UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER – REKAYASA FISIKA LINGKUNGAN

Program Studi S1 Teknik Fisika

Nama Mahasiswa : Ainun Pratiwi

No. Mahasiswa : 15/378758/TK/42700

pressure is 5.3 kPa. Substituting these values into λEr

equation above, gives λEr = 0.1 M. So the value of λEr
1. Solution :
is 18 W/m2.
 The total body area in square meters (often called the
DuBois area in honor of DuBois and DuBois (1915) The general equation for cutaneous latent heat loss is,
who first proposed the fonnula) can be calculated
𝑔𝑣 𝜆(𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎 )
from: 𝜆𝐸𝑠 =
𝑝𝑎
𝐴 = 0.2𝑚0.425 ℎ0.725
Using the skin conductance for human, gv = 5.4
Where m is the body mass in kilograms, 58 kg, and h
mmol/m2s (from Table 12.1). The latent heat of
is height in meters, 1.62 meters. So, my total body
vaporization of water, λ, is 44,000 Joule/mol. The skin
area in square meters is,
temperature with air temperature, Ta = 0 oC, for human
𝐴 = 0.2 × 580.425 × 1.620.725 = 1.59 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
from Figure 12.3, Ts is 34 oC, so from Table A3, give
 The equation for operative temperature to give:
(𝑀 − 𝜆𝐸𝑟 − 𝜆𝐸𝑠 )(𝑔𝐻𝑏 + 𝑔𝐻𝑟 ) es = 5.32 kPa. For Ta = 0 oC, ea is 0.611 kPa (Table
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑏 − A3). The atmospheric pressure, pa, is 101.325 kPa. So,
𝑐𝑝 𝑔𝐻𝑏 𝑔𝐻𝑟
A convenient equation expressing the relationship give the cutaneous latent heat loss, λEs is,

between metabolic rate and core temperature is 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐽

5.4 × × 44,000 × (5.32 − 0.611)𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝜆𝐸𝑠 = 𝑚2 𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙
(Kerslake, 1972): 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑏 = 36.5 + (4.3 × 10−3 𝑀)
𝑾
𝝀𝑬𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟐𝟑
Where M is rates of metabolic heat production for 𝒎𝟐

humans in W/m2, for walking M is 180 W/m2 (Table
13.1), so the value of Tb is,
𝑊
𝑻𝒃 = 36.5 + (4.3 × 10−3 × 180 2 ) = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝒐𝑪
𝑚
The heats of combustion and evaporation can write:
The air temperature (Ta is 0 oC) give cp = 29.3 J/mol C
(from Table A.1). The radiative conductance, gr, from
Table A3 for Ta = 0 oC, gr is 0.158 mol/m2s. The
boundary layer conductance is (u = 10 m/s, and assume

𝑀𝜆(𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑖 ) d = 0.17:
𝜆𝐸𝑟 =
Г 𝑝𝑎 (𝐶𝑜𝑖 − 𝐶𝑜𝑒 )
𝑢 10𝑚/𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔𝐻𝑎 = 1.4 × 0.135√ = 1.4 × 0.135√ = 1.45 2
Where ee and ei are expired and inspired vapor 𝑑 0.17𝑚 𝑚 𝑠

pressure, Coe and Coi are the corresponding oxygen

So, the convective-radiative conductance gHr = (0.158
concentrations, λ is the latent heat of vaporization for
+ 1.45) mol m-2s-1 = 1.608 mol m-2s-1. And from Figure
water (44 kJ/mol), pa is the atmospheric pressure, and
13.1 assume with no clothing give the value of gHb =
r is the heat produced per mole of oxygen consumed
0.45 mol/m2s.
(480 kJ/mol). The difference in oxygen concentration
between inhaled and exhaled air is around five percent These values are substituted into the operative

or 0.05 mol/mol. To get an idea of the magnitude of temperature equation, Te, give

respiratory latent heat loss, assume air is breathed out (180 − 18 − 11.0423)
𝑊 𝑚𝑜𝑙
(0.45 + 1.608) 2
𝑇𝑒 = 37.274 𝐶 − 𝑚2 𝑚 𝑠
at 34°C and has a vapor pressure of 1 kPa when it is J 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
29.3 0.45 2 1.608 2
mol C 𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑠
breathed in. From Table A.3, the exhaled vapor
 UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER – REKAYASA FISIKA LINGKUNGAN

Program Studi S1 Teknik Fisika

Nama Mahasiswa : Ainun Pratiwi

No. Mahasiswa : 15/378758/TK/42700

𝑇𝑒 = 37.274 𝑜𝐶 − 14.653 𝑜𝐶 = 22.621 𝑜𝐶

𝑚
3
𝑔𝑣𝑎 = 1.4 × 0.147√ 𝑠 = 0.86 𝑚𝑜𝑙
 According to Figure 13.2 and Table 13.2, a 10m/s 0.17 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑠
wind would double the conductance of JO cloth And gvc (A conductance of latent heat loss is 0.25 mol/m2s)
(special wind resistant), where c = 2 x 0.1 s/m = 0.2 give ,
s/m. So, we need clothing conductance 0.2 s/m to 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑔𝑣𝑐 = = 0.35 2
walk outdoors on such a day. 1 1 𝑚 𝑠
−
0.25 0.86
 The standard operative temperature, is
Form Table A3, for Ta = 28 oC, gr is 0.211 mol/m2s. And,
𝑇𝑒𝑠 = 𝑇𝑏 − (1 + 𝑐𝑢)(𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑒 )
𝑚
3
𝑠 = 0.79 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑠 𝑚
𝑇𝑒𝑠 = 37.274 𝑜𝐶 − [(1 + (0.2
𝑚
× 10 )) × (37.274 − 22.621) 𝑜𝐶 ]
𝑠 𝑔𝐻𝑎 = 1.4 × 0.135 × √
𝒐
0.17 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑠
𝑻𝒆𝒔 = −𝟔. 𝟔𝟖𝟓 𝑪
We found gHr = (0.211 + 0.79) mol/m2s = 1.001 mol/m2s.
2. The humid operative temperature, Teh, (Gagge, 1981) is
Where,
the temperature of a uniform enclosure, with a humidity of
1 1 1
100 percent. The equation for Teh is: 𝛾( + + ) 𝑜
𝐶
∗ 𝑔𝑣𝑠 𝑔𝑣𝑐 𝑔𝑣𝑎
𝛾 = = 6.25
𝛾∗ 𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑠 − 𝜀𝑠 𝜎𝑇𝑎4 𝐷 1 1 𝑘𝑃𝑎
+
𝑇𝑒ℎ = 𝑇𝑎 + ∗
( − ∗ ) 𝑔𝐻𝑐 𝑔𝐻𝑟
𝑠+𝛾 𝑐𝑝 𝑔𝐻𝑟 𝛾 𝑝𝑎
The vapor deficit of the atmosphere is,
Air temperature (Ta) is 28 oC for the hottest air temperature
𝐷 = 𝑒𝑠 (𝑇𝑎 ) − 𝑒𝑎 = (3.778 − 1.1) 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 2.678 𝑘𝑃𝑎
in maximum comfort zone - Indonesian Peoples [1]. The
es(Ta) found from Table A3 and ea is vapor pressure
mean skin temperature, Ts, is 34 oC from ASHRAE
standard [3].
Standard [2]. For the outdoor activity of
The air temperature (Ta is 28 oC) give cp = 29.3 J/mol oC
calisthenics/exercise, metabolic rate (M) is 200 W/m2 [2].
(from Table A.1).
So Tb give,
The flux density of absorbed radiation, Rabs, is:
𝑇𝑏 = 36.5 𝑜𝐶 + (4.3 × 10−3 × 𝑀)
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝛼𝑠 (𝐹𝑝 𝑆𝑝 + 𝐹𝑑 𝑆𝑑 + 𝐹𝑟 𝑆𝑟 ) + 𝛼𝐿 (𝐹𝑎 𝐿𝑎 + 𝐹𝑔 𝐿𝑔 )
𝑜 𝑊
𝑇𝑏 = 36.5 𝐶 + (4.3 × 10 −3
× 200 2 ) = 37.36 𝑜𝐶 Sp, Sd, St, and Sr can be calculated using assumption
𝑚
At the body temperature, Tb = 37 oC, the value of below,
𝛾 1. Clear sky
= 0.17 [3]
𝑠+𝛾
2. Γ = 0.7
Where s (at pa = 1 atm or 101.325 kPa), 𝑊 𝑊
(37.36 + 28) 𝑜𝐶 𝑜 𝑆𝑝 = 𝑆𝑝0 × Γ 𝑚 = 1360 × 0.70.18 = 938 2
∆ 𝑇𝑏 + 𝑇𝑎 𝐶 𝑚2 𝑚
𝑠= = = = 0.3225
𝑝𝑎 2 𝑝𝑎 2 × 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑆𝑑 = 0.3 × (1 − Γ 𝑚 )𝑆𝑝 cos 𝜓
Then, = 0.3 1360 0.866 (1 − 0.69)
𝛾
𝑜 = 0.17 𝑊
𝐶 = 110
0.3225 +𝛾 𝑚2
𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑜
𝐶 𝑆𝑇 = 𝑆𝑏 + 𝑆𝑑 = 𝑆𝑝 cos 𝜓 + 𝑆𝑑 = (938 × 0.866) + 116
𝛾 = 0.066
𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 922 𝑊/𝑚2
gHc is 1 mol/m2s, gvs is 5.4 mmol/m2s from Table 12.1 for 𝑊
𝑆𝑟 = 𝜌𝑠 × 𝑆𝑡 = 0.15 × 922 = 138
human, and gva (assume d = 0.17 m) is 𝑚2
 UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER – REKAYASA FISIKA LINGKUNGAN

Program Studi S1 Teknik Fisika

Nama Mahasiswa : Ainun Pratiwi

No. Mahasiswa : 15/378758/TK/42700

Zenith angle = 30° and altitude (y) = 800 m, a. Plot height as a function of mean temperature.
−800
𝑝𝑎 = 101 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) = 91.6 𝑘𝑃𝑎 Height as a function of Mean
8200
91.6 Temperature Chart
𝑚= = 1.04
101 × 0.866 7 6.4
𝐹𝑑 = Γ × r = 0.5 6
𝐹𝑝 = 0.5 cos 𝜑 = 0.433 5

Height (m)
For Ta = 28℃ given B=466 W/m2 and 𝜀𝑎 =0.83 and for T 4 3.2

= 35℃ so B = 511 W/m2 and 𝜀𝑎 =0.47. 3

1.6
2
Then, 0.8
1 0.4 0.2
𝑊 0.1
𝐿𝑎 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝜀𝑎 = 466 × 0.83 = 387 2 0
𝑚
31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00
𝑊
𝐿𝑔 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝜀 = 496 2 Mean Temperature (C)
𝑚
So, Rabs can be calculated,
b. Plot ln[(z-d)/zH] as a function of mean temperature;
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 0.7(0.433 × 938 + 0.5 × 110 + 0.5 × 138)
assume the canopy height is h = 0.15 m.
+ 0.97(0.5 × 38 + 0.5 × 496)
The temperature profile equation is:
𝑊
𝑅𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 371.1078 + 428.255 = 799.3628 2 𝐻 𝑧−𝑑
𝑚 𝑇(𝑧) = 𝑇𝑜 − ln
So the hottest humid operative temperature, Teh, is: 0.4𝜌̂𝑐𝑝 𝑢∗ 𝑧𝐻
𝑇𝑒ℎ It can be seen from the equation that T(z) = To when
= 28 𝑜 𝐶
𝑜
𝐶 𝑊 𝑊
the ln term is zero, which happens when z = d + zH
6.25 𝑘𝑃𝑎 799.3628 − (0.87 × 5.6697 × 10−8 2 𝑜 4 × (28 𝑜𝐶 )4 )
𝑚2 𝑚 𝐶
+ 𝑜 𝑜 ( since ln(zH/zH) = ln(1) = 0. If ln[(z - d)/zH] is plotted
𝐶 𝐶 𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.3225 + 6.25 29.3 × 1.001 2
𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝐶 𝑚 𝑠
versus T (normally the independent variable is plotted
2.678 𝑘𝑃𝑎
− 𝑜 )
𝐶 on the abscissa or horizontal axis) and extrapolate to
6.25 × 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑇𝑒ℎ = 28℃ + 0.95(27.253 − 0.00423) = 28℃ + 25.88℃ = 53.88℃ zero, the intercept will be To. For a 0.15 m high canopy,
3. The midday temperature data : zH = 0.003 m, and d = 0.09 m. The following can
Mean air therefore be computed:
Height, z
temperature, T(z) z 6.4 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.1
(meter)
(Celcius) T(z) 31.8 31.72 32.37 33.05 33.8 34.74 36.91

6.4 31.08 (z-d)/zH 2,103.33 1,036.67 503.33 236.67 103.33 36.67 3.33

3.2 31.72 ln[(z-d)/zH] 7.65 6.94 6.22 5.47 4.64 3.60 1.20

1.6 32.37
0.8 33.05 So, ln[(z-d)/zH] as a function of mean temperature is:
0.4 33.80
0.2 34.74
0.1 36.91
 UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER – REKAYASA FISIKA LINGKUNGAN

Program Studi S1 Teknik Fisika

Nama Mahasiswa : Ainun Pratiwi

No. Mahasiswa : 15/378758/TK/42700

8.00 𝜌̂𝑐𝑝 is the volumetric specific heat of air (1200 J m-3

C-1 at 20° C and sea level), 0.4 is von Karman's
7.00
constant, and u* is the friction velocity (related to the
6.00 friction or drag of the stationary surface on the moving
air). So the value of sensible heat flux from the surface
5.00
LN[(Z-D)/ZH]

of the air (H), is:

4.00 J m 𝑊
𝐻 = 0.4 × 0.777 𝐶 × 1200 × 0.2 = 74.592 2
𝑚3 C s 𝑚
3.00

2.00

1.00 y = -1.1703x + 44.29

0.00
31.00 32.00 33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00
MEAN TEMPERATURE (C)

c. From the plot in b, find the aerodynamic surface

temperature, To.
𝑦 = −1.1703𝑥 + 44.29
The intercept (when y = 0) is at 37.845 °C, which is the
aerodynamic surface temperature, To.
d. If u* = 0.2 m s-1, what is the sensible heat flux, H.
𝐻 𝑧−𝑑
𝑇(𝑧) = 𝑇𝑜 − ∗
ln
0.4𝜌̂𝑐𝑝 𝑢 𝑧𝐻
If,
𝐻
𝐴=
0.4𝜌̂𝑐𝑝 𝑢∗
T(z) will be,
𝑧−𝑑
𝑇(𝑧) = 𝑇𝑜 − 𝐴 ln
𝑧𝐻
For z = 0.1 m, T(z) = 36.91 oC, u* = 0.2 m s-1, To =
37.845 oC, zH = 0.003 m, and d = 0.09 m
The value of A is:
(0.1 − 0.09)𝑚
(36.91 − 37.845) 𝑜𝐶 = −𝐴 ln
0.003𝑚
A = 0.777 oC
𝐻
𝐴= → 𝐻 = 0.4 𝐴 𝜌̂𝑐𝑝 𝑢∗
0.4𝜌̂𝑐𝑝 𝑢∗