Exercise 20 April 2019

Questions 1—4 are based on the following passage.

Forests have the ability to regulate water systems, prevent erosion and flood, and maintain soil
fertility. The ability of forests is inseparable from the existence of millions and even billions of trees in
a forest area. Trees only store water for their own needs, and the land saves water.

Billions of trees with their wide canopies will hold back rain. In this position, rain water does not
directly hit the soil surface, but will fall slowly through the leaves and flow through the tree trunk.
Then, the soil surface filled with tree trunks will produce quite a lot of litter originating from organic
materials in the forms of leaf and dry twigs. Dramatically, littering is heading towards the decay
process. The organic materials are collected on the soil surface.

Litter blocks the water falling from the canopy so it does not directly hit the soil. Litter also functions
as a place to live for millions of organisms (e.g. worms). This organism punctures the land as a home
and place of life. This organism’s behavior causes the soil surface to become loose and porous. When
rain drops from the canopy fall onto the litter, the water slowly flows to the soil surface. The loose
and porous top layer of soil will absorb the water and then the water will be stored in the aquifer, the
underground river.

The soil surface in the forest has high capacity to absorb rainwater. As a result, most of the rainwater
seeps into the soil; only a little becomes running water. Running water is the water that cannot be
absorbed by the soil surface. This water will go down to a lower area. If running water exceeds the
carrying capacity of the river, it can certainly cause flood. Most of the rainwater that falls in the forest
area will be absorbed by the soil and stored in the aquifer.

Furthermore, the water stored in the aquifer will come out regularly through springs. From these
springs, water flows through rivers that are mostly found in the forest area. In addition, there is also
underground water that comes out as a spring in the resident wells.

1. The word 'dramatically' in paragraph 2 is 2. What is the main idea of the passage?
best replaced by ....
A. Water guarantees millions of organisms to
A. gradually survive in forest areas.
B. Land stores and releases water through
B. naturally
various processes.
C. amazingly C. Litter gradually flows water to the soil
surface.
D. surprisingly D. Trees store water to fulfill human daily
E. simultaneously needs.
E. Forests have various benefits for human
life
3. With the sentence ‘This organism's behavior
causes the soil surface to become loose and
porous’ in paragraph 3, the writer intends to ....
A. describe the organism and its behavior
against loose soil
B. confirm the behavior of organisms in loose
soil
C. compare the loose soil with the porous soil
D. uncover natural processes at soil erosion
E. explain the causes of soil erosion
4. What most likely motivates the writer in
writing the passage?
A. There is an unresolved flood problem.
B. People’s awareness towards
reforestation is low.
C. Not many people understand the benefits
of water for forests.
D. There is the fallacious concept that trees
store large amount of water.
E. The information about the importance of
trees in storing water is not available.

Kunci Jawaban: 1.A, 2.B, 3.E, 4.D

Questions 5 to 7 are based on the following text.

The latest round in an ongoing debate over global-warming trends claims that warming has indeed
slowed down this century. An obvious slowing in the rise of global temperatures was recorded at the
beginning of the twenty-first century. This was referred to as a "hiatus" or a "pause". This hiatus was
first observed several years ago. Climate-change skeptics have used this as evidence that global
warming has stopped permanently. But in June the previous year, a study in science claimed that the
hiatus was just an artifact which disappears when biases in temperature data are corrected.

Now a prominent group of researchers is countering that claim. They argue in Nature Climate
Change that even after correcting these biases the slowdown was real. "There is this mismatch
between what the climate models are producing and what the observations are showing," says lead
author John Fyfe. "We can't ignore it." Fyfe uses the term "slowdown" rather than "hiatus". He also
stresses that it does not in any way weaken global-warming theory.

The study that questioned the existence of the slowdown corrected known biases in the surface
temperature record maintained by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA). The finding showed differences in temperature readings from ships and buoys. This
effectively increased the record about warming. The researchers also extended the record to include
2014. This set a new record high for average temperatures.

Thomas Karl, director of National Centers for Environmental Information in Asheville, calculated the
rate of global warming between 1950 and 1999 as being 0.113°C per decade. This was similar to the
0.116°C a decade calculated for 2000-14. This, Karl said, meant that an assessment done by the
influential Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013 showing that warming had slowed
was no longer valid.

(Adapted from www.nature.com)

Topic: Extracting Core Information

Subtopic: Defining the Topic

5. The passage above mainly discusses about….

A. the hiatus observation was first carried out several years ago
 B. the reason why global warming is slowing down in this century

C. global warming is a verifiable issue in the space of a decade

D. the contention about global warming and whether it is indeed slowing this period

E. the view of study in science that the hiatus is an artifact which vanishes

Answer: D

Perhatikan kalimat pertama pada paragraf ke-1 “The latest round in an ongoing debate over global-
warming trends claims that warming has indeed slowed down this century.” inti kalimatnya
mengatakan adanya perdebatan yang membahas tentang tren pemanasan global yang melambat
abad ini. Maka topik dari teks di atas adalah (D) The contention about global warming and whether it
is indeed slowing this period.

Topic: Understanding Implicit Information

Subtopic: Finding Contextual Meaning

6. The word “prominent” in paragraph 2 means….

A. well-known

B. promenade

C. shrewd

D. indolent

E. magnificent

Answer: A

Prominent (Terkenal) memiliki makna yang sama dengan pilihan jawaban (A) well-
known. Sedangkan, pilihan jawaban (B) promenade artinya “perjalanan”, (C) shrewd berarti “cerdas”,
(D) indolent memiliki arti “malas”, dan (E) magnificent artinya “sangat bagus”.

Topic: Paraphrasing Detailed Information

Subtopic: Understanding Specific Information

7. Why have some claimed that global warming a fabricated issue?

A. Because there’s no valid data to prove that global warming is real.

B. Since the existence of the slowdown corrected known biases in the surface temperature
record upheld by the US NOAA.

C. As an assessment done on Climate Change presenting that warming had slowed was no
longer valid.

D. For the researchers is countering that in Nature Climate Change even after correcting these
biases the slowdown was real.
 E. Because of the diversification in temperature readings from ships and buoys, the study
found.

Answer: C

Pilihan jawaban (C) merupakan opsi yang tepat karena pada paragraf ke-4 “This, Karl said, meant
that an assessment done by the influential Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013
showing that warming had slowed was no longer valid.” dikatakan bahwa perhitungan yang
dilakukan oleh Panel Antarpemerintah pada Perubahan Iklim menunjukkan bahwa pemanasan telah
melambat tidak lagi berlaku, yang mana artinya bahwa pemanasan global merupakan isu yang tidak
benar.

The following text is for questions 8 to 9.

Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in education. On the one
hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning outcomes. For example, in
science and mathematics education, scholars have documented that the use of ICT can improve
students’ conceptual understanding, problem solving, and team working skills. Consequently, most
curriculum documents state the importance of ICT and encourage school teachers to use them.
However, teachers need to specifically trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching.

Schools are known to be resistant to innovation and change, however, the spread of ICT is beginning
to affect how teachers teach. One of the current issues about the use of ICT is how it is integrated
into the curriculum. The curriculum document provide arguments for introducing ICT in the school
setting. Therefore, schools expect that graduates from teacher education programs have a
reasonable knowledge of how to use ICT. However, this may not be the case because most current
teachers’ pre-service preparation, and subsequent in-service courses were designed by using
traditional educational technology and settings. Thus, the participants in these courses are not
familiar with the processes, interaction patterns, features, and possibilities of teaching learning
processes based on ICT.

Effective development of pre-service teachers’ ICT proficiency does not seem to be a direct process,
but is the one asking for a careful, complex approach. First, a need assessment is important to find
out what ICT skills and knowledge teachers need at schools. Second, designers of teacher education
programs should know the pre-service teachers’ perceptions of ICT and their attitudes toward ICT
integration into curriculum. Third, teacher education programs need to consider the two typical
arguments that support the ICT use in schools.

(Adapted from www.cjlt.ca)

Topic: Paraphrasing Detailed Information

Subtopic: Restating Phrases and Sentences

8. Which of the following best restates the sentence “Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has
been an important topic in education. On the one hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance
teaching and learning outcomes.” in paragraph 1?

A. ICT usage has been a vital topic in education and studies indicate that ICT can develop
teaching and learning upshot.

B. Studies have shown that ICT can enrich teaching and learning end result
 C. The use of ICT has been an insignificant topic in education. Also, studies have shown that ICT
can enhance teaching and learning outcomes.

D. Over the last two decades, the use of ICT has been an important topic in educational
method.

E. Over the preceding two decades, studies have exposed that ICT can increase teaching and
learning outcomes.

Answer: A

Dalam pernyataan “Selama dua dekade terakhir, penggunaan ICT telah menjadi topik penting dalam
pendidikan. Di satu sisi, penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa TIK dapat meningkatkan hasil
pengajaran dan pembelajaran.” dapat dinyatakan kembali oleh opsi (A) ICT usage has been a vital
topic in education and studies indicate that ICT can develop teaching and learning upshot.

Topic: Extracting Core Information

Subtopic: Comprehending Main Ideas

9. Based on the passage, paragraph 1 most likely discusses….

A. educational growth in the last two decades

B. the development of education by using ICT

C. the advantages of using ICT in the learning process

D. teachers need to be trained in order to integrate ICT in their teaching

E. ICT and education in today’s learning development

Answer: B

Pertanyaan soal ini intinya menanyakan topik paragraf ke-1. Paragraf ke-1 topiknya membahas
penggunaan TIK telah menunjukkan bahwa TIK dapat meningkatkan hasil pengajaran dan
pembelajaran “On the one hand, studies have shown that ICT can enhance teaching and learning
outcomes.” itu artinya adanya pengembangan pendidikan dengan menggunakan TIK. Maka pilihan
jawaban (B) the development of education by using ICT merupakan opsi yang tepat.

Question number 10 to 12 are based on the following text.

Sleepiness after eating is a response of the body to chemical changes during the digestion process.
This is normal and it happens to everybody. However, if sleepiness occurs every time after eating
and obstructs your ability to function, this may be a concern. Sleepiness after eating is caused by
many factors, such as the type of food you consume, messy sleeping habits, your health condition
and so forth. The body requires energy to function and this energy is obtained through food. Post-
eating, the body releases hormones such as amylin, glucagon and cholecystokinin. These hormones
increase blood sugar levels, creating a feeling of fullness and producing insulin that will be streamed
through cell tissues and provide energy for them. At the same time, the brain releases serotonin that
causes drowsiness.

Moreover, food also influences melatonin production in the brain. This is the hormone that is
responsible for sleepiness post-meal. Some foods that are rich in protein, such as meat, poultry,
eggs, fish, spinach, tofu, cheese and soybeans can trigger more drowsiness than others. Additionally,
foods containing carbohydrates also help produce serotonin and tryptophan amino acids found in
the brain. This is the reason why you feel sleepy after eating carbohydrate-rich foods.

Overeating can also cause sleepiness. Post-meal, the body streams more blood to the digestive
system to better digest foods in massive amounts. This causes a temporary blood and nutrients
shortage in the brain. To prevent post-meal drowsiness, it’s better to eat a balanced diet containing
vegetables, grains and good fats to provide continuous energy. Drink lots of water and limit your
sugar intake.

Bad sleeping patterns can also cause sleepiness after eating. After a meal, the body feels full and
relaxed, making the body feel like it is resting, resulting in a feeling of sleepiness, particularly if you
didn’t get a good night’s sleep the night before. To avoid this, improve your sleeping habits to
prevent stress. Engaging in regular physical exercise can help you get a good night’s sleep. It is
recommended that you avoid napping if you are having trouble sleeping at night.

(Adapted from www.thejakartapost.com)

Topic: Understanding Implicit Information

Subtopic: Author-related Questions

10. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A. To discuss the amount of food to consume so as not to feel sleepy

B. To inform the readers about the factors of sleepiness after eating

C. To argue the effect of eating too much foods for the brain

D. To tell the readers the benefit of eating certain foods

E. To investigate what causes drowsiness after overeating

Answer: B

Tujuan penulis dalam menulis teks di atas adalah untuk menginformasikan faktor kantuk setelah
makan.

1. Sleepiness after eating is a response of the body to chemical changes during the digestion
process.

2. Moreover, food also influences melatonin production in the brain. This is the hormone that is
responsible for sleepiness post-meal.

3. Overeating can also cause sleepiness.

4. Bad sleeping patterns can also cause sleepiness after eating. After a meal, the body feels full
and relaxed, making the body feel like it is resting, resulting in a feeling of sleepiness,
particularly if you didn’t get a good night’s sleep the night before.
Maka pilihan jawaban (B) To inform the readers about the factors of sleepiness after
eating merupakan opsi yang tepat.

Topic: Understanding Implicit Information

Subtopic: Author-related Questions

11. By writing the sentences in paragraph 2, the author intends to tell the readers about….

A. foods that are rich in protein, such as meat, eggs, fish, tofu, cheese and soybeans can
generate more drowsiness

B. overeating protein and carbohydrate-rich foods obstructs your brain’s ability to function
well

C. the reason why carbohydrate-rich foods make you feel sleepy

D. food combinations containing tryptophan amino acid and carbohydrates make you feel
drowsy

E. the hormone melatonin production in the brain is responsible for sleepiness after eating

Answer: D

Paragraf ke-2 penulis intinya bermaksud untuk memberitahu pembaca bahwa kombinasi makanan
yang mengandung asam amino triptofan (protein) dan karbohidrat membuat Anda merasa
mengantuk (Additionally, foods containing carbohydrates also help produce serotonin and
tryptophan amino acids found in the brain. This is the reason why you feel sleepy after eating
carbohydrate-rich foods.). Maka pilihan jawaban (D) food combinations containing tryptophan amino
acid and carbohydrates make you feel drowsymerupakan opsi yang tepat.

Topic: Understanding Implicit Information

Subtopic: Predicting Paragraph

12. It can be predicted from the passage that….

A. the finer you manage your sleep, the more lethargic you feel

B. the more fish you eat, the better it is for the brain

C. the less you eat carbohydrate-rich foods, the less you will feel drowsy

D. the less meat you eat, the more you will feel drowsy

E. the less you consume protein and carbohydrates, the better it is for the body

Answer: C
Dari kalimat “This is the reason why you feel sleepy after eating carbohydrate-rich foods.” dapat
diprediksikan bahwa semakin sedikit Anda mengonsumsi makanan yang kaya karbohidrat, maka rasa
kantuk akan berkurang. Maka pilihan jawaban (C) the less you eat carbohydrate-rich foods, the less
you will feel drowsymerupakan opsi yang tepat.

The text below is for queries 13 to 14

Indonesia is the world’s third-largest coffee producer and exporter, after Brazil and Vietnam.
National coffee output has grown over the past decades, albeit not in a linear fashion as harvests
fluctuate strongly from one year to another depending on the weather. With per-capita coffee
consumption on the rise both in Indonesia and the wider region, there is obvious room for further
growth, but there is also an obvious need for investment. The capital required to take Indonesia’s
coffee industry to the next level presents appealing prospects for investors, while the country’s
burgeoning coffee culture also brings opportunities for foreign exporters.

Indonesia’s tropical climate produces almost ideal conditions for planting coffee. Today, most
Indonesian coffee comes from Sumatra, but Sulawesi and Kalimantan, the Lesser Sunda Islands of
Bali, Sumbawa and Flores as well as the country’s easternmost region of Papua all contribute to
national output. Robusta coffee makes up more than three quarters of Indonesia’s produce; the
remainder is of the milder Arabica type. The numerous coffee-growing regions in the country
produce beans of distinct flavors and properties, and a number of highland Arabica coffees from
Indonesia are recognized by aficionados the world over.

Indonesian coffee exports rose from 336,840 tonnes (or 5,614,000 60-KG bags) in crop year
2000/2001 to 656,400 tonnes (10,940,000 bags) in 2012/2013, according to data collated by the
International Coffee Organization. Total production over the same period increased from 419,220
tonnes to 763,800 tonnes. At present, the principal destinations for Indonesian coffee are the US,
Japan and Western Europe (particularly Germany), but Indonesia is well placed to capitalize on the
fast-rising demand in the ASEAN region and in China.

Indonesian per-capita consumption of around 1.2 kg in 2012 pales against more than 4 kg in the US,
around 7 kg in the world’s number one coffee producer Brazil and more than 10 kg in various
European countries. But with Indonesian per-capita consumption having already doubled in just a
few years, domestic demand looks to be on a fast growth trend. This puts the world’s fourth-most
populous country on course to become a leading coffee market. Local demand is driven by the
lifestyle changes that accompany urbanization and economic development. Caffeine consumption
tends to increase when a larger part of the labor force works in an office environment.

(Adapted from www.gbgindonesia.com)

Topic: Extracting Core Information

Subtopic: Summarizing The Passage

13. What is the best summary of the passage?

A. The primary destinations for Indonesian coffee export are the US, Japan and Western
Europe
 B. Total production of Indonesian coffee over the same period has increased

C. Indonesia is well placed to capitalize on the fast-rising demand in the ASEAN region

D. The various coffee-growing in the country produce beans of distinct flavors

E. Indonesia’s coffee growing and Indonesia’s coffee industry needs growth capital

Answer: E

Ringkasan yang tepat dari teks di atas adalah pilihan jawaban (E) Indonesia’s coffee growing and
Indonesia’s coffee industry needs growth capital yang bermakna “Perkembangan kopi Indonesia dan
industri kopi Indonesia perlu pertumbuhan modal” karena kalimat ini mewakili isi dari teks di atas
sebagaimana yang tercantum di kalimat utama paragraf pertama “Indonesia is the world’s third-
largest coffee producer and exporter, after Brazil and Vietnam. National coffee output has grown
over the past decades, albeit not in a linear fashion as harvests fluctuate strongly from one year to
another depending on the weather. With per-capita coffee consumption on the rise both in Indonesia
and the wider region, there is obvious room for further growth, but there is also an obvious need for
investment.”

Topic: Paraphrasing Detailed Information

Subtopic: Understanding Specific Information

14. What can be inferred from paragraph 3 in the passage?

A. The coffee export has decreased in several years

B. Total production deducted from 419,220 tonnes to 763,800 tonnes

C. Indonesian coffee exports increased from 2000/2001 to 2012/2013

D. Indonesia is in a good site to take advantage of fast-rising demand in ASEAN

E. The US, Japan and Western Europe are the destination for Indonesian coffee

Answer: C

Dari paragraf ke-3 bisa disimpulkan bahwa ekspor kopi Indonesia telah meningkat dari tahun
2000/2001 sampai tahun 2012/2013. Ini ada pada awal kalimat paragraf ke-3 tersebut. Maka pilihan
jawaban (C) Indonesian coffee exports increased from 2000/2001 to 2012/2013 merupakan opsi yang
tepat.