canberra English Australian Dollar
Azerbaijan Baku Azeri Manat
Bahrain Manama Arabic, English Bahraini Dinar
Bangladesh Dhaka Bangla Taka
Belgium Brussels Flemish (Dutch), French, German Euro
Bhutan Thimphu Dzongkha Ngultrum
Bolivia La Paz; Sucre Aymara Spanish, Quechua Boliviano
Brazil Brazilia Portuguese Real
Bulgaria Sofia Bulgarian Lev
Cambodia Phnom-Penh Khmer Riel
Canada Ottawa French, English Canadian Dollar
China Beijing Chinese (Mandarin) Yuan
Colombia Bogota Spanish Peso
Congo Formerly Zaire Kinshasa French Congolese Franc
Costa Rica San Jose Spanish Colon
Croatia Zagreb Croatian Kuna
Cuba Havana Spanish Peso
Czech Republic Prague Czech Koruna
Denmark Copenhagen Danish Krone
Egypt Cairo Arabic Egyptian Pound
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Amharic Birr
Fiji Suva English Fijian Dollar
Finland Helsinki Finnish, Swedish Euro
France Paris French Euro
French Guiana Caine French Euro
Georgia Tbilisi Georgian Lari
Germany Berlin German Euro
Greece Athens Greek Euro
Haiti Port-au-Prince French Gourde
Hong Kong Victoria English, Chinese Hong Kong Dollar
Hungary Budapest Hungarian Forint
India New Delhi Hindi (official), English and Rupee
22 officially recognised
regional languages
Indonesia Jakarta Bahasa Indonesian, Dutch, English Rupiah
Javanese
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GK-22 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
INTERNATIONAL AWARDS
Nobel Prize Golden Globe Awards
• It was set up in 1895 under the will of Al- Country United States
fred Nobel. Presented by Hollywood Foreign press
• The Nobel prizes are presented annually on Association
10 December (The death anniversary of the Awarded for Excellence in film and
founder). television
• It is given in the fields of Peace, Litera- First Awarded 1944
ture, Physics, Chemistry, Physiology
or Medicine (from 1901) and Econom- • AR Rehman is the first Indian to win
ics (from 1969). Golden Globe Award in 2009 (Slumdog).
Nobel Prize (Indian/ Indian origin) Pulitzer Prize
1913: L
iterature – Rabindranath Tagore; was Country United States
also the first Asian to win the prize
Presented by Columbia University
1930: Physics – C. V. Raman Awarded for Excellence in newspa-
per journalism, literary
1968: M
edicine – Har Gobind Khorana; US
achievements and musical
citizen of Indian origin
composition
1979: P
eace – Mother Teresa; Indian citizen
First awarded 1917
of Albanian origin
Ramon Magsaysay Award
1998: Economics – Amartya Sen
2009: Chemistry – Venkatraman Ramakrish- Country Philippines
nan; US citizen of Indian origin Presented by Ramon Magsaysay Award
2014: Peace – Kailash Sathyarthi Foundation
Awarded for Outstanding contributions
Important Facts related with Nobel
in six categories of govern-
Prize ment. Service, public ser-
Unique Winners vice and other fields (Given
to Asian Individuals)
Pierre Curie Father (Physics)
First awarded 1957
Marie Curie Mother (Phy, Chem)
India’s International Awards
Irene Joliot Curie Daughter (Chemistry)
Person Refusing Nobel Prize Mahatma Gandhi Peace Prize
It was instituted in 1995 at 125th birth
1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt (Literature) aniversary and awarded by Government of
1961 Dag Hammarskjold (Peace) India to encourage and promote Gandhian
values worldwide.
1964 Jean-Paul Sartre (Literature)
• First recipient (1995): Julius Nyerere
1973 Le Duc Tho (Peace) (Tanzania)
Grammy Awards • Last recipient (2014): ISRO (India)
Country United States Jawaharlal Nehru Award
Presented by National Academy of Re- It was instituted in 1965 by Government
cording Arts and Sciences of India for international understanding,
Awarded for Outstanding achievements goodwill and friendship.
in the music industry • First recipient (1965) : U Thant
(3rd UN Secretary-General)
First awarded 1959
GP_3404
GK-28 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
• Last recipient (2009) : Angela Markel Morley’s wife, Julia Morley, co-chairs the
(Germany’s First Female Chancellor) pageant. Its headquarter is at London (UK).
Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Reita Faria Powell, the first Indian to win
It was instituted in 1986 by Indira Gandhi the Miss World in 1966.
Memorial Trust. It is awarded for peace, Miss Universe
disarmament and development. • It is an annual international beauty
• First recipient (1986) : to
contest that is run by the Miss Universe
Parliamentarians for Global Action.
Organisation. The contest was founded in
• Last recipient (2015) : UNHCR.
1952, by California Clothing Company
World Beauty Contests Pacific Mills. Its headquarters is at New
Miss World York City (US).
It was created in the United Kingdom by • Sushmita Sen is the first Indian woman to
Eric Morley in 1951. Since his death in 2000, win the Miss Universe contest in 1994.
UNITED NATIONS
Quick Facts •• The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
•• Membership: 193 Member States Northern Ireland;
•• Established: 24 October 1945 •• The Russian Federation; and\
•• Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, •• The United States of America.
French, Russian, Spanish.
•• United Nations Day, 24 October The UN Flag and the Emblem
•• Based on five principal organs (formerly
The UN General Assembly adopted the UN
six–the Trusteeship Council suspended
operations in 1994, upon the independence flag on 20 Oct. 1947. The white UN emblem
of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee is super-imposed on a light blue back ground.
territory); the General Assembly, the
Security Council, the Economic and Social Aims and Objectives
Council (ECOSOC), the Secretariat, and the The Main objectives of the UN are :
International Court of Justice. (1) To maintain peace and security in the world.
•• General Assembly: 193 Member States
•• Security Council: 5 permanent members (2) To work together to remove poverty, disease
and 10 non-permanent and illiteracy and encourage respect for each
The Permanent Members of the other’s rights of basic freedom.
Security Council (3) To develop friendly relations among nations.
•• The Peoples’ Republic of China; (4) To be a centre to help nations achieve these
•• The Republic of France; common goals.
SOBRIQUETS
Sobriquets Person Primary Names The first President of the George
Angel of Death Josef Mengele U.S.A Washington
The first Prime Minister of Robert Walpole
Bard of Avon William Shakespeare Britain
Bonnie Prince Charlie Charles Edward Stuart The first Secretary General Trygve Lie
Desert Fox Erwin Rommel of the United Nations
The first country to prepare U.S.A
Dr. Death Jack Kevorkian a constitution
Father of his country George Washington The first Governor General Mohd. Ali Jinnah
Fuhrer Adolf Hitler of Pakistan
Genghis Khan Temüjin The first person to fly Wright Brothers
Grand Old Man of Willian Ewart aeroplane
Britain Glandstone The first person to sail Magellan
Honest Abe Abraham Lincoln round the world
Iron Lady Margaret Thatcher
The first country to send U.S.A
Lady with the Lamp Florence Nightingale
man to the moon
Madge Madonna
Madiba Nelson Mandela The first country to launch Russia
Maid of Orleans Joan of Arc Artificial satellite in the
Man of Destiny Napolean Bonaparte space
Old Nick Santa The first country to host Greece
Qaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah the modern Olympics
The first city on which the Hiroshima
Slick Willy U.S. President Bill
atom bomb was dropped (Japan)
Clinton
The first person to land on Neil Armstrong
The Bard William Shakespeare the moon followed by
The Cincinnatus of George Washington Edwin E. Aldrin
the Americans The first shuttle to go in Columbia
The Duke John Wayne space
The Greatest Muhammad Ali, Boxer The first spacecraft to Viking-I
reach on Mars
The King of Pop Michael Jackson
The first woman Prime Mrs. S.
The Material Girl Madonna
Minister of a country Bandamaike (Sri
The Tiger of France Georges Clemenceau Lanka)
Uncle Sam The U.S.A. The first woman to climb Mrs. Junko Tabei
Wizard of the North Walter Scott Mount Everest (Japan)
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
Early Medieval Period Jayachandra in the Battle of Chadawar in 1194.
• Rana Kumbha was the ruler of Mewar, a
Tripartite Struggle state in western India.
• Tripartite conflict was fought among the • Dilwara temples at Mount Abu, the
Gurjara-Pratiharas, Rashtrkutas and Palas Vimala Vasahi and the Luna Vasahi were
for the control over Kannauj. built by Solankis of Gujarat.
The Rajputs Medieval India
• The period between 647 A.D. and 1192 A.D.,
i.e. 500 years is known as the Rajput period The Delhi Sultanate
in the history of India. (1206 – 1526 AD)
• The most powerful Rajputs: Gahadavalas Dynasties of Delhi Sultanate
(Kanauj), the Paramaras(Malwa), and the (i) Slave Dynasty : 1206-1290 AD
Chauhans (Ajmer). (ii) Khilje ” : 1290-1320 AD
• Prithviraj Chauhan‘s (1178-92 AD) (iii) Tughlaq ” : 1320-1414 AD
empire included Punjab, Haryana, (iv) Sayyid ” : 1414-1451 AD
Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. (v) Lodhi ” : 1451-1526 AD
• His court’s poet Chand Bardai wrote • Sources of Medieval Indian History:
Prithviraj Chauhan’s biography “Prithviraj Tarikh i Firoze Shahi (Ziauddin barani);
Raso”. Tuzuk-i-Mubarak Shahi (Yahaya bin Ahmed
• He defeated Shahabuddin Muhammad Sirhindi); Futuhat-i-Firoze Shahi (Firoze
Ghori in the first battle of Tarrain in 1191. Shah Tughluq), etc.
• In the Second battle of Tarrain (1192) • Muhammad Ghori nominated his trusted
Muhammad Ghori won and killed Prithviraj and prominent slave, Qutubuddin Aibak
Chauhan. as his representative to govern the newly
• Jayachandra was the king of Kannauj. conquered regions in India. It was the
Muhammad Ghori defeated and killed beginning of slave dynasty.
INDIAN HISTORY GK-37
The Mamluk dynasty or The Slave Ibrahim Lodhi, Babur accepted the offer
and inflicted a crushing defeat on Ibrahim
Dynasty (1206-1290 AD) Lodhi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526.
• Qutubuddin Aibak also began the Vijaynagar Empire (1336-1565 AD)
construction of Qutub Minar, in the honour
of famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutubuddin • The Vijayanagar Empire was a South
Bakhityar Kaki. Indian dynasty based in the Deccan on the
• Shamsuddin Iltutmish was a slave of South bank of Tungabhadra River.
Qutubuddin Aibak. • There were four dynasties ruled over
• Iltutmish stopped the Mongol attack in Vijaynagar —Sangama Dynasty, Saluva
1221 A.D led by Chenghiz Khan. Dynasty, Tuluva Dynasty and Aravidu Dynasty.
• Iltutmish nominated his daughter Razia Bahmani Kingdom
as the successor. • The Bahmani Kingdom of Deccan’s capital
• She was the first and only Muslim lady that was Gulbarga.
ever ruled in India. • It was founded by Hasan Gangu (original
• She further offended the nobles by her name–Ismail Mukh).
preference for an Abyssian slave Yakut. • He took the tittle of Alauddin Hasan,
• In 1240 A.D, Razia was the victim of a Bahaman Shah.
conspiracy and was killed near Kaithal
(Haryana). Religious Movements
• Jalaluddin Khilji founded Khilji dynasty.
• Alauddin Khilji was the nephew and son- Bhakti Movement
in-law of Jalaluddin Khilji. • Bhakti means personal devotion to God.
• He killed Jalaluddin Khilji and took over the It stresses the Union of the individual with
throne in 1296. God.
• He was the first Turkish Sultan of Delhi who • Bhakti movement originated in South
separated religion from politics. India between the 7th and the 12th centuries
• He appointed Diwan-i-Riyasat and AD.
Shahna-i-Mandi to regulate the fixed price • Ramananda was disciple of Ramunaja. He
market. was the first reformer to preach in Hindi.
• He abolished Iqtas of royal troopers and • Kabir was an ardent disciple of Ramananda.
the payment of their salaries in cash. He wanted unity between the Hindus and
• He constructed monuments like Alai- the Muslims.
Darwaza and Sirifort in Delhi. • Namdeva was a waterman by birth. He
• Ghazi Malik with the name of Ghiyasuddin composed beautiful hymns in Marathi.
Tughluq became the Sultan of Delhi in • Nanak was the founder of the Sikh religion.
1320. • Nanak’s teachings were in the form of
• Mohammad-bin-Tughlaq organised better verses. They were collected in a book called
postal system. the Adi Granth.
• Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq ascended the thr- • Later Adi Grantham was written in a script
one in 1325. called Gurmukhi.
• Firoz Shah Tughlaq established Diwan-
i-Khairat (department for poor and • Chaitaniya, a great devotee of Lord
needy people), and Diwan-l-Bundagan Krishna, was a saint from Bengal.
(department of slaves). • Tulsidas composed the famous
• Khizr Khan was the first Sultan of the Ramcharitamanas in Hindi, expounding
Sayyed Dynasty. the various aspects of Hindu dharma.
• The other rulers of this dynasty were Mubarak • Surdas was a devotee of Lord Krishna and
Shah (1421-1434), Muhammad Shah Radha. His works include Sursagar, Sahitya
(1434-1443), Alam Shah (1443-1451). Ratna and Sur Sarawali.
• Bahlol Lodhi (1451-88 A.D.) was an • Dadu Dayal was a disciple of Kabir. His
Afghan Sardar who founded the Lodhi followers were known as Dadu Panthis.
dynasty. • Eknath was a devotee of Vithoba. He wrote
• Sikandar Lodhi shifted his capital from commentary on verses of the Bhagavad
Delhi to Agra and conquered Bihar and
Gita.
Western Bengal.
• Ibrahim Lodhi was the last king of Lodhi The Sufi Movement
dynasty and the last Sultan of Delhi. • Sufism is basically a religion based on the truth
• At last Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of life. The mystics of Islam are called Sufis.
of Punjab invited Babur to overthrow • It emerged in India in 11th & 12th century A.D.
GP_3404
GK-38 INDIAN HISTORY
• It established brotherhood between Hindus Nine Jewels or Nav-Ratnas of Akbar
& Muslims. Abdul Rahim – Hindi Scholar
• The founders of the most important Abdul Fazal – Chief Advisor
Sufi lineage Chisti, Suhrawardi, Qadiri, Birbal – Wittiness
Naqshbandi originally came from central Tansen – Singer
and west Asia.
Todar Mal – Finance Minister
• The prominent sufi saints were Khwaja
Nizamuddin Aulia, Ganj-e-Shakar Mullah Do Piaza – Advisor
Fariduddin, Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki Raja Man Singh – General (Senapati)
and Hamuddin Nagori . Faizi – Poet
• Hazrat Nizam-ud-Din was the disciple of Hamim Humam – Physician
Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakkar. Jahangir (AD 1605-1627)
• Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki was the disciple and
the spiritual successor of Moinuddin Chishti. • The real name of Jahangir was Salim.
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (1142-1236 AD) • Jahangir married Mehr-un-Nisa who assumed
• The Chisti order of Sufism was founded the title of ‘Nur Jahan’ (Light of the world)
in village Khwaja Chishti near Herat in • His son Khurram (Shah Jahan) rebelled
Persia, i.e. Iran. against him at the end of his reign.
• In India, Chisti silsila was founded by • Shah Jahan became emperor in 1627.
Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti (born 1142 AD). • He was married to the daughter of Asaf
• He came to India around AD 1192. Khan named Arjumand Bano Begum, also
• He made Ajmer the main centre for his known as Mumtaz Mahal.
teachings. He died in Ajmer in 1236. • He built the Taj Mahal in Agra and the Jama
Masjid (sand stone) in Delhi.
The Mughals (1526-1540 and
1555-1857) Auranzeb (AD 1658-1707)
• Aurangzeb was also called as Zinda Pir
• The Mughul era began with the Babur’s (the living saint).
victory over Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle • The Mughul conquest reached a climax
Of Panipat in 1526.’ during his reign.
• Babur was from the princely family of • The second coronation of Aurangzeb took
mixed Mongol and Turkish blood. place when he defeated Dara (1659).
• He died in 1530. • He forbade inscription of Kalma on the
• Humayun succeeded Babur at the young coins and banned music in the court.
age of 23 in 1530. • He died in 1707 AD.
• He was defeated in the Battle of Chausa
(1539) and Battle of Kanauj (1540) by Sher The Later Mughals
Shah Suri who became the ruler of Agra • Muazzam ascended the Mughal throne
and Delhi. with the title of Bahadur Shah.
• The Humayun’s Tomb was built by his • Farrukhsiyar ascended the throne with
widow Haji Begum in Delhi. help of Sayyid brothers, Abdullah Khan and
• Humayun’s sister Gulbadan Begum wrote Hussain Khan.
Humayunnama. • Nadir Shah raided India in 1738-39
• He died in 1556. and took away the peacock throne and
• The real name of Sher Shah was Farid. Kohinoor diamond during the reign of
• During the siege of the fort of Kalinjar one Mohammad Shah (1719-48).
of the cannons accidentally went off killing • The Battle of Buxar (1764) was fought
him on 26th of May 1535. during the reign of Shah Alam II.
• He was buried in Sasaram (Bihar). • Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal king.
• He built Purana Qila in Delhi.
• Bairam Khan became the Wakil of the Name of the Book- Author
kingdom with the title of Khan-i-Khana. Tuzk-i-Babari : Babar
• Akbar was crowned at Kalanaur at the age Akbarnama, AiniAkbari : Abul Fazl
of 13 years in 1556.
• Akbar reoccupied Delhi and Agra in the TuzkiJahangiri : Jahangir
second battle of Panipat with Hemu, a Shah JahanNamah : Inayat Khan
general of Adil Shah in 1556.
• Akbar built many buildings like Agra Fort PadshahNamah (about Shah Jahan):
(1565), Lahore Palace (1572), Fatehpur Abdul Hamid Lahori
Sikri, Buland Darwaza and Allahabad Fort Alamgirnama (about Aurangzeb) : Mirza
(1583).
Muhammad Kazim
• He died in 1605.
INDIAN HISTORY GK-39
MODERN HISTORY
Arrival of Europeans in India East India Company
Portuguese • Company rule in India effectively began in
• On 17th May 1498, Vasco da Gama, a 1757 after the Battle of Plassey.
Portuguese navigator, came to Calicut. • Company was granted the diwani, or the
• He found new trade route from Europe to right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar
Asia via Cape of Good Hope. in 1765.
• His second visit in 1502 established • Siraj-ud-Daula was the last independent
Portuguese Trading Centres at Calicut, Nawab of Bengal who succeeded Alivardi
Cannanore and Cochin. Khan to the throne.
• Cochin was the first capital of the • Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur, commonly
Portuguese in India which was shifted to
known as Mir Jafar, (c. 1691–February 5,
Goa later on.
1765) was the first Nawab of Bengal under
Dutch Company rule in India.
• Dutch arrived in India as a beginning of • After Siraj decline Mir Jafar was installed as
Portuguese decline in 1605. the Nawab in 1757 by the British East India
• The Dutch East India company of Company.
Netherlands was formed in 1592 to trade
with East Indies. • Mir Qasim ( May 8, 1777) was the Nawab
• Cornelis Houtman was the first Dutch who of Bengal from 1760 to 1763.
came to India. • The Battle of Buxar was fought on 23 Oc-
French tober 1764 between East India Company
led by Hector Munro and the combined
• In AD 1664 French came to India as a last army of Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal:
European Community.
• The French East India Company was the Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal King
founded by Jean Baptiste Colbert. Shah Alam II.
• In 1667, the first French Factory was
established at Surat. Rule of the British Governer and
Danes Governor Generals
• In 1616 the Danes came to India. • After the victory of the English in Buxar,
• They established at Tranquebar (Tamil Clive was appointed the governor and
Nadu) in 1620 and Serampore (Bengal) in commander-in-chief of the English pos-
1676. sessions in Bengal.
GP_3404
GK-40 INDIAN HISTORY
• Warren Hastings was appointed the Gov- Reforms), enactment of Rowlatt Act (1919),
ernor of Bengal in 1772. Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy (1919), begin-
• In 1773 the Regulating Act was passed ning of the Non-co-operation Movement.
which provided for the setting up of a su- • Lord Irwin (AD 1926-31)– Appointment
preme court to try all British subjects. of Simon commission in 1928. Gandhi-
• Lord Wellesley is considered to be one Irwin Pact in 1931; First Around Table Con-
of the most brilliant Governor Generals of ference (1930).
• Lord Willington (AD 1931-36)– The Sec-
Bengal.
ond Round Table Conference 1931, The
• He introduced the Subsidiary Alliance communal award, 1932, the Poona pact,
system to undo with the French influence Third Round Table Conference, 1932.
and bring the Indian states within the pur- • Lord Wavell (AD 1944-47)- Wavell Plan
view of the British power of Jurisdiction. and Shimla Conference, Cabinet Mission
• Lord Minto-I (AD 1807-13) was followed (Lawrence, Cripps and Alexander), Direct
by Lord Hastings who governed from 1813 Action Day” on August 16, 1946, Attlee’s
to 1823. Declaration,
• Marquess of Hastings (AD 1813-1823)– • Lord Mountbatten, (March 1947-June
He was the first to appoint Indians to the 1948) Last Viceroy of British India and
highest posts of responsibility. The first
first-Governor general of free India. Par-
vernacular newspaper Samachar Patri-
ka published during his time. tition of India in third week of June, 1947;
• Lord William Bentinck (AD 1828-35)– Indian Independence Act, Partition of the
Charter Act of 1833 was passed and he was country between two independent states of
made the first Governor General of India; India and Pakistan. He was succeeded by
Abolition of sati in 1829. C. Rajagopalachari.
• Lord Dalhousie (AD 1848-56)– Doctrine
of Lapse, The Second Burmese war, The Some Important rulers in India (1720-
Second Anglo Sikh War, Shimla made the 1949)
summer capital, First railway line was Ruler Period Place
laid from Bombay to Thane, in 1853.
• Lord Canning (AD 1856-58) - Annexation 1. Sadat Khan Burhan-ul- 1722-39 Awadh
Mulk
of Avadh, enactment of Hindu Widow Re-
2. Safdar Jung 1739-54 Awadh
marriage Bill, 1857, establishment of uni- 3. Shuja-ud-daulah 1754-75 Awadh
versities at Calcutta, Madras and Bom-
bay, revolt of 1857. 4. Asaf-ud-daulah 1775-97 Awadh
Following the Queen’s recommendation in 5. Wazir Ali 1797-98 Awadh
1858, transferring the Government from 6. Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah 1724-48 Hyderabad
7. Nasir Jung 1748-50 Hyderabad
the company to the British Crown, Lord Can-
8. Muzaffar Jung 1750-51 Hyderabad
ning was made the first Viceroy of India.
9. Salabat Jung 1751-60 Hyderabad
• Lord Mayo (AD 1869-72)– Organised first
10. Nizam Ali 1760-1803 Hyderabad
census which was held in 1871. 11. Sikandar Jah 1803-29 Hyderabad
• Lord Lytton (AD 1876-80)– The Delhi 12. Nasir-ud-daulah 1829-57 Hyderabad
Durbar, January 1, 1877 and the Vernacu- 13. Afjal-ud-daulah 1857-69 Hyderabad
lar Press Act, 1878. 14. Mahabat Ali Khan 1869-1911 Hyderabad
• Lord Ripon (AD 1880-84) – First Factory 15. Osman Ali Khan 1911-49 Hyderabad
Act of 1881. Local Self-Government was 16. Hyder Ali 1761-82 Mysore
introduced in 1882. Repeat of Vernacular 17. Tipu Sultan 1782-99 Mysore
Press act. 18. Ranjit Singh 1792-1839 Punjab
• Lord Curzon (AD 1899-1905) - Famine
Commission, Agriculture Research Institute The Revolt of 1857
at Pusa, Partition of Bengal in 1905. • Political Causes: The policy of Doctrine of
• Lord Minto II (AD 1905-10)– Minto-Mor- Lapse.
ley Reforms in 1909. Swadeshi movement • Nana Sahib was refused pension, as he was
(1905-08), foundation of Muslim League the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao I.
(1906), Surat session and split in the con- • Military Discrimination: Discrimination
gress (1907). between the Indian and the British soldiers.
Capital of country was announced to be
• Religious Discrimination: The introduction
shifted from Calcutta to Delhi.
• Lord Chelmsford (1916-21)– Government of Enfield rifle, the cartridge of which was
of India Act 1919 (Montague-Chelmsford greased with animal fat, provided the spark.
INDIAN HISTORY GK-41
• On March 29, 1857, a soldier named Man- • Raja Rammohan Roy is most remembered
gal Pandey attacked and fired at his senior for helping Lord William Bentinck to
at Barrackpur in Bengal (in 19th and 34th declare the practice of Sati a punishable
Native infantry). offence in 1829.
• Mutiny spread throughout UP along with • Henry Vivian Derozio was the founder of
some other parts of the country. the Young Bengal Movement.
• Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II was • The original name of Swami Vivekananda
was Narendranath Dutta (1863-1902).
proclaimed the Emperor of India.
• He was famous disciple of Shri Ramkrishna
• Causes of Failure of the Revolt: Lack of Paramahamsa.
planning, organization and leadership. • Swami Vivekananda participated at the
• Some Indians supported the British in Parliament of Religions held in Chicago
suppressing the revolt as Scindia of (USA) on September 11,1893 and raised the
Gwalior, the Holkar of Indore, the Nizam prestige of India and Hinduism very high.
of Hyderabad, the Raja of Jodhpur, the • The Theosophical Society was founded
Nawab of Bhopal, the rulers of Patiala, in New York (USA) in 1875 by Madam H.P.
Sindh and Kashmir and the Rana of Nepal. Blavatsky, a Russian lady, and Henry Steel
Olcott, an American colonel.
Social and Cultural Reforms • The Aligarh Movement was started by
• Raja Rammohan Roy established the Brah- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) for the
mo Samaj at Calcutta in 1828 in order to social and educational advancement of the
purify Hinduism and to preach monotheism. Muslims in India.
SOME IMPORTANT ORGANIZATION
Name of the Organization Founder Year Place
Atmiya Sabha Ram Mohan Roy 1815 Calcutta
Brahmo Samaj Ram Mohan Roy 1828 Calcutta
Dharma Sabha Radhakanta Dev 1829 Calcutta
Tattvabodhini Sabha Debendranath Tagore 1839 Calcutta
Nirankaris Dayal Das, Darbara Singh, Rattan Chand etc. 1840 Punjab
Manav Dharma Sabha Durgaram Manchharam 1844 Surat
Parmahansa Mandali Dadoba Panderung 1849 Bombay
Namdharis Ram Singh 1857 Punjab
Radha Swami Satsang Tulsi Ram 1861 Agra
Brahom Samaj of India Keshab Chandra Sen 1866 Calcutta
Dar-ul-Ulum Maulana Hussain Ahmed 1866 Deoband
Prarthna Samaj Dr. Atmaram Pandurung 1867 Bombay
Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand Saraswati 1875 Bombay
Sudharam Brahmo Samaj Anand Mohan Bose 1878 Calcutta
Deccan Education Society G. G. Agarkar 1884 Pune (Poona)
Muhammadan Educational Conference Sir Syed Ahmad Khan 1886 Aligarh
Indian National Conference M. G. Ranade 1887 Bombay
Deva Samaj Shivnarayan Agnihotri 1887 Lahore
Nadwah-ul-Ulma Maulana Shibli Numani 1894 Lucknow
Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekanand 1897 Belur
Servants of Indian Society Gopalakrishan Gokhale 1905 Bombay
Poona Seva Sadan Mrs Ramabai Ranade and G.K. Devadhar 1909 Pune (Poona)
Social Service League N. M. Joshi 1911 Bombay
Seva Samiti H. N. Kunzru 1914 Allahabad
CONTENTS :
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GP_3404
GK-44 POLITY
Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality Right to Freedom Right Against Right to Freedom of Curtural and Right to
Exploitation Religion Educational Rights Constitutional
Remedies
S
S
Important Parallels and Heat zones
Atmosphere Cyclone
The system of wind rotating inward to
Atmosphere is a mixture of gases.
an area of low pressure zone from its
Gaseous Composition of Atmosphere
surrounding high pressure area.
Component Per cent by Volume
Cyclones Region
Nitrogen 78.08% Typhoons China
Oxygen 20.94% Tropical Indian Ocean
Argon 0.93% Hurricanes Caribbean sea
Carbon dioxide 0.03% Tornadoes USA
Willy-Willy Australia
Neon 0.0018%
Taifu Japan
Helium 0.0005%
Tides
Ozone 0.00006% • The periodic phenomenon of alternate rise
Hydrogen 0.00005% and fall in the sea levels is known as Tide.
• It is produced due to gravitational interaction
Geographical Phenomena of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun.
• Spring tides: On the full moon and the new
• Earthquake waves: Earthquakes generate moon, tides are highest which are called
pulses of energy called Seismic waves that Spring tides.
can pass through the entire Earth.
GP_3404
GK-52 GEOGRAPHY
• Neap tides: A tide just after the first or Myanmar Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland,
third quarters of the moon when there Manipur and Mizoram
is least difference between high and low
water is called Neap tides. Afghanistan Jammu and Kashmir
Waves (Pakistan occupied area)
• Waves are the oscillatory movements
in water mainly produced by winds, Mountain Ranges in India
manifested by an alternate rise and fall in
the entire sea surface. • The Himalayan Range is the world’s highest
mountain range.
Types of Rocks • The tallest peak of the world, Mt. Everest,
is also a part of it.
On the basis of modes of formation there • Karakoram Range lies in Jammu and
are three types of rocks.
Kashmir and comprises more than 60 peaks.
• Igneous Rocks: Igneous rock is formed
through the cooling and solidification of • K2 (Mount Godwin Austen) is the second
magma or lava such as granite and diorite. highest peak of the world, also a part of this
• Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary rocks range. Its height is 8611m or 28,251 fit.
are derived from the process of deposition • Shivalik Hills extend from the Arunachal
and solidification of sediments after the Pradesh to West Bengal and from Uttarakhand
process of denudation. For instance; to Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. Jammu,
Sandstone, limestone and chalk rock salts, Kangra and Vaishno Devi are a part of this
gypsum or calcium sulphate, etc. range.
• Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphic rocks
• Vindhya Range spreads across central
arise from the transformation of
existing rock types, in a process called India and extends across 1,050 km.
metamorphism, which means “change in • Aravalli Range is India’s oldest mountain range
form”. Gneiss phyllite, slate, schist, marble, and spreads across the parts of Rajasthan, Delhi
quartzite, etc belongs to the category of and Haryana. Guru Shikhar in Mount Abu is
metamorphic rocks. the highest peak of this range.
• Satpura Range stretches from Gujarat and
Indian Geography runs to Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and
• India is the seventh largest country in the world. Chhattisgarh.
• It covers an area of 32,87,2631 sq. km.
• India is situated North of the Equator Mountain Passes of India
between 8°4’ and 37°C’ North latitude
and 68°7’ and 97°25’ east longitude and Himalayan passes
is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal in the
• Banihal pass — between Doda and
East, the Arabian sea in the West and the
Indian Ocean to the South. Anantnag (Jawahar Tunnel), J & K.
• Shipki La — River Sutlej enters India
List of Indian State Sharing Border with from Tibet, Himachal Pradesh.
Neighbour Country • Bara Lachan La — between Kyelang
Countries Indian States and Leh, Himachal Pradesh.
• Rohtang pass — between Kullu and
Pakistan Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Kyelang, Himachal Pradesh.
Rajasthan and Gujrat • Bomdila pass — between Tezpur and
China Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh.
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim Himalayan passes between India and
and Arunachal Pradesh China
• Shipki La — Himachal Pradesh.
Nepal Bihar, Uttarakhand, Uttar • Thaga La and Niti La — Uttarakhand .
Pradesh, Sikkim and West • Lipu Lekh La — Tri-junction, India-
Bengal Nepal-China, Uttarakhand.
Bangladesh West Bengal, Mizoram, • Jelep La — Between India and China
Meghalaya, Tripura and Asom (Gangtok-Lhasa Road) Sikkim.
• Nathu La — Between India and China
Bhutan West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal
(Entry to Chumbi Valley) Sikkim.
Pradesh and Asom
GEOGRAPHY GK-53
Budget
Direct taxes Indirect taxes Direct taxes Indirect taxes • Property tax
• Income tax • Custom duty • Professional tax • Entertainment • Water tax
• Wealth tax • Central excise • Agricultural tax • V.A.T • Sewerage tax
• Service tax • State excise duty
• Central sales
Schemes for Women and Child ous categories of work for children
Development under 14 years.
1. Ahimsa Messengers National Rural Health Mission
• Scheme of Ministry of women and child • Focus will be post-menopausal problems,
development launched by UPA in 2013. osteoporosis and breast and cervical
• Includes Women Panchayati Raj Mem- cancer.
bers, Youth, NGOs etc. • Dovetailing of NRHM with IGMSY [Indra
• These people work for prevention of vio- Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana] (condi-
lence against women, dowry etc. tional cash transfer for maternity benefit)
2. CSWB and National Food Security Bill (NFSB) will
• Central social welfare board (CSWB). be undertaken.
• To implement welfare programs for women • Training Anganwadi and ASHA workers
and children via NGOs, family counselling, (Accredeted Social Health Activist) on is-
awareness generation etc. sues relating to nutrition, counselling, child
3. Poorna Shakti Kendra rights and gender discrimination
• Created under National Mission for em- Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram
powerment of women in 2013. • This scheme was launched in 2013.
• One stop information centres. • To provide comprehensive healthcare and
• Help women get benefit from various improve the quality of life of children focus
govt. schemes. on 4D.
4. SABLA • Defects at birth (cleft lip, down’s syndrome,
• Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment Talipes etc.).
of Adolescent Girls launched in 2011.
• Diseases (dental, heart, asthama etc.).
• To provide nutrition for growing adoles-
cent girls by provision of food grains. ICDS
• All girls will be given a kishori card • Integrated Child Development Service
which will be updated with details of the (ICDS) started in 1975.
girl’s growth and provision of the food • Beneficiary-children below the age of six,
grains. lactating mothers, pregnant mothers.
• SABLA is created by merging earlier
two schemes: Nutrition program for
Dhanlakshmi
adolescent girls + Kishori Shakti Yojana. Conditional cash transfer for girl child,
• Target: girls aged 11-18. launched in 2008, for fulfilling following con-
• 100 gms of foodgrain per day per girl for ditions:
300 days in a year. • birth and registration of birth
5. Saksham • immunization
• This is a scheme by Ministry of Women • enrolment and retention in school
and Child Development launched in 2012. Rajiv Gandhi National Creche
• Made due to rising demand for gender • Scheme provides for day-care facilities to
sensitisation among boys after the Delhi 0-6 year-old children of working mothers
gang-rape incident. by opening crèches and development ser-
• It’ll give training/moral education to vices
adolescent boys (11-18 age) to respect • Requirement: combined monthly income of
women. both the parents should not exceed `12,000
6. STEP for availing of the facilities.
• Support to Training and Employment
program for Women. Industries
• Provides skill training.
• Public Sector Enterprises (PSE) is a govern-
Child labour v/s Right to Education ment-owned corporation owned by Union
(RTE) Government of India, or one of the many
• RTE = Every child between the ages of 6 state or territorial governments, or both.
and 14 has right to free (and compulsory) • They are under the Department of Public
elementary education Enterprises of Ministry of Heavy Industries
• Child Labour (Prohibition and Regula- and Public Enterprises.
tion) Act of 1986 makes a distinction • There are 298 PSU companies on 31-03-2015
between hazardous and non-hazard- in India.
GP_3404
GK-60 ECONOMY
• Maharatna • Mineral based industry (iron and steel,
• Navratna machine tools and aluminium).
• Miniratna B. On the basis of main role played
CPSEs (itself divided into Category I &
by the industry
Category II)
• Basic industries: these are the indus-
As on 26 October, 2014 there are 7 Maharatna,
tries whose finished products are used
17 Navratna and 73 Miniratna CPSE’s.
as the raw materials for other industries.
There are 7 Maharatnas :
• Consumer goods industries: these are
(i) Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL)
the industries whose finished products
(ii) Coal India
are directly used for consumption by
(iii) Indian Oil Corporation (IOC)
consumers.
(iv) GAIL
(v) NTPC C. On the basis of capital investment
(vi) Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) • Small scale industry
(vii) Steel Authority of India (SAIL) • Large scale industry
D. On the basis of ownership
There are 17 Navratna CPSEs in the country, • Public sector undertaking
these are: (SAIL, HAL, BEML)
1. Bharat Electronics Limited • Private sector undertaking
2. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (TISCO, Mahindra and Mahindra, Birla
Cement)
3. Container Corporation of India Limited • Joint sector undertaking
(Oil India Limited)
4. Engineers India Limited • Co-operative industries
(Sugar Industry in Maharashtra)
5. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
6. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Lim- E. Based on the bulk of raw materials
ited and finished products
7. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited • Heavy industries
• Light industries
8. National Aluminium Company Limited In India, industries are concentrated in four
9. Nation al Buildings Construction Cor- main regions:
poration Limited 1. West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chhatisgarh
2. Maharashtra and Gujarat region
10. NMDC Limited 3. Gangetic Plains
11. Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited 4. South India
12. Oil India Limited Banking in India
13. Power Finance Corporation Limited
The State Bank of India is the largest commer-
14. Power Grid Corporation of India Lim- cial bank in India.
ited
Reserve Bank of India
15. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited • Central bank of India.
16. • Established on April 1, 1935 with a capi-
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
tal of ` 5 crore.
17. Shipping Corporation of India Limited • Nationalised on January 1, 1949 as Gov-
ernment acquired the private share hold-
ings.
Classification of Industries: • Administration: 14 Directors in Central
Board of Directors besides the Governor,
A. On the basis of source of raw 4 Deputy Governors and 1 Government of-
materials ficial. The Governor is the Chairman of the
• Agro based industry (cotton textile, Board and Chief Executive of the Bank.
jute textile and sugar).
ECONOMY GK-61
Scheduled Banks
Scheduled Scheduled
Urban Stat e
Public Sector Priva te Sector RRBs(82) Cooperative Cooperative
Banks (26) Banks (21) Ban k (53) Bank (16)
Nationalised
Old Private Banks (14)
Bank (20)
Significant Inventions
Invention Inventor Country Year
Aeroplane Wright brothers USA 1903
CHEMISTRY
• Chemistry is the branch of science which
deals with study of matter and various Atom
changes it undergoes. • An atom is the smallest unit of an element.
Classification of Matter • An atom has a central nucleus.
• The nucleus carries a positive charge.
Matter • Electrons revolves around the nucleus.
• It is defined as anything that occupies space • Protons have a positive charge.
and has mass. • Electrons have a negative charge.
• At a given temperature, an element is in one • Neutrons have no charge.
of the three states of matter- Solid, Liquid
or Vapour (Gas).
Element
• Everything in the universe is made of a
Solids combination of a few basic substances
• Solids possess definite shape and volume, called elements.
eg. metals, brick, etc. • The element is the simplest form of matter
Liquids composed of atoms having identical
• They possess definite volume but no number of protons in each nucleus.
definite shape. Compound
• They can flow, so they are called fluids, e.g. • A compound is a pure substance that
water, milk, mercury, oil,etc. contains atoms of two or more chemical
Gases elements in definite proportions that
• Gases have neither a definite volume nor cannot be separated by physical means and
definite shape. are held together by chemical bonds.
• They takes the volume and shape of the
container. E.g.– air, oxygen, hydrogen, etc. Air and Water
• Melting point of a substance is the
temperature at which its solid form changes Air is colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous
to a liquid. mixture, mainly contains nitrogen
(approximately 78%) and oxygen
• Boiling point is the temperature at which the
(approximately 21%) with lesser amounts
liquid form of a substance changes to a gas.
of argon, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, neon,
• A physical change is a change in matter helium, and other gases.
that involves no chemical reaction. • Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen in
• The three types of physical changes are- the ratio of 2:1 by volume and 1:8 by mass.
melting, evaporation and freezing. eg. (H2O)
• Chemical Change: A change in which the • Hard water has bicarbonates, chlorides
identify of the original substance is changed sulphates of Ca and Mg. This water is unfit
and new substances are formed is called for washing and use in industrial boilers.
a chemical change for example souring of • Heavy water is deuterium oxide (D2O),
milk, burning of paper, rusting of iron etc. molecular mass = 20).
Allotropes of Carbon
BIOLOGY
• Cell wall is present in plants cell.
Introduction
• Cell membrane is composed of lipids.
Biology is the study of life and living organism, • The function of plasma membrane is the
including their structure, function, evolution, transport of the molecules across it.
distribution, identification and Taxonomy
• Ribosomes were first observed by Palade.
• Aristotle is often called “the father of
biology”. • Ribosomes are present only in grandular
• Leeuwenhoek invented a simple microscope endoplasmic reticulum.
and studied living cells. • Except mammalian RBC all living cells have
• Gregor Johann Mendel discovered principles ribosomes.
of inheritance. • Nucleus is centrally located spherical and
• Robert Hooke assembled a compound largest component of all eukaryotic cell.
microscope and discovered cells in cork. Nucleolus is present in nucleus.
• Charles Darwin is famous for the theory of • Mitochondria are also called “Powerhouse
Natural selection. of cells”. They are involved in energy
• Hippocrates is considered to be the “father generation.
of western medicine”.
• Edward Jenner is famous for creating the Genetics
first effective vaccine for smallpox- (father
• Study of genes is known as genetics.
of immunology)
• Gene is a segment of DNA and basic
• William Watson (1909) introduced the
unit of heredity. These are located on
term Genetics.
chromosomes.
• Watson and Crick gave the model of DNA.
• DNA is found in nucleus, and also found in
• In 1866 Ernst Haeckel coined word
mitochondria and chloroplast.
“ecology”
• Camillo golgi discovered golgi body. • It stands for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
• Salim Ali known as the “birdman of India” • It is double stranded.
• Har Gobind Khorana is a biochemist • It consists of Nitrogenous bases-Adenine,
who won the Nobel Prize in 1968 for Thymine, Cytosine or Guanine, 5-carbon
demonstrating how the nucleotides in sugar and a phosphate molecule.
nucleic acids control the synthesis of • RNA is single stranded. It consists of
proteins. phosphate, ribose sugar, nitrogenous bases-
Adinine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine.
Cells • Mendel conducted cross hybridization
• All living organism are constituted of experiments on green pea plant (Pisum
structural and functional units called cells. sativum).
• Robert Hook coined the term ‘cell’ in 1665. Mutation : Sudden change in the sequence of
• Cells are grouped into tissues, tissues into DNA is known as mutation.
organ and organs into organ system. Sex Determination
• Smallest cells- Mycoplasmas. • X and Y are the sex chromosomes which
• Largest isolated single cell- egg of an ostrich are responsible for the determination of
• Prokaryotic is without nucleus. It is found sex. 46 chromosomes are present in human
in bacteria, blue green algae, mycoplasma. body cell. In which 22 pairs of these are
• The eukaryotic cells with nucleus occur in autosomes & 23rd is sex chromosomes, ie.
all protists, fungi, plants and the animals. x & y.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-77
Digestion of Food
Name of the Name of the enzymes Substrate End product
Digestive juice
Saliva Ptyalin (Salivary Starch Maltose
amylase)
Pancreatic Amylopsin (pancreatic Starch, Maltose and Glucose
juice amylase) Glycogen
Intestinal Sucrase (invertase), Sucrose; Maltose, Glucose and fructose,
juice Maltase, Lactase Lactose Glucose, and galactose
Gastric Juice Pepsin, Rennin Proteins, Proteoses and peptones,
Casein Calcium caseinate
Pancreatic Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Proteins, Proteoses and Peptides
Juice Carboxyl peptidases Peptides Amino acid.
Intestinal Amino peptidase, Peptides Amino acids
juice Dipeptidase
Bacteria Diseases
Disease Pathogen Affected Organ Symptom
Anthrax Bacillus Skin and intestine Skinulcer, sore throat, nausea,
anthracis fever, breathlessness
Cholera Vibrio cholerae Intestine Vomiting, acute diarrhoea,
muscular cramps, dehydration etc.
Diphtheria Corynebacterium Respiratory tract Difficulty in respiration
diphtheriae (mainly in child of age 2-5 yrs).
Leprosy or Mycobacterium Chronic infection of Ulcers, nodules, scaly scabs
Hansen’s disease leprae skin and nerve (the infected part of the body
becomes senseless).
Plague Pasteurella, Blood disease High fever, weakness and
(i) Bubonic plague Yersinia pestis haemorrhage which turn black.
GP_3404
GK-80 GENERAL SCIENCE
Viral Diseases
Disease Pathogen Affected Part Symptom
AIDS (Acquired HIV (Human Immuno White blood cells Weak immune system.
Immuno Deficiency Virus)
Deficiency
Syndrome)
Chicken pox Vericella virus Whole body High fever, reddish eruption on
body
Small pox Variola virus Whole body Light fever, eruption of blood
on body
Dengue fever RNA containing Whole body, High fever, backache, headache,
dengue virus particularly head, retro-orbital pain behind the
eyes and joints eye ball.
Hepatitis Hepatitis virus Liver Loss of appetite, nausea, whitish
(Epidemic stool and jaundice.
Jaundice) Not fatal
(i) Hepatitis - A Hepatitis - A virus Fatal
(ii) Hepatitis - B Hepatitis - B virus
Herpes Herpes virus Skin Swelling of skin.
Influenza (flu) Influenza virus Whole body Inflammation of upper
respiratory tract, nose throat
and eyes.
Measles Rubella virus Whole body Loss of appetite, reddish
German eruption on the body.
Polio or Polio virus Throat, backbone Fever, backbone and intestine
poliomyelitis and nerve wall cells are destroyed. It leads
to paralysis.
Rabies RNA virus called Nervous system Encephalitis, fear of water, high
(hydrophobia) rabies virus fever, headache, spasm of throat
and chest leading to death
Swine H1N1 flu virus Whole body Headache, tiredness, sore throat,
influenza (flu) (muscles) vomiting, breathing problems.
GENERAL SCIENCE GK-81
Protozoan Diseases
Disease Pathogen Vector Parts Affected
African trypano- Trypanosoma Tsetse fly (Glossina Blood and nervous tissue.
somiasis gambienes palpalis) Man feels sleepy, may cause
death.
Amoebic dysen- Entamoeba None, Infection by Colon (intestine). Develop
tery (Amoebiasis) histolytica contamination loose motion with blood,
pain in abdomen
Biodiversity Conservtion
Biodiversity Conservation
National Parks
They are reserved for the betterment of wild life, both fauna and flora. In national parks private
ownership is not allowed. The grazing, cultivation, forestry, etc. is also not permitted. The first
national park of the world, Yellow stone, in U.S.A., was founded in 1872.
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GP_3404
GK-86 ECOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
Sanctuaries
In sanctuaries the protection is given to fauna only. The activity like harvesting of timber,
collection of forest products and private ownership rights are permitted so long as they do not
interfere with the well being of the animals. The important wild life sanctuaries are: Chilka wild
life sanctuary (Orissa), Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary (Rajasthan), Sultanpur Bird sanctuary
(Haryana) and Jalpara sanctuary (West Bengal). Gir wild life sanctuary (Gujarat), Maximum
sanctuaries belong to Andaman and Nicobar.
13. Nitric Oxide (NO) Motor Vehicles, coal, oil Oxidizes to NO2
furnaces
14. Ozone (O3) Ground level ozone formed Asthma, irritates eyes sunlight
from nitrogen oxides (NOx) from nitrogen oxides and
and volatile organic hydrocarbons
compounds (VOCs)
15. Lead (Pb) Motor vehicles, high smelters Brain damage
16. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Smelters Coal, Oil furnaces Irritates eyes, breathing problems
Kalamkari Golkonda and Chennai and pens made of bamboo and natural
Masulipatnam area of Hyderabad colours extracted from vegetables
Warli Painting North Sahyadri Range in India. Rice paste, mix with Gum and Water Red
clay (Geru), cow dung, mud
Gond art Gond Tribes of Central India. Made on walls, ceilings and floors of
village houses