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seated.

Stem
The stem transmits motion from the handle or controlling device to the disc. The
stem typically passes through the bonnet when present. In some cases, the stem
and the disc can be combined in one piece, or the stem and the handle are
combined in one piece.

Inconel X750 spring
The motion transmitted by the stem may be a linear force, a rotational torque, or
some combination of these (Angle valve using torque reactor pin and Hub
Assembly). The valve and stem can be threaded such that the stem can be screwed
into or out of the valve by turning it in one direction or the other, thus moving the
disc back or forth inside the body. Packing is often used between the stem and the
bonnet to maintain a seal. Some valves have no external control and do not need a
stem as in most check valves.

Valves whose disc is between the seat and the stem and where the stem moves in a direction into the valve to shut
it are normally-seated or front seated. Valves whose seat is between the disc and the stem and where the stem
moves in a direction out of the valve to shut it are reverse-seated or back seated. These terms don't apply to
valves with no stem or valves using rotors.

Gaskets
Gaskets are the mechanical seals, or packings, used to prevent the leakage of a gas or fluids from valves.

Valve balls
A valve ball is also used for severe duty, high-pressure, high-tolerance applications. They are typically made of
stainless steel, titanium, Stellite, Hastelloy, brass, or nickel. They can also be made of different types of plastic,
such as ABS, PVC, PP or PVDF.

Spring
Many valves have a spring for spring-loading, to normally shift the disc into some position by default but allow
control to reposition the disc. Relief valves commonly use a spring to keep the valve shut, but allow excessive
pressure to force the valve open against the spring-loading. Coil springs are normally used. Typical spring
materials include zinc plated steel, stainless steel, and for high temperature applications Inconel X750.

Trim
The internal elements of a valve are collectively referred to as a valve's trim. According to API Standards 600,
"Steel Gate Valve-Flanged and Butt-welding Ends, Bolted Bonnets", the trim consists of stem, seating surface in
the body, gate seating surface, bushing or a deposited weld for the backseat and stem hole guide, and small
internal parts that normally contact the service fluid, excluding the pin that is used to make a stem-to-gate
connection (this pin shall be made of an austenitic stainless steel material).

Valve operating positions

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