1. An astronaut weighs 850N on the surface of the earth where g is 9.806 m/sec2.

What is the mass of the astronaut? What is his mass on the surface of the moon
where g is 1/6 of the earth’s gravity?
me = w/g = 850N / 9.806 = 86.682kg
mm = me = 86.682kg

2. What force in Newton will accelerate a mass of 50kg at the rate of 12 m/sec2?
F = m x a = 50kg (12 m/sec2) = 600N

3. What force in Newton will accelerate a mass of 50kg at the rate of 5 m/sec2
assuming friction factor f = 0.015? (The working plane is 30° inclined from the
horizontal surface)

F – Ff – W sin ө = ma
F = ma + W sin ө + Ff
= ma + W sin ө + µN
= ma + W sin ө + µW cos ө
= 50(5) + 50(9.81) sin30° + 0.015(50) (9.81) cos30°
= 250 + 245.25 + 6.37
= 501.62 N

4. The mass of a kite is 0.102kg. What is the force due to gravity acting on the kite?
W = m x g = 0.102kg (9.806 m/sec2) = 1 Newton

5. The weight of 1 Liter of gasoline is 7.0 N. Determine its density.

m = w/g = 7N / 9.806 m/sec2 = 0.7138 kg
ρ = m/v = 0.7138 kg / 1 liter = 0.7138 kg/liter * 1000L / m3 = 713.8kg/m3

6. The weight of 1 liter of gasoline is 7.0N. Determine its relative density.

S.G.g = ρg / ρwater
where:
m = W / g = 7N / 9.81 m/sec2 = 0.7136kg
ρgas = m / v = 0.7135kg / 1 liter = 0.7136 kg/L

S.G.gas = ρg / ρw = 0.7136 kg/liter / 1 kg/l = 0.7136

7. A horizontal pipe (100mm ø and 7m long) transports sea water. Find the weight
of the fluid in the pipe. The specific gravity of sea water is 1.03.
Vpipe = п d2 * L =_ п _ (0.1m)2 (7m) = 0.05498 m3
4 4
m = ρ * V = (1.03) (1000 kg/m3) (0.05498 m3)
= 56.6294 kg
W = m * g = 56.6294 kg * 9.806 m/sec2 = 555.31N
8. A rigid vessel having a volume of 1.5m3 initially holds 5 kg of air under high
pressure. If 10% of the mass of air leaks out what is the final density and specific
volume of the air in the vessel?
final mass = 5kg (0.10)(5) = 4.5kg
final density = m/v = 4.5kg / 1.5m3 = 3 kg/m3
specific volume = 1/ρ = 0.333 m3/kg

9. An open water tank is filled to a depth of 1.5m. What is the absolute pressure of
the fluid at the bottom of the tank?
P = ρgh = 1000 kg/m3 * 9.806 m/sec2 * 1.5m = 14709 N/m2
= 14.709 KPa
Pabs = P + Patm = 14.709 + 101.325 = 116.034 KPa abs

10. Define a new scale, say °N, in which the boiling and freezing points of water are
1000°N and 100°N, respectively. Correlate this scale with the Celsius scales.
N-100 / 900 = c / 100 N – 100 = 900C / 100
N = 9°C + 100

11. A pump discharges 20kg/min of diesel fuel (S.G = 0.8) to a vertical cylindrical
tank 3 meters high and 1 meter in diameter. Calculate the time (hrs) to fill the said
fuel tank.
Vtank = п/4 (d)2h = 0.7854 (1)2 (3) = 2.356m3
V flow rate = mass flow rate / density
= 20 kg/min / 0.8(1000 kg/m3
= 0.025 m3/min
Time = Vtank / Vrate = 2.356 m3 / 0.025 m3/min = 94.24 min = 1.57 hrs

12. A nuclear submarine is 200m below the surface of the sea. What is the pressure
(bars) exerted on the hull (outer casing by the water at this depth?
P = p * g * h = 1000 kg/m3 * 9.81 m/sec2 * 200m = 1,962,000 Pa
= 1962 KPa * (1bar / 100KPa) = 19.62 bars

13. An open tank 1 meter in diameter and 1.5m in height is filled with diesel oil (S.G
= 0.85). Assuming 75% of its capacity is occupied by the diesel, calculate the
absolute pressure of the fluid at the bottom of the tank.
Pbottom = ρ * g * h = (0.85) (1000) (9.81) (1.5) (0.75)
= 9380.81 Pa
= 9.3808 KPa
Pabs = 101.325 + 9.3808 = 110.706 KPa

14. A 600 kg hammer of a pile driver is lifted 2 meters above a piling head. If the
hammer is released, what will be its velocity at the instant it strikes the piling?
PE = mgh = (600)(9.81)(2) = 11,772 Nm
KE = ½(m)v2 v2 = 2KE/m = 2(11,772) / 600 = 39.24
v = 6.26 m/sec
15. A girl weighing 470N holds suspended on the end of a rope 5 meters long. What
will be her gain in potential energy when a friend swings her to one side so that
the rope makes an angle of 35° with the vertical?
X = 5 cos 35º = 4.095 m h = 5 – 4.095 = 0.905 m
ΔPE = mgh = Wh = 470(0.905) = 425.35 Nm

16. A motor driven pump transfer 5000 liters of oil (SG = 0.8) per hour through an
elevation of 16 meters. If the delivery velocity is 10 m/sec, what is the input
power of the pump?
m = ρV = 0.8(1000)(5) = 4,000 kg/hr = 1.11 kg/sec
ΔPE = mgh = [1.11 kg/s](9.81m/s2)(16m) = 174.23 Watts
ΔKE = ½(m)v2 = ½(1.11)[10]2 = 55.5 Watts
PT = 174.23 + 55.5 = 229.73 Watts = 0.23 kW

Pinput = PE = mgh = 0.8(1000)(5)(9.81)[16 + 102/2(9.81)] = 827,840 J/hr

= 0.23 kW

TDH = [Pd – Ps] / γ + [Vd – Vs] / 2g + Z = [0] / γ + [Vd – 0] / 2g + Z

= 0 + [(10)2 /2(9.81)] + 16 = 5.097 + 16 = 21.097 m
Wp = Q x γ x TDH x S.G. = (5/3600)m3/s)[9.81 kN/m3] 21.907m (0.8)
= 0.23 kW

17. A tank contains 25 liters of lubricating oil having a relative density of 0.9 and a
temperature of 10°C. The oil is heated for 15 minutes by a 2.16 kw electric heater.
Determine the final temperature of the oil assuming heat loss through the tank as
160w. (specific heat of oil is 2 KJ/kg-K)
Given:
Heating Power = 2.16kw Voil = 25 liters = 0.025 m3
SGoil = 0.9 ti = 10°C + 273 = 283K
Time = 15 min = 900 sec QL = 160W = 0.16 kw
Coil = 2 KJ/kg-K
moil = ρoil(v) = 0.9(1000)(0.025) = 22.5 kg
Recall: Q = m c ΔT
ΔT = (Heating power – Heat loss)time / m(c)
= (2.16 – 0.16)900 / 22.5(2) = 40ºK = 40ºC
tf = 10ºC + 40ºC = 50ºC
18. A power station uses oil-fired boilers which are supplied with fuel from four
cylindrical oil storage tanks, each 15m in diameter and 10m high. The calorific
value of the oil is 38000 KJ/kg and its relative density is 0.80. The output from
the power station is 60MW. Assuming that only 15% of the heat input is
converted into electrical energy output, how long will the boilers run on the oil in
the tanks?
VST = 0.7854 (15)2(10) = 1767.15m3 VT = 4 VST = 7068.6 m3
HVf = 38,000 kJ/kgf S.G.f = 0.80
Output Power = 60 MW
 mf = Pf x VT = 0.80(1000)(7068.6) = 5,654,880kg
Qf = mf x HVf = 5,654,880kg (38,000kJ/kg) = 2.149 x 1011 kJ
Power = Work / time = Qf / time
time = Qf / Power = 0.15(2.149 x 1011 kJ) / [60,000(3600)] = 149.24 hrs

19. An elevator and its contents have a mass of 1500kg. What is the electrical power
input to the lifting motor if the elevator is raised through a height of 36 meters in
30 seconds? Assume that only 85% of the electrical power input to the motor is
available to lift the elevator.
m = 1500kg h = 36m t = 30 seconds
2
PE = mgh = 1500 kg(9.81 m/sec )(36m) = 529,740 N-m
PLift = 529,740 J / 30sec = 17,658W = 17.658 kW
Pinput = Plift / 0.85 = 17.658 kW / 0.85 = 20.77 kW

20. There are 400 kg/min of water being handled by pump. The lift is from a 20-m
deep well and the delivery velocity is 15 m/sec. Calculate the required power of
the pumping unit in Kw.
ΔPE = mgh = (400/60)kg/s [9.81m/s2] 20m = 1,308 Watts
ΔKE = ½(m)v2 = ½(400/60)kg/sec [15m/s]2 = 750 Watts
Power = ΔPE + ΔKE = 1,308 + 750 = 2,058 Watts = 2.058 kW

TDH = [Pd – Ps] / γ + [Vd – Vs] / 2g + Z = [0] / γ + [Vd – 0] / 2g + Z

= 0 + [(15)2 /2(9.81)] + 20 = 11.47 + 20 = 31.47 m
Wp = Q x γ x TDH x S.G. = (0.4/60)m3/s [9.81 kN/m3] 31.47 m
= 2.058 kW

21. A car having a total mass of 1500 kg and traveling at 100 kph is made to stop by
applying brakes. All of the kinetic energy of the car is converted into internal
energy of the brakes. Assuming each of the car’s four wheels has a steel disc
brake with a mass of 10kg, what is the temperature change of the brakes? Specific
heat of steel = 0.45 KJ/ kg-K.
Vel = 100 km/hr = 27.78 m/sec
KE = ½(m)v = ½(1500 kg)(27.78 m/s)2 = 578,796.3 Nm
KE = Q = mcΔT
ΔT = Q / mc = 578.7963 kJ / 40 kg (0.45 kJ/kg-K) = 32.16ºK

22. A dam holds 200,000 m3 of water at a height of 150 m above a valley floor. If the
water is used to drive a hydraulic turbine generator situated on the valley floor,
what is maximum energy that can be generated? If the water is transported to the
turbine through a frictionless pipe, what is the maximum velocity of the jet of
water leaving the pipe?

PE = mgh = 2*108 kg (9.81 m/sec2)(150m) = 2.943 * 1011N•m

where:
m = PV = 1000 kg/m3 (200,000 m3) = 2 * 108 kg
PE = KE : KE = ½ mV2
 V = √2KE/m = √2(2.943*1011)/2*108 = 54.25 m/sec

23. An airplane has a mass of 196,000 kg and carries 400 passengers having an
average mass of 60 kg each. What is the total energy of the loaded airplane when
traveling at 820 km/hr at a height of 9,500 m above the sea level?

Total Energy = PE + KE = 2.62 x 1010 joules = 26,200 MJ

where:
PE = mgh
mgh = (196,000 + 24,000) kg * 9.81 m/sec2 * 9,500m = 2.0503 * 1010 N•m

KE = ½ mv2
½ mv = ½ (220,000) (820 km/hr * hr/3600sec * 1000/1km)2 = 5707098765 N•m
2

24. A motor driven pump transfers 5,000 liters of oil per hour through an elevation of
16 m. If the specific gravity of the oil is 0.8, what is the input power to the pump?

P = Fh = mgh = 4,000 kg/hr * hr/3600sec * 16 = 17.78 N•m/sec = 17.78 Watts

where:
Poil = S.G * Pw = 0.8(1000kg/m3) = 800 kg/m3
Moil = Poil Vol = 800 kg/m3 (5000 L * 1 m3/1000L) = 4,000 kg

25. The compressor in a commercial refrigerator requires a power input of 1,200 W

when rotating at 1,420 rpm. What is the driving torque exerted on the compressor
shaft?
P = torque * ω; Torque = P/ ω = (1,200 kJ/sec) / (148.7 rad/sec) = 8.07 kJ
where:
ω = 1420 rev/min * min/60 sec * 2п rad/ rev = 148.7 rad/sec

26. In an industrial process, a heater transfers 12 kW of power into a tank containing

250 liters of a liquid which has a specific heat capacity of 2.45 kJ/kgK and a
density of 784 kg/m3. Determine the temperature increase after 5 minutes
assuming there is no heat loss from the tank.
Q = mc Δ T
where:
Q = 12 kw
m = ρ * V = 784 kg/m3 * 250 L * 1m3/1000L = 196 kg
Δ T = Q/mc = (12kJ * 5min * 6sec/min) / (196* 2.45 kJ/kg. k) = 7.5 oK
27. A 50 kw electric furnace measures 1.2m x 1.0m x 0.8m. When the temperature
inside the furnace is 1250oC, a block of aluminum with a mass of 300kg and a
temperature of 16.5 oC is placed inside. Assuming the heat loss from the furnace
walls is 500 w/m2, how long will it take to heat the block to the furnace
temperature? (specific heat of aluminum is 0.9 kJ/kg. K)

0.8m tfurnace = 1250oC = 1523K

tal = 16.5 oC = 289.5K
1.0m mal = 300 kg
1.2m qL = 500 W/m2
QL = 500 W/m2 * 5.92m2
= 2, 960 W
= 2.96 kW

A1 = 2 (1.2 x 1) = 2.4 m2
A2 = 2 (1.2 x 0.8) = 1.92m2
A3 = 2 (1 x 0.8) = 1.6 m2
AT = 5.92 m2

Q = mc Δ T
(50 – 2.96)t = (300)(0.9)(1233.5)
t = 333,045/47.04 = 7,080 sec
= 1.9666 hr
= 1 hr and 58 mins

28. A 12-ft3 tank contained hydrogen sulfide gas at 150 psia and 60’F after 5 lbs of
the gas had been drawn out. Before any gas left the tank, the temperature was
70’F. What mass of the gas was in the tank originally and what was its pressure?
a. 222 b) 422 c) 242 d) 202
mL = PV/RT = 150(12) 144/45.33(520 = 10.996 lbs.
mo = mL + 5 = 10.996 + 5 = 15.996 lbs.
Po = moRT/V = 15.996(45.33)(530)/12(144) = 222.4 psia

29. A closed vessel A contains 3 ft3 of air at 500 psia and a temperature of 120’F.
This vessel connects with vessel B, which contains an unknown volume of air at
15 psia and 50’F. After the valve separating the two vessels is opened, the
pressure and temperature of the mixture are 200 psia and 70’F. Calculate the
volume of vessel B.
b. 6.14 b) 2.42 c) 4.16 d) 5.5
mm = mA +mB
Pm(VA + VB)/RTM = PAVA/RTA + PBVB/RTB VB = 4.16FT3

30. Air undergoes an isentropic change of state from 300K and 110Kpaa to a final
pressure of 550 Kpaa. Find the change in temp.
c. 175.15 b. 395.71 c. 751.39 d. 917.31
 T2/T1 = (P2/P1)K-1/K
T2 = 300 x (550/110)0.4/1.4 = 475.14;
∆T = T2 – T1 = 475.14 – 300 = 175.15 0K

31. An air-standard Diesel Cycle operates with a compression ratio of 15. The
maximum cycle temperature is 1,700ºC. At the beginning of compression the air
is at 100 Kpaa and 40ºC. What is the cut-off ratio?
d. 2.13 b. 1.32 c. 3.21 d. 2.87
K-I 0.4
T2 = T1rk = (313 x15) = 924.657 ºK
rc = V3/V2 = T3/T2 =197.3/924.657 = 2.13

32. Steam enters a nozzle steadily with a velocity of 100 m/s and enthalpy of 1,300
KJ/kg and leaves with an enthalpy of 1,100 KJ/kg. Neglecting heat transfer, what
is the velocity of steam at the nozzle outlet?
e. 720 b. 640 c. 580 d. 490
PE1 + KE1 + H1 = PE2 + KE2 +H2
∆KE = H1 – H2 = – ∆H
∆KE = – (1,100 – 1,300) = 200 kJ/kg
∆KE = 200,000 J/kg
∆KE = ½ (V22 –V12)
(V22 – V12 ) = 2 (∆KE) = 400,000 J/kg
V22 = 400,000 + (100)2 = 410,000
V2 = (410,000)1/2 = 640.3 m/sec

33. An air compressor handles 8.5 m3/min of air with a density of 1.26 kg/m 3 and a
pressure of 1 atm, and it discharges at 445 Kpa (Gage) with a density of 4.86
kg/m3. The change of internal energy is 82 KJ/kg and the heat loss by cooling is
24 KJ/kg. Neglecting changes of kinetic and potential energies find the power in
kw.
f. –16.4 b) –24.6 c) –32.4 d) –41.2
P = Q – ∆PE – ∆KE – ∆WKf – ∆U
Wherein: mr = 1.26 (8.5)(1/60) = 0.1785 kg/sec
QR = – 24(0.01785) = – 4.284 kw
∆U = 82(0.1785) = 14.637 kw
WKf1 = P1 x (1/ρ1) x mr = (101.325) x (1/1.26) x (0.1785) =
14.35 kw
WKf2 =P2 x (1/ρ2) x mr = (546.325) x (1/4.86) x (0.1785) =
20.066kw
∆WKf = 5.716 kw
P = – 4.284 – 5.716 – 14.637 = –24.64 kw

34. A spark-ignition engine produces 224 kW while using 0.0169 kg/s of fuel. The
fuel has a higher heating value of 44,186 KJ/kg, and the engine has a compression
ratio of 8. The frictional work lost is found to be 22.4 kW. Determine the
indicated thermal efficiency.
g. 11 b. 22 c. 33 d. 44
 ei = WKi / QA = WKi / mf x HV = (224 + 22.4) / (0.0169 x 44,186) = 33%
35. The volume in the clearance space of a 152.40 mm by 254.0 mm Otto gas engine
is 1.70 liters. Find the ideal thermal efficiency of the engine on the standard air
basis, if the exponent of the expansion and compression lines is 1.35. Express in
percent.
a) 38.55 b) 36.89 c) 26.98 d) 35.95
VD =π /4 (0.1524)2(0.254) = 0.004633m3 ;
C = V2 / VD = 0.0017/0.004633 = 36.69%
rk = (1+ C)/C = (1 +0.3669)/0.3669 = 3.726
e = 1 –1/rk k-1 = 1 – [1/3.726] 0..35 = 36.89%

36. Calculate from the following data the kg of air per kg of fuel used by an
automobile engine: air temperature 21.50ºC, barometer 767.0 mm Hg, air entering
1.75 cu.m/min., measured gasoline 14.25 liters per hr, specific gravity of gasoline
0.735.
h. 12.125 b) 15.45 c) 14.45 d) 21.45
ma =PV/RT = 767 x 101.325/760) x 1.75/ 0.287)(294.5) = 2.11 Kg/min
mf = ρ x v =0.735 (1000) x (14.25)/1000(60) = 0.1746 kg/min
ra/f = 2.11 / 0.1746 = 12.125

37. If 2 kg metal with 90 ºC temperatures is immersed into 4 kg of water at 11 ºC,

what will be the final temperature of the water after immersion? Cp (metal) =
0.913 KJ/kg-K
a) 18.77 C b) 19.88 c) 20.55 d) 21.22
(2)(0.913)(90 – Tf) = 4(4.4187)(Tf – 11)
1.826 (90 – Tf) = 16.748 (Tf – 11)
164.34 – 1.826 Tf = 16.748Tf – 184.228
Tf = 348.568 /18.574 = 18.77 0C

38. A steam engine which takes steam at 689.30 KPa dry and saturated and exhausts
to atmospheric pressure is tested for steam rate while developing 25 hp at the
brake. It is found that 99.75 kg of steam were used during a 15-minute test.
Enthalpy of throttle steam is 2,761.30 kj/kg ; 2,435.60 kj/kg at exhaust pressure
after isentropic expansion; and 418.75 kj/kg for liquid at exhaust pressure.
Determine the engine efficiency in percent.
i. 12.52 b) 15.45 c) 61.5 d) 51.64
M s = 99.75 /15 = 6.65 kg/min
WI = ms(∆h) = 6.65/60 ( 2761.3 – 2435.6 ) = 36.098 kw = 48.389 hp
ή = WB/WI = 25 / 48.389 = 51.66%
39. In an oil refinery, cylindrical tank of 20 m in diameter and 15 m height is used to
store crude oil. A process technician notes down the following data.
Time: 8:00 AM
Oil level in the tank 7.00 m
Flowmeter reading at inlet 7,430 litre/minute
Flowmeter reading at outlet 305 m3/hour
Assuming flow rates remain steady, estimate the level in the tank at 10:00 AM.
j. 9.7 b) 7.9 c) 8.5 d) 10.0
3 3
Inlet : 7,430 liters/min = 7.43 m /min = 445.8 m /hr
Outlet : 305,000 liters/hr = 305 m3/hr
Volume in after 2 hrs. = 891.6 m3
Volume out = 610.0 m3
Volume added = 281.6 m3
H = V/A = 281.6 m3 / [π/4](20)2 = 0.8964 m
@ 10:00 am level in the tank = 7 + 0.8964 = 7.8964 m

40. A piston cylinder assembly contains 0.25 kg of air with an internal energy of
30kJ/kg. It is compressed to a higher pressure and the final internal energy is
70kJ/kg. During compression, there is a heat loss of 2,000 Joules. Determine the
work input needed for compression.
k. – 32kJ/kg b) – 55 c) – 102 d) – 72
Wk + ∆U = Q
WK = Q – ∆U = [2kJ /0.25kg] – (70 – 30)kJ/kg = 8 – 40 = – 32 kJ/kg

41. What retarding force is required to stop a 0.45 caliber bullet of mass 20 grams and
speed of 300m/sec as it penetrates a wooden block to a depth of 2 inches?
A. 17,716 N B. 19,645 C. 15,500 D.
12,500
x = 2 in = 0.0508 m
Energy -- Work relation:
Work = KE
F(x) = ½ mV²
F(0.0508) = ½(0.02)(300)² ;; F = 17,716.53 N

42. A 50,000 N car traveling with a speed of 150 km/hr rounds a curve whose radius
is 150 m. Find the centripetal force.
A. 70 kN B. 25 C. 65 D. 59
Vel = 150 kph = 41.67 m/sec
An = V2 / r = (41.67)2 / 150 = 11.576 m / sec2
Fc = m An = (W/g)An = (50,000 / 9.81) x 11.576 = 59,000 N = 59 kN
V = 150 kph = 41.67 m/sec
Fc = WV²
gr
Fc = (50,000)(41.67)² = 59,000 N = 59 kN
9.81(150)
43. Assuming an isothermal condition, how deep at a point where an air bubble,
upon reaching the surface, has 8 times the volume than it had at the bottom?
A. 72.3 m B. 73.3 m C. 71.3 m D. 75.5 m
P1 V1 = P2 V2 101.325 x V1 = [101.325 + δh] V2
101.325 x 8V2 = [101.325 + 9.81h]V2
h = [8(101.325) – 101.325] / 9.81 = 72.3 m

44. Electrical resistance of 7 ohms and 11 ohms are connected in parallel and the
combination of which is then connected in series with a resistance of 15 ohms and
a source of 110 volts. Calculate the total current flowing in the circuit.
a) 0.57amp b) 5.7 c) 57 d) 0.057
RT = 15 + 1 / (1/7 + 1/11) = 19.28 ohms I = E / R = 110 / 19.28 = 5.7 amp

45. Two wires of the same length and materials have resistances of 10 ohms and 8
ohms, respectively. If the diameter of wire A is 5mm, what is the diameter of wire
B?
a) 5.59mm b) 5.95 c) 9.95 d) 9.66
Resistivity constant, K = RA / L
Condition: same length and material
Therefore; R1A1 = R2A2 A2 = A1R1 / R2 = 24.54 mm2 d2 = √4A/π = 5.59mm

46. A battery having an emf of 1.5 volts and internal resistance of 0.2 ohm is
connected to a
resistance of 300 ohms. Find the current flowing through the circuit?
a) 0.000499amp b) 0.00499 c) 0.0499 d) 0.499
E = IR + Ir = I(R + r) I = E / (R + r) = 1.5 / 300.2 = 0.004996 amp

47. What current would flow for three hours through a resistance of 50 ohms to
produce enough heat to raise the temperature of one kg water from the freezing
point to boiling point?
a) 0.881amp b) 8.81 c) 1.88 d) 88.1
Q = mc∆T = 1(4.187)100 = 418.7 kJ in 3 hrs
Heat rate = 418.7 / 3 (3600) = 0.0388 kW = 38.8 W
Therefore; I = √ P/R = √38.8/50 = 0.881 amp

48. A hoist motor draws 12 amp from the service mains of 240 volts. If it lifts 1,000
kg of load at the rate of 0.25 m/sec, determine the power used by the motor.
a) 2.5W b) 25 c) 2450 d) 2500
Power = Wk / time = (F x S) / t = F x V = 1000 x 9.81 x 0.25 = 2452.5 J / sec

49. Calculate the approximate mass density of methane gas if the pressure and
temperature are one atmosphere and 15.55º C.
a) 675.8kg/m3 b) 6.758 c) 67.58 d) 0.6758
ρ = m / v = p / RT = 101.325 / (0.5196 x 288.55) = 0.6758 kg/m 3
50. One kg of water initially at 15ºC is to be freezed at –3ºC. Calculate the total
amount of heat to be removed during the cooling process?
a) 39.831kJ b) 403 c) 3983.1 d) 39831
Q1 = mc∆T = 1 (4.187)15 = 62.8 Q2 = 334
Q3 = 1(0.5)(4.187)3 = 6.28 QT = 403Kj

51. Heat is supplied to 20 pound-mass of ice at 32ºF at the rate of 160 Btu/sec. How
long will it take to melt the ice to water at 50ºF?
a) 22.5 sec b) 20.25 c) 30.25 d) 25.2
Q1 = 20(144) = 2880 Btu Q2 = 20(1) (50 – 32 ) = 360
T = 3240 / 160 = 20.25sec

52. A hydraulic turbine receives water from a reservoir at an elevation of 110 m

above it. What is the minimum water flow in kg/s to produce a steady turbine
output of 30 MW?
l. 27,830 b. 28,700 c. 72,800 d. 87,200
WP = Q x H x γ x S.G
Q = WP / H x γ x S.G.
= 30,000 KN-m /sec / 110m x 1000 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/sec2 = 27.8 m3/sec
MR = 27.8m3/sec x 1000 kg/m3 = 27,800 kg/sec

53. A stone weighs 105 lbs in air and 83 lb in water. Find the specific gravity of the stone.
A. 2.98 B. 0.35 C. 4.77 D. 2.21
S.G. = Wair / (Wair – Wwater) = 105 / (105 – 83) = 4.77
Volume(stone) = Volume(water displaced) = (105 – 83) / 62.4 = 0.3526 ft3
Specific Weight(stone) = 105 / 0.3526 = 297.82 lb/ft³
Specific Gravity(stone) = 297.82 / 62.4 = 4.77

54. Determine the friction head loss for fully developed laminar flow of ethylene glycol at
40ºC(ρ = 1,101 kg/m³) through a 5 cm diameter, 50 m long pipe, if friction factor is 0.242
and flowrate of 0.1 kg/s.
A. 6.42 cm B. 2.64 cm C. 3.46 cm D. 5.32 cm
Solution
Q = A x V ; [1 kg/s / 1,101 kg/m3 ]= 0.7854 (0.05)2 m2 (V); Velocity = 0.04626
m/s
Frictional head loss, hf = fLV² / 2gD
hf = 0.242(50)(0.04626)² / 2(9.81)(0.05) = 2.64 cm

55. The sun generates 1 kW/m2 when used as a source for solar collections. A collector with
an area of 1 m2 heats water. The flow rate is 3.0 liters/min. What is the temperature rise in
the water? The specific heat of water is 4,200 J/kg-C.
A. 2.76 B. 3.76 C. 4.76 D.5.76
Q = 1 kW / m2 x 1m2 = 1 kW = 1000 W
m = 3 li / min x 1 kg / li x 1min / 60 sec = 0.05 kg / sec
Q = m Cp t 1000 = 0.05 (4,200) t t = 4.76C
56. Steam with an enthalpy of 335 kJ/kg enters a nozzles at a velocity of 80 m/sec. Find the
velocity of the steam at the exit of the nozzle if its enthalpy is reduced to 314 kJ/kg,
assuming the nozzle is horizontal and disregarding heat losses. Take g = 9.81 m/sec2
A. 220 B. 652 C. 265 D. 625
SOLUTION:
Given: h 1 = 335kJ / kg V1 = 80 m / sec h2 = 314 kJ / kg
By energy balance (first law of thermodynamics);
h1 + V12 / 2 = h2 + V22 / 2
[(V2)2/2] – [(V1)2/2] = h1 – h2
(V2 )2 = (V1 )2 + 2(h1 – h2)
_______________
V2 = √ (V1)2 + 2(h1 – h2)
__________________________
= √ (80)2 + [2(335,000 – 314,000)]
= 220 m / s

57. A refrigeration system operates on the reverse Carnot cycle. The minimum and maximum
temperatures are minus 25ºC and plus 72ºC respectively. If the heat rejected to the
condenser is 6,000 kJ/min., draw the T – S diagram and find: Tons of refrigeration
developed
A. 24.04 B. 20.44 C.17.14 D. 5.08
SOLUTION:

T1 = – 25 + 273 = 248 K T2 = 72 + 273 = 345 K

(S2 – S3) (345) = 6,000 kJ/min ; but S2 = S1 and S3 = S4; (S1 – S4) = 6,000 / 345
Refrigerating Effect = (S1 – S4) T1 = (6,000 / 345) (248) = 4,313 kJ/min
Power Input Required = 6,000 – 4,313 = 1,687 kJ/min = 28.12 kW
Tons of Refrigeration = (4,313 / 60) / 3.516 = 20.44 tons ref.

58. A certain gas at 101.325 kPa and 16C whose volume is 2.83 m3 are compressed into a
storage vessel of 0.31 m3 capacity. Before admission, the storage vessel contained the gas
at a pressure and temperature of 137.8 kPa and 24C; after admission the pressure has
increased to 1,171.8 KPa. What should be the final temperature of the gas in the vessel in
Kelvin?
A. 298.0 B. 319.8 C. 180.0 D. 420.0
Solution:
Solving for the mass of gas which is to be compressed:
PV = mRT ; 101.325 (2.83) = m1 (R) (16+273) ; m1 = 0.9922/R kg

Solving for the mass of gas initially contained in the vessel:

PV = mRT 137.8 (0.31) = m2 R (24 + 273) ; m2 = 0.1438/R kg
solving for the final temperature
PV = mRT
 0.9922 0.1438 
1,171.8 (0.31) =    RT
 R R 
T = 319.8 K
59. An engine has an efficiency of 26%. It uses 2 gallons of gasoline per hour. Gasoline has a
heating value of 20,500 Btu/lb and a specific gravity of 0.8. What is the power output of
the engine?
A. 20.8Kw B. 29Kw C. 19.8Kw D. 18.9Kw
Solution:
2 gal ft 3 0.862.4lb lbs
mf    3
 13.346
hr 7.481gal ft hr
Power Output  m f Q f  eff
13.346lb hr 20500 Btu 1.055kj
Power Output      0.26
hr 3600 sec lb Btu
Power Output  20.8Kw

60. A diesel power station is to supply power demand of 30 KW. If the overall efficiency of
the power generating unit is 40%, calculate the amount of diesel oil required, kg/hr
A. 4.37 B. 6.37 C. 5.37 D. 7.37
Note: The calorific value of fuel oil used is 12,000 kcal/kg. 1 kWh = 860
kcal
Efficiency = Output / Input = 30 / 0.4 = 75 kW
Input per hour = 75 kW x 1 hr = 75 kWh
Since 1 kWh = 860 kcal then 75kWh x 860 kcal / kWh = 64,500 kcal
Fuel oil required = 64,500 kcal / 12,000 kcal/kg = 5.37 kg

61. A supercharged six-cylinder four stroke cycle diesel engine of 10.48 cm bore and 12.7
cm stroke has a compression ratio of 15. When it is tested on a dynamometer with a
53.34 cm arm at 2500 rpm, the scale reads 81.65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of 45,822.20 kJ/kg
heating value are burned during a 6 min test, and air metered to the cylinders at the rate
of 0.182 kg/s. Find the brake thermal efficiency.
A. 0.327 B. 0.367 C. 0.307 D. 0.357
Solution:
T = 81.65 (0.00981) (0.5334) = 0.42725 kN-m
Brake Power = 2NT = 2(0.42725 kN-m) (2500/60)
Brake Power = 111.854 kw
mf = 2.86 / 6(60) = 0.00794 kg/sec
Brake thermal efficiency = brake power/ mfQh
= 111.854 kw / [0.00794 kg/sec x 45,822.20 kJ/kg]
brake thermal efficiency = 0.307 = 30.7%

62. A diesel engine is operating on a 4-stroke cycle, has a heat rate of 11,315.6 kJ/kWh
brake. The compression ratio is 13. The cut-off ratio is 2. Using k = 1.32, what is the
brake engine efficiency?
A. 63.5 B. 51.2 C. 73.5 D. 45.3
Solution:
e = cycle efficiency = W / Qa = 1 – 1 rck – 1
rkk – 1 k(rc –1)

= 1 2 1.32 – 1 = 50.1%
13 0.32
1.32(2 –1)
 eb = brake thermal efficiency = Wb / Qa = 3600 / HRb = 3600 / 11,315.6 = 31.81%
b = brake engine efficiency = Wb / W = eb / e = 0.3181 / 0.501 = 63.5%

63. A hydroelectric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity 6,000,000 m3

at a head of 170 m. Assume hydraulic efficiency of 80% and electrical efficiency of
90%. The fall in the reservoir level after a load of 15 MW has been supplied for 3 hours,
if the area of the reservoir is 2.5 sq. km is closest to:
A. 5.39 cm B. 5.98 C. 4.32 D. 4.83
Solution:
Output = Q w H h e
15,000 = Q (9.81) (170) (0.80) (0.90)
Q = 12,492 m3/ s
In 3 hours, volume of water consumed
= 12,492 m3/ s (3hrs) (3600sec/hr)
= 134,914 m3
Volume = area x height
134,914 m3 = (2.5 x 106 m2) H
H = 0.0539m = 5.39cm

64. 23.5 kg of steam per second at 5 MPa and 400°C is produced by a steam generator. The
feedwater enters the economizer at 145°C and leaves at 205°C. The steam leaves the
boiler drum with a quality of 98%. The unit consumes 2.75 kg of coal per second as
received having a heating value of 25,102 kJ/kg. What would be the overall efficiency of
the unit in percent?
A. 65 B. 95 C. 88 D. 78
Steam properties:
At 5 Mpa and 400 C; h= 3,195.7 kJ/kg
At 5 Mpa; hf = 1,154.23 hfg = 1,640.1
At 205C; hf = 875.04
At 145C; hf = 610.63
Solution:
Overall efficiency = heat absorbed / heat supplied
= ms (hs – hf) / mf (Qh) = 23.5 (3,195.7 – 610.63) / 2.75(25,210) = 88%

65. A hydro-electric plant having 50 sq. km reservoir area and 100 m head is used to generate
power. The energy utilized by the consumers whose load is connected to the power plant
during a five-hour period is 13.5 x 106 kwh. The overall generation efficiency is 75%.
Find the fall in the height of water in the reservoir after the 5-hour period.
A. 2.13 gpm B. 1.32 C. 3.21 D. 0.53
Solution:
Q = flow in m3/sec
Energy Output = Q()H x nT x Time
13.5 x 105 = Q(9.81)(100)(0.75)(5)
Q = 3,669.725 m3/sec

In 5 hours, the volume of water consumed:

V = 3,669.725(5 x 3600) = 66,055.050 m3
Volume = Area x Height
66,055,050 = (50 x 106)h h = 1.321 m
66. A gas turbine unit operates at a mass flow of 30 kg/s. Air enters the compressor at a
pressure of 1 bar and temperature of 15C and is discharged from the compressor at a
pressure of 10.5 bar. Combustion occurs at constant pressure and results in a
temperature rise of 420K. If the flow leaves the turbine at a pressure of 1.2 bar,
determine: the net power output from the unit, KW
A. 4,388.74 B. 5,388.74 C. 6,388.74 D. 7,388.74
Take Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K and  = 1.4
T2 = T1 (P2/P1)(-1)/  = 288 x (10.5)0.286 = 564.22K
T3 = 564.22 + 420 = 984.22K
T4 = T3 / (P3/P4)(-1)/  = 984.22 / (10.5/1.2)0.286 = 529.27 ºK

Wc = mCp(T2 – T1) = 30 x 1.005 x (564.22 – 288) = 8328 kW

WT = mCp(T3 – T4) = 30 x 1.005 x (984.22 – 529.29) = 13716.74 kW
WN = WT – WC = 13716.74 – 8328 = 5,388.74 kW

67. Calculate the enthalpy in KJ of 1.50 kg of fluid that occupy a volume of 0.565 m3 if the
internal energy is 555.60 K cal per kg and the pressure is 2 atm abs.
A. 2,603.7 kJ B. 3,603.7 C. 4,603.7 D. 5,603.7
h = u + pv = [555.6 kcal x (1.055/0.252)] + 2(101.325)(0.565/1.5) = 2402.35 kJ/kg
H = mh = 1.5(2402.35) = 3,603.5kJ

68. A wheel starts from rest and acquires a speed of 500 rad/sec in 15 seconds. Calculate the
approximate number of turns made by the wheel.
A. 119.4 rev B. 1194 C. 11,940 D. 119,400
N = 500 rad/sec (15sec)(1 rev/2π) = 1194.26 rev

69. Heat is supplied to 20 lbs of ice at 32ºF at the rate of 160 Btu/sec. If the heat fusion of ice
is 144 Btu/lb, how long will it take to convert the ice to water at 50ºF?
A. 1.525 min B. 5.125 C. 2.515 D. 12.55

QT = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 300(0.5)(4) + 300(144) + 300(1)(18) = 49,200 Btu

T = QT / Qrate = 49,200 Btu / 160 Btu/sec = 307.5 sec = 5.125 min

70. A ball dropped from the roof of a building 40 m high will hit the ground with a velocity
of:
A. 20 m/s B. 28 C. 38 D. 40

V = √2gh = √2(9.81)(40) = 28