12/15/2011

Chem 2L Post Laboratory

Discussion
Experiment No.1
Experiment No. 1-7 Organic & Inorganic Compounds

Ms. Racquel T. Chua

Laboratory Instructor

Organic Chemistry- a branch of chemistry

concerned with the study of carbon and its
compounds. Known as chemistry of organic
compounds.
Who’s the Father of Organic
• Tens of thousands inorganic compounds,
while millions of organic compounds are Chemistry?
known.
Main Sources of Organic Compounds:
Plants Petroleum products
Animals Coal
See video

Friedrich Wohler A. Solubility

1828- F. Wohler, a German
chemist prepared urea by
heating ammonium
cyanate, an inorganic
compound

Vitalism/ Vital Force Theory- states that organic compounds

could be produced only by living matter. Living matter possess a
mysterious or vital force which converts it into organic
compounds.

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B. Melting and Boiling Points C. Stability Towards Heat

D. Combustibility
E. Ionization

F. Acidity and Alkalinity Other differences..

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Experiment No.2
Detection of Common Elements in
Organic Compounds

A. Test for Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen B. Test for Nitrogen

C. Test for Halogens D. Test for Sulfur and Phosphorus

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Experiment No.3
Purification of Liquids by Distillation
Definition of Terms
Residue- liquid that remained in the distilling
flask. It contains less of the volatile component
as compared to distillate with richer volatile
compound.
Azeotropic mixture- mixture of two or more
substances that boil at a constant temperature.
Types of Distillation
Simple distillation- used if impurities are
not volatile and the liquid compounds
doesn’t decompose when boiled at normal
atmospheric pressure. Used with
improvised setup. (See image on the next
page)
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Definition of Terms
Evaporation- escape of molecules from liquid to gas
phase.
Vapor Pressure- is the pressure exerted by the
vapor above the liquid. A measure of the
tendency of a liquid to pass into the gaseous
state. It depends upon the nature of the liquid
and the temperature.
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure- pressure exerted by a
vapor when in equilibrium with its liquid.
Boiling Point- temperature at which the vapor
pressure is equal to the prevailing atmospheric
pressure.
Definition of Terms
Distillation- process of heating a liquid to its
boiling point, condensing vapors and collecting
liquid. Process of purification and separation of
mixtures that involves conversion of liquid to
vapor state and condensation of the vapor to
liquid.
Distillate- vapor that is condensed to a liquid in
the condenser and can be collected in a
receiving flask (liquid in form).
Simple Distillation Set Up
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Types of Distillation Fractional Distillation Set Up

Fractional distillation- a process of
separating volatile compounds of a mixture
with arbitrary boiling points. Collection of
different liquids at its respective boiling
temperature. Done in decreasing order of
boiling points.
Ex. Crude oil into fractions of gasoline,
kerosene, lubricating oil etc.

Importance of Distillation Answers to Questions

Problems Encountered

Result of Procedure
Description of Residue (after evaporation):
Benzoic Acid- White crystal like
Experiment No.4
Purification by Extraction (See set up )

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Answers to Questions
1. Definition of Terms:
Extraction- general term for the recovery of a
substance from a mixture by bringing it into
contact with a solvent which preferentially
dissolves the desired material.
Distribution coefficient-ratio of the
concentration of the solute in each solvent at a
particular temperature that is constant
2. MeOH and EtOH are poor extraction solvents as
they are miscible in water, flammable, and have
weak solvent action towards organic compounds
Result of Procedure
Description of Impure Crystals (1g) :
Dirty white/ grayish
Wt of pure acetanilide crystals:
< 1 gram
% purity= actual yield x 100 e.g. 0.7 g x 100
theoretical yield 1g
= 70%
(See video)
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Answers to Questions
3. Ether is highly flammable
4. So that pressure is removed/ released for the
smooth flow of the liquid
5. See computation on the next page.
Experiment No. 5
Purification by Recrystallization
Answers to Questions
1. Crystals dissolved in warm solvent, however,
upon cooling some will remain dissolved in the
solvent and may be lost due to transfer from
one container to another
2. a. Scratching the inside of the flask below the
level of the sol’n. w/ a rod
b. Adding small crystals of pure material
(seeding technique)
c. Reheating/boiling the solution to reduce
volume of solvent then cooling afterwards to
induce crystallization.
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Answers to Questions
3. To prevent formation of crust or impure solid
Minimize crystallization of hot sol’n during filtration
4. Charcoal is a good adsorbing agent due to its large
surface area that can attract particles to its surface Experiment No.6
5. Characteristics of Solvent for Recrystallization Purification by Microscale Sublimation
a. Dissolves the solute readily at an elevated
temperature and sparingly at a lower temp.
b. Gives no chem’l reaction w/ solute
c. Sufficiently volatile so to easily remove from the
purified crystals.

Result of Procedure Answers to Questions

1. Sublimation- transition from solid to gas phase with no
intermediate liquid stage.
Weight of Benzoic Acid from Act 4 :
2. Sublimation is preferred for small scale purification as
1 gram compared to crystallization
Wt of pure product: a)little loss of material during transfer,
b)small amount of material is used/ involved,
< 1 gram c)consumes less time with less transferring operation
d) may yield pure material
% Yield = actual yield (sublimate) e.g. 0.5 g x 100
3. Applications of Sublimation:
theoretical yield 1g a) when small amount of material is used/ involved
(benzoic acid) = 50% b) solid has high vapor pressure below its melting pt/
decomposition temperature
c) when the impurities have lower vapor pressure than
substance purified

Paper Chromatography

Experiment No.7
Paper Chromatography

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Answers to Questions
1. Rf- retention factor/rate of flow; ratio between
distance travelled by solute and solvent
Importance:
a) Serve as guide and information on the
mobility of substance/solute in a solvent system
b) For identification purposes
c) Basis in determining affinity of solute to
solvent
Answers to Questions
4. Definition of Terms:
Chromatography- process that involves separation of
components in a mixture of compounds.
Development- movement of substance unto the
absorbent medium carrying with it the components of
a mixture being separated. The component of higher
affinity to solvent is carried first.
Solvent front- maximum distance travelled by solvent
Stationary phase- medium having a relatively high
surface area that is in fixed position through which the
mobile phase is allowed to pass.
Thank you J
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Answers to Questions
2. Basis for the separation of components in a
mixture by paper chromatography:
Solutes travel at different rates from the starting
point (differential migration)
3. Applications of Paper Chromatography:
a) Separation and identification of solutes
e.g. amino acids
b) Determination of pharmaceutical and
biological materials
c) Separation of animal and plant products e.g
pigments
Answers to Questions
4. Definition of Terms:
Chromatogram- a series of separate zones on an
adsorbent medium in which the different substances
are separated by chromatography
Adsorbent- a finely divided solid having a surface area
capable of holding other molecules or gases in an
extremely thin layer
Mobile phase- usually an organic solvent that is allowed
to be absorbed by the stationary phase.