Valve - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Valve

Four-port valves
A 4-port valve is a valve whose body has four ports equally spaced round the body and
the disc has two passages to connect adjacent ports. It is operated with two positions.

It can be used to isolate and to simultaneously bypass a sampling cylinder installed on a

pressurized water line. It is useful to take a fluid sample without affecting the pressure of
a hydraulic system and to avoid degassing (no leak, no gas loss or air entry, no external
contamination)....

Schematic 3 way
Control ball valve:
L-shaped ball right,
Many valves are controlled manually with a handle attached to the stem. If the handle is T-shaped left
turned ninety degrees between operating positions, the valve is called a quarter-turn
valve. Butterfly, ball valves, and plug valves are often
quarter-turn valves. If the handle is circular with the stem
as the axis of rotation in the center of the circle, then the
handle is called a handwheel. Valves can also be
controlled by actuators attached to the stem. They can be
electromechanical actuators such as an electric motor or
solenoid, pneumatic actuators which are controlled by air
pressure, or hydraulic actuators which are controlled by
the pressure of a liquid such as oil or water. Actuators can
be used for the purposes of automatic control such as in
washing machine cycles, remote control such as the use of
A sailor aboard a ship operates the wheel
a centralised control room, or because manual control is
controlling a fuel valve.
too difficult such as when the valve is very large.
Pneumatic actuators and hydraulic actuators need
pressurised air or liquid lines to supply the actuator: an inlet line and an outlet line. Pilot valves are valves which
are used to control other valves. Pilot valves in the actuator lines control the supply of air or liquid going to the
actuators.

The fill valve in a toilet water tank is a liquid level-actuated valve. When a high water level is reached, a mechanism
shuts the valve which fills the tank.

In some valve designs, the pressure of the flow fluid itself or pressure difference of the flow fluid between the ports
automatically controls flow through the valve.

Other considerations
Valves are typically rated for maximum temperature and pressure by the manufacturer. The wetted materials in a
valve are usually identified also. Some valves rated at very high pressures are available. When a designer, engineer,
or user decides to use a valve for an application, he/she should ensure the rated maximum temperature and
pressure are never exceeded and that the wetted materials are compatible with the fluid the valve interior is
exposed to. In Europe, valve design and pressure ratings are subject to statutory regulation under the Pressure
Equipment Directive 97/23/EC (PED).[2]

Some fluid system designs, especially in chemical or power plants, are schematically represented in piping and
instrumentation diagrams. In such diagrams, different types of valves are represented by certain symbols.

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