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STEADY CONDUCTION
10−1 𝐽
1. A cylindrical rod of radius cm, 100 cm length and 200 Thermal
√2𝜋 𝑠𝑚 ̊𝐶
conductivity, has a temperature difference of 100 ̊̊C. How much heat flows
axially through the rod in one day ?
Assume that heat flows in a steady state
a. 7.2× 103 J
b. 864 J
c. 250 J
d. 1.7× 1010 J

2. Steady state 1D Heat conduction through symmetric shape is shown below

there is no internal heat generation. What will be the expression for thermal
conductivity for this condition
where 𝐴(𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥) and 𝑇(𝑥) = 300[1 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ] and 𝑄(𝑥) = 6000 Watt

𝐴𝑥 = (1-x)

𝑄𝑥

−20 20
a. 𝑘𝑥 = c. 𝑘𝑥 =
(1−𝑥)(2+3𝑥 2 ) (1−𝑥)(2+3𝑥 2 )

20 20
b. 𝑘𝑥 = d. 𝑘𝑥 =
(1−𝑥)(2−3𝑥 2 ) (1+𝑥)(2−3𝑥 2 )

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3. What is the thickness required of a wall having thermal conductivity

0.75W/mK. If the heat rate Is to be 80% of the heat rate through a composite
structural wall having a thermal conductivity of 0.25w/mK and a thickness of
100mm?.Both wall are subject to the same surface temperature difference
a. 150mm
b. 240mm
c. 300mm
d. 375mm

4. A furnace wall is made of composite wall of total thickness 55cm. The inside
layer is made up of refractory material (k=2.3 W/mK) and outside layer is made
up of insulating material (k=0.2W/mK).The mean temperature of gases inside
the furnace is 900℃ and Interface temperature is 520℃. The heat transfer
coefficient between gases and inner surface can be taken as 230 W/𝑚2 K and
between the outside surface and atmosphere as 46 W/𝑚2 K. Taking air
temperature 30℃. Calculate required thickness of each layer in cm

5. Consider a large plane wall thickness L=0.4m,k= 2.3 W/m ̊̊C and surface area
A=30 𝑚2 . The left side of the wall is maintained and constant temperature of
𝑇1 =90℃. While the right side loses heat by convection to the surrounding air at
𝑇∞ =25℃. With heat transfer coefficient of h =24 W/𝑚2 ̊𝐶 .The thermal
conductivity (k) is constant with no internal heat generation in the wall .What
will be the relation for the variation of temperature in the wall

a. 𝑇𝑥 =123.1𝑥
b. 𝑇𝑥 = 75 − 111.4𝑥
c. 𝑇𝑥 = 90 − 131.1𝑥
d. 𝑇𝑥 = 144.2𝑥 − 99

6. A hollow cylinder of inner radius 0.16m and thickness 8cm conduct heat
radially. Calculate logarithmic mean area in 𝑚2 . Take length of cylinder 1m
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7. A 6m diameter spherical tank is filled with liquid oxygen (𝜌 = 1141𝑘𝑔/

𝑚3 , 𝐶𝑝 = 1.71𝐾𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ̊ 𝐶) at-184 ̊̊C. If the temperature of oxygen increase to -
183 ̊̊C in a 144 hr period ,what will be the average rate of heat transfer to the
tank
a. 249 W
b. 425 W
c. 570 W
d. 1640 W

8. A solid cylinder rod having the length L =0.15m and diameter D= 0.05m the top
and bottom surface of the rod are maintained at constant temperature of 20 ̊̊C
and 95 ̊̊C respectively. While the side surface is perfectly insulated , it is made
of with k=1.2 W/m ̊̊C . The rate of heat transfer through the rod is
a. 1.05W
b. 1.35W
c. 1.50W
d. 1.18W

𝑘𝐴 𝜌𝐴
9. If the ratio of thermal conductivity = 20 and ratio of density =2 and
𝑘𝐵 𝜌𝐵
𝐶𝐴 ∝𝐴
the ratio of specific heat = 4. The ratio of the thermal diffusivity =----------
𝐶𝐵 ∝𝐵
𝑞𝑔
10. In rectangular co-ordinate the following equation ∇2 𝑇 + = 0 is known
𝑘
as.....( 𝑞𝑔 is heat generation per unit volume)
a. Laplace’s ̊̊Equation ̊̊ ̊̊ ̊̊ ̊̊ ̊̊ ̊̊ ̊̊ ̊̊ ̊̊ ̊̊ ̊̊
b. Fourier Equation
c. Poisson’s ̊̊Equation
d. None of The Above

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11. A hollow sphere has inner and outer surface area of 2𝑚2 and 8 𝑚2 for a given
temperature difference across the surface the heat flow to be calculated .
Considering the material of the sphere as a plane wall of the same thickness.
What is the equivalent mean area normal to the direction of heat flow
a. 6𝑚2
b. 5𝑚2
c. 4𝑚2
d. None of these

12. A cylinder of outer radius 𝑟0 ,Length L and thermal conductivity k is immersed

in a fluid of convection coefficient ̊̊“h” ̊̊and ̊̊temperature 𝑇∞ . At a certain instant
the temperature distribution in the cylinder is 𝑇𝑟 =A+B 𝑟 2 . Where A and B are
constant .Assume steady state .An expression for the fluid temperature at 𝑟0 is
2𝑘
a. 𝑇∞ =A + B 𝑟0 [𝑟0 + ]
ℎ
2ℎ
b. 𝑇∞ =A + B 𝑟02 [𝑟0 + ]
𝑘
𝐵𝑟0
c. 𝑇∞ = A + [𝑟0 + 2𝑘]
ℎ
2𝑘
d. 𝑇∞ = B+ A 𝑟0 [𝑟0 + ]
ℎ
13. Liquid Nitrogen is stored in a spherical thin walled metallic container at 77 K
temperature. The container is of 1m diameter and is covered with silica
powder. The insulation is 20mm thick and the outer surface is exposed to the
surrounding air at 300K. The convection heat transfer coefficient of the
exposed surface is 25 W/𝑚2 𝐾. The density and latent heat of vaporization of
the liquid nitrogen 804 kg/𝑚3 and 2× 105 J/kg. Determine rate of boil of liquid
nitrogen. Thermal conductivity (k) of silica powder is 0.0017 W/mK . Neglect
the thermal resistance of the metallic container
a. 61.7× 10−5 kg/sec
b. 6.17× 10−6 kg/sec
c. 3.086× 10−4 kg/sec
d. 10× 10−5 kg/sec

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14. Find out 𝑇1 , 𝑇3 for the given condition as shown in figure assuming steady state
𝑘2 𝑘3
.No internal heat generation.Given : 𝑇1 ’= ̊̊1000 ̊̊C ,𝑇3 ‘= ̊̊400 ̊̊̊𝐶 ,𝑘1 =𝑘4 = = =k
2 3

15. Identify the wrong statement

a. A temperature gradient is necessary for heat transfer
b. A physical medium is essential for heat flow
c. Heat transmission requires flow of heat from higher temperature to
lower temperature .According to the second law of thermodynamics
d. Heat transfer is thermodynamically an irreversible process .

16. A hot plane surface at 100 ℃. Is exposed to air at 25℃ .with a heat transfer
𝑊
coefficient of 20 .the heat loss from the surface is to be reduced by half by
𝑚2 𝐾
𝑊
covering it with sufficient insulation with a thermal conductivity of 0.10 𝑚𝐾
.
assuming the heat transfer coefficient to remain constant the required
thickness of insulation is .....
a. 0.1cm
b. 0.5cm
c. 1cm
d. 2cm

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CONVENTIONAL QUESTIONS

17. Temperature variation in a slab is given by: T(x) = 100+200𝑥-500𝑥 2 ,T is in ℃ ,

where 𝑥 is in meters; 𝑥 = 0 at the left face and 𝑥= 0.3 m at the right face.
Thermal conductivity of the material k = 45 W/ (mK). Also, 𝑐𝑝 = 4kJ/ kgK and
𝜌 = 1600 kg/m³. Determine:
i. Temperature at both surfaces in ℃
𝑊
ii. Heat transfer at left face and its direction in
𝑚2
𝑊
iii. Heat transfer at right face and its direction in
𝑚2
𝑊
iv. Is there any heat generation in the slab? If so, how much in ?
𝑚3
v. Maximum temperature in the slab in ℃ and its location in meter
℃
vi. Time rate of change of temperature in at X = 0.1 m if the heat
𝑠
generation rate is suddenly doubled.
vii. Draw the temperature profile in the slab
viii. Average temperature of the slab in ℃

18. Uniform internal heat generation at 𝑞𝑔 = 5 x 107 W/m³ occurs in a cylindrical

nuclear reactor fuel rod of 50 mm diameter, and under steady state conditions
the temperature distribution is of the form:
T(r) = 800 – 4.167 x 105 r², where T is in ℃ and r is in meters. The fuel rod
properties are: k = 30 W/ (mK), 𝜌 = 1100 kg/m³ and 𝑐𝑝 = 800 J/kgK
a. What is the rate of heat transfer per unit length of the rod at r = 0 (i.e at the
centre line) and r = 25 mm (i.e. at the surface) in watt?
b. Sketch the temperature distribution along the radius.
c. If the reactor power is suddenly increased to 108 W/m³, what is the initial
℃
time rate of temperature change at r = 0 and r = 25mm in ?
𝑠
d. Find the average temperature of the rod in the first case in ℃.

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19. A storage tank consist of a cylindrical section that has a length and inner
diameter of L=2m and 𝐷𝑖 =1m respectively and two hemispherical end
section the tank is constructed from 20mm Thick glass (pyrex) and exposed to
ambient air for which temperature is 300 K and the convection Coefficient is
10 W/𝑚2 K. The tank is used to stored heated oil. Which maintain the inner
surface at Temperature of 400 K. Determine the electrical power that must be
supplied to a heater submerged in the oil .If the prescribed condition are to be
maintained .Radiation effect may be neglected and the pyrex may be assumed
to have a thermal conductivity of 1.4 w/mk.

20. A cold spherical drop of water (3mm diameter) gain heat as it falls through the
surrounding air which is at a temp of 30 ̊̊c. Simultaneously the drop also loses
mass by evaporation at the rate of 0.63x10−5 kg/hr. If surface heat transfer
coefficient is 20 w/m²K and it is assumed that at any given instant of time, the
drop is at a uniform temperature, calculate the rate at which the drop is
heating up (in ̊̊c/min) when it is at a temp of 10 ̊̊c .properties of water
𝜌 = 997.7 kg/m³ , c = 4.194 KJ/KgK, hfg = 2478 KJ/kg.