TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

#938 Aurora Blvd Boulevard, Cubao , Quezon City

AMPLIFIER
CPE32FA1/ECE001

Submitted by: Submitted to:

Abdon, Aeron Paul Engr. Carmen Fe De Guzman
Ciolo, Paul Arddy
Cruz, John Angelo Paolo
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank our professor Engr. Carmen Fe De Guzman for her expert advice and

opinions and for constantly guiding us on providing and giving us necessary information in making our

project, which lead us to have a complete and successful project.

We would also like to express our deepest gratitude towards are fellow companions who are

willingly helped us in developing and completing of our project.

Also this project would have been impossible without the kind cooperation, encouragement, moral

and financial support of our parents that gives us everything we need to accomplish our project
ABSTRACT

Our project is to make an amplifier without the use of IC or integrated circuit. This amplifier,

electronic amplifier or (informally) amp is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal.

It does this by taking energy from a power supply and controlling the output to match the input

signal shape but with a larger amplitude. In this sense, an amplifier modulates the output of the power

supply to make the output signal stronger than the input signal. An amplifier is effectively the opposite of an

attenuator: while an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss.

An amplifier can either be a separate piece of equipment or an electrical circuit within another

device. The ability to amplify is fundamental to modern electronics, and amplifiers are extremely widely

used in almost all electronic equipment.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement ……………………………………………… i

Abstract ………………………………………………………….. ii

Table of contents………………………………………………..iii

List of figures…………………………………………………….iv

List of tables……………………………………………………..v

1. Project Scope

1.1 Problem Statement ………………………………………………… 1

1.2 Client identification and recognition of need …………………… 2

1.3 Project goals and objectives ………………………………………. 2

1.4 Contemporary issues relevant to project ………………………… 4

1.5 Potential impact of project on society (global, national, local) …. 5

1.6 Initial Project constraints …………………………………………… 6

2. Project planning and task definition

2.1 Task identification…………………………………………………….. 7

2.2 Timeline ………………………………………………………………...8

2.3 Gantt Chart …………………………………………………………..…9

3. Literature review …………………………………………………………….…10

4. Preliminary Design

4.1 Concept Generation …………………………………………………. 11

 4.2 Concept Evaluation and selection ………………………….……….12

4.3 Design Constraints and Applicable Codes and Standards

Used in the Design……………………………………………………..

4.4 Preliminary Analysis ………………………………………..

5. Detailed system design

5.1 (Provide sub-sections based on project) ……………………

5.4 Engineering Analysis and Simulation ……………………..

5.5. Layout/Detailed Drawings/Equipment selection

and specifications ………………………………………….

5.6 Application of Engineering Codes and Standards in design.

5.7 Economic Analysis ………………………………………..

6. Results and discussion

6.1 Summary of Goals and Objectives

6.2 Summary of Constraints and Codes met by Design

7. Conclusions and recommendations

List of references ………………………………………..

Appendix …………………………………………………
 1. PROJECT SCOPE

1.1 Problem statement

An audio amplifier must be designed that will amplify the input signal from a cellphone to a loud

speaker as output, also audio amplifier is an electronic device that increases the strength

(amplitude) of audio signals that pass through it..

Main Problem

How can you create an audio amplifier that amplifies low-power audio signals to a level

which is suitable for driving loudspeakers?

Sub Problem

What will be the best and appropriate audio amplifier circuit design that doesn’t use IC or

integrated circuit?
1.2 Client identification and recognition of need

The client for this design project audio amplifier are mostly teachers and students. For an

instance audio amplifier will be used when teachers are presenting a video or audio presentation

or when students are reporting and they prepared video or audio presentation audio amplifier may

be used. Teachers and students needs an electronic device loudspeaker for the whole class to

understand the presentation they made.

1.3 Project goals and objectives

a.) Goals

 To make an audio amplifier that doesn’t use integrated circuit

 To minimize the cost but efficient

 To build an audio amplifier that has treble, bass and volume

 To understand and analyze the project

b.) Objectives

 To satisfy the client needs

 Amplifier that is capable of high quality of performance

 To apply engineering knowledge

 To provide a design that would be significant importance to the improvement of

society
1.4 Contemporary issues relevant to the project

Amplifiers contain components that respond differently to different frequencies, so there is a

problem trying to design one amplifier to cover the entire frequency range. Audio amplifiers produce a great

deal of heat. As such, overheating is a very common problem with them. Overheating generally occurs

when amplifiers are left on for exceedingly long periods of time or when they are placed close to other

heating-generating devices. For this reason, it is important to place the audio amplifier in an area in which it

has ample space to breathe.

1.5 Potential impact of project on society (global, national, local)

On a global impact, although we know is very hard to achieve due to the global competence of every

other project out there but we still believe that what we do here contributes to the advance of the technology

even on a low scale

On a national scale, we believe that our design will be used as references for future design plans

of the same nature. Our design when approved by a higher authority will be a creditable source of new

information, for us we have also based our design on the input of different resources, mostly from students

like us, and that is why we believe that the impact we have on a national scale is that we contribute to the

betterment of design making.

On a local scale, our design would be of some significant use to our fellow students, student

collaboration is integral in developing new technologies and we believe that our design would further

increase the camaraderie between fellow students and encourage the exchange of knowledge and

information between peers.

 1.6 Initial project constraints

The majority of amplifier designs are built to amplify AC signals. One of the features of an AC signal is

that not only can its amplitude change, but also its frequency. An amplifier must boost the amplitude of the

signal but leave the frequency of the signal unchanged.

Amplifiers contain components that respond differently to different frequencies, so there is a problem

trying to design one amplifier to cover the entire frequency range.

2. Project planning and task definition

2.1 Task identification

a.)Planning

Everything about the project is being planned, from general up to the most specific details. Like the materials to be

bought, schematic diagrams, documentation, etc.

b.) Research
Gather Information about the desired power supply, also on how to create and assemble all the

components needed and to know the step by step procedures in making an audio amplifier.

c.) Circuit Assembling

All thing related to the assembling of the circuit to the breadboard. In order to make the circuit work in a PCB, the

said circuit must be put and tested first in a breadboard. The process involves buying of materials, how the

breadboard circuit was done

d.) Finalizing the prototype

The working circuit done in the breadboard will be put in a PCB board. Several trials were made in order to

make the circuit work well in a PCB.

2.2 Timeline
 2.3 Gantt Chart

3. Literature review

Amplifier

An audio power amplifier is an electronic amplifier that amplifies low-power audio signals (signals

composed primarily of frequencies between 20 - 20 000 Hz, the human range of hearing) to a level suitable

for driving loudspeakers. It is the final electronic stage in a typical audio playback chain.

The preceding stages in such a chain are low power audio amplifiers which perform tasks like pre-

amplification (this is particularly associated with record turntable signals), equalization, tone controls,

mixing/effects, or audio sources like record players, CD players, and cassette players. Most audio power

amplifiers require these low-level inputs to adhere to line levels.

 While the input signal to an audio power amplifier may measure only a few hundred microwatts, its

output may be tens or hundreds of watts for a home stereo system or thousands or tens of thousands of

watts for a concert sound reinforcement system.

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_power_amplifier)

Capacitor

A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to

store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least

two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors can be thin films, foils or

sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The non-conducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's

charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc. Capacitors

are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor

does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor)

An electric circuit element used to store charge temporarily, consisting in general of two metallic plates separated and

insulated from each other by a dielectric. Also called condenser. (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/capacitor)

A device giving capacitance and usually consisting of conducting plates or foils separated by thin layers of dielectric

(as air or mica) with the plates on opposite sides of the dielectric layers oppositely charged by a source of voltage and

the electrical energy of the charged system stored in the polarized dielectric. (http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/capacitor)
A device for accumulating and holding a charge of electricity, consisting of two equally charged conducting surfaces

having opposite signs and separated by a dielectric. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capacitor)

Resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit

element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In

electronic circuits resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active elements, terminate

transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat

may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed resistors

have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used

to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity,

force, or chemical activity. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor)

A device used to control current in an electric circuit by providing resistance.

(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/resistor)

Most types of resistor are linear devices that produce a voltage drop across themselves when an electrical current

flows through them because they obey Ohm’s Law, and different values of resistance produces different values of

current or voltage. This can be very useful in Electronic circuits by controlling or reducing either the current flow or

voltage produced across them we can produce a voltage-to-current and current-to-voltage converter.

(http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/res_1.html)
 Potentiometer

The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage divider used for measuring electric

potential (voltage); the component is an implementation of the same principle, hence its name.

Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as volume controls on audio equipment.

Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer)

4. Preliminary design

4.1 Concept Generation

An amplifier (often loosely called an "amp") is an electromagnetic or electronic component that

boosts an electric current. If you wear a hearing aid, you'll know it uses a microphone to pick up sounds

from the world around you and convert them into a fluctuating electric current (a signal) that constantly

changes in strength. A transistor-based amplifier takes the signal (the input) and boosts it many times

before feeding it into a tiny loudspeaker placed inside your ear canal so you hear a much-magnified version

of the original sounds (the output).

It's easy to calculate how much difference an amplifier makes: it's the ratio of the output signal to

the input signal, a measurement called the gain of an amplifier (or sometimes the gain factor or

amplification factor).
 4.2 Evaluation and correction

In most cases, an amplifier is linear. That is, it provides constant gain for any normal input level and

output signal. If the gain is not linear, e.g., clipping of the signal, the output signal distorts. There are, however,

cases where variable gain is useful. Certain signal processing applications use exponential gain amplifiers.

Many different electronic amplifier types exist that are specific to areas such

as: radio and televisiontransmitters and receivers, high-fidelity ("hi-fi") stereo equipment, microcomputers

and other digital equipment, and guitar and other instrument amplifiers. Essential components include active

devices, such as vacuum tubes or transistors. A brief introduction to the many types of electronic amplifiers

follows.

4.3 Design constraints and evaluation and selection

An amplifier's job is to turn a small electric current into a larger one, and there are various different

ways to achieve this depending on exactly what you're trying to do.If the input current is simply a brief

pulse of electricity designed to switch something on or off, you can use an electromagnetic relay to

amplify it. A relay uses electromagnets to couple two electric circuits together so that when a small

current flows through one of the circuits, a much larger current flows through the other. Using a relay, a

tiny electric current can power something that would normally need a much larger current to operate it.

For example, you might have a photoelectric cell ("magic eye") set up to receive a beam of invisible

infrared light in an intruder alarm. When someone breaks the beam, a tiny current is sent to a relay that

snaps into action and turns on a much larger current that rings the alarm bell on the side of a house.

The tiny output current from a photoelectric cell would be far too small to power a bell all by itself.
 4.4 Preliminary analysis

Every wrong calculation is a waste of time, energy, effort and money so we should always consider

everything before taking a move. Time allotment and Time Management and cooperation is also

recommended in order for the work to be easier and to be effective and efficient to do the work addition, the

circuit design must be first tested if working in a breadboard. After the design is proven working, the

range value for the output voltage must be adjusted.

5. Detailed system design

5.1 (provide sub section based on the project)

The majority of amplifier designs are built to amplify AC signals. One of the features of an AC

signal is that not only can its amplitude change, but also it’s frequency. An amplifier must boost the

amplitude of the signal but leave the frequency of the signal unchanged.

Amplifiers contain components that respond differently to different frequencies, so there is a

problem trying to design one amplifier to cover the entire frequency range.

5.4 Engineering analysis and simulation

5.5. Layout/Detailed Drawings/Equipment selection and specifications

Materials: Specifications: Qty. Descriptions:

LM317AH, 1 It is designed to automatically maintain

LM337H a voltage level. These are commonly

found in power supplies where they

stabilize the DC voltage used by the

processor and other elements.

Adjustable Voltage

Regulator

8A, 240V AC 1 It is a type of low resistance resistor that

acts as a sacrificial device to provide

overcurrent protection, of either the load

or source circuit.

Fuse

240VAC/12V DC, 1 It is an electrical device that transfers

150VA energy between two or more circuits

through electromagnetic induction.

Transformer

1A 4 It is a family of popular 1.0 A (ampere)

general

purpose silicon rectifier diodes commonl

y used in AC adapters for common

household appliances.
 1N4001 Diode

330 Ω, ¼ W, 5% 1 It is a passive two-terminal electrical

tol component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. It

reduces the current flow and at the

same time, act to lower voltage levels

Resistor
within circuit.

5K Ω 1 It is a three-terminal resistor with a

sliding or rotating contact that forms an

adjustable voltage divider. If only two

terminals are used, one end and the

wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or

Potentiometer
rheostat.

2000 µF, 50V; 3 It is a passive two-terminal electrical

100µF, 50V component used to store energy

electrostatically in an electric field.

Electrolytic Capacitor

1 A board that is used in simulating the

circuit. Electronic components are being

injected in the holes. We used the

breadboard to test our circuit diagram.

 Breadboard

1 set Wires used to connect the electrical

components of a circuit. We used these

in breadboarding.

Connecting Wires

3 It mechanically supports and electrically

connects electronic components using

conductive tracks, pads and other

features etched from copper sheets

laminated onto a non-conductive

PCB Board
substrate.

1 It is a hand tool used for joining two

work pieces by heating and melting a

soldering lead between them.

Soldering Iron

1 It is a fusible metal alloy used to join

together metal work pieces and having a

melting point below that of the work

piece(s).

Solder
 1 An apparatus used for holding a

soldering iron when not in use.

Soldering Iron Holder

AD-12 1 It is an electronic device used for

creating holes in a pcb. Its drill varies in

sizes.

PCB Drill

1 It is a chemical compound used as a

circuit board etchant.

Ferric Chloride

1 It is an electronicmeasuring instrumentthat
combines several measurement functions in
one unit. We used this to measure the
current and voltage of our circuit.

VOM
5.6 Application of engineering codes and standard design

 We did not make amplifier that has integrated circuit.

 Our amplifier has Bass

 Our amplifier has Treble

 Our amplifier has volum

5.7 Economic Analysis

6. Results and discussion

6.1 Summary of goals and objectives

 To make an audio amplifier that doesn’t use integrated circuit

 To build an audio amplifier that has treble, bass and volume

 To satisfy the client needs

 Amplifier that is capable of high quality of performance

 To provide a design that would be significant importance to the improvement of

society
 6.2 Summary of Constraints and Codes met by Design

As such, overheating is a very common problem with them. Overheating generally occurs

when amplifiers are left on for exceedingly long periods of time. Overheating is also liable to occur

if your amplifier's settings have been cranked up to extreme levels.

6. Conclusion and recommendations

Applications of audio amplifiers are very wide with the developing world of today. For

example people would want to make life easier for themselves and would not want to talk long

speeches loudly using so much effort but would use audio amplifiers to simply amplify their

voice and a little whisper will be heard out loudly. Audio amplifiers hence are considered a very

effective invention as they make life easier for human beings in almost all walks of life

List of references

http://www.doityourself.com/stry/4-common-home-audio-amplifier-problems

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/amplifiers.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier

Appendix