Digital Self-Study Grammar Guide B1-Level

Digital Self-study
English Grammar Guide

for Dutch hbo-students level B1
Find examples, info, links to short videos and slide

shows, images and tables, and online exercises where
you can see RIGHT AWAY if your answers are correct.
Avans University of Applied Sciences

Adrienne Zoontjens
ame.zoontjens@avans.nl
Summer 2016
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INTRODUCTION
This is your digital self-study guide for English Grammar at B1-level. It is best used digitally, because
there are many links. Besides, it would cost a lot of ink and paper to print it.
Let the number of pages not scare you. YOU PROBABLY ALREADY KNOW MORE THAN YOU THINK.
Besides, there are different reasons why there are so many pages: the info is repeated several times in
different forms. This will help your learning. Also, images are used; each section starts on a new page;
and the layout needs white space for an easy-view.
An 11-sized letter is used, so hopefully it is readable for everyone, also if you have a form of dyslexia.
Italics (schuingedrukte woorden) are not used, because some students with dyslexia are not able to read
them. You will find colour, underlining and bold type.
In every section you will find the same parts (they are not always in the same order):
- info
- examples
- infographics (= images with info), tables (tabellen), photos and some cartoons (strips)
- links to short videos which are suitable (geschikt) for Dutch hbo – students
- links to online exercises: do the exercises and you can get feedback right away, to learn faster.
Some exercises have no link: these assignment are in this reader only. You will have to type or write the
answers in another document.
How to use this guide

Pick the information that is useful to you. If you are a good reader, you can just read the info. If you
learn well from videos, use the videos. And if you learn well from infographics, use those. You can also
combine different sources: whatever works best for you. Also: don’t learn again what you already know.
Just make sure that you are able to correctly do the exercises that you find under PRACTICE (oefenen) in
each section.
The info is in simple English. Grammar terms (grammaticale termen) are both in English and Dutch, so
you don’t have to waste time looking up words. You don’t have to know the grammar terms by heart
(uit je hoofd). The goal here is that you get to know the grammar and are able to apply it (toe te passen).
Pronunciation (uitspraak).
For words that may be unknown or difficult to pronounce (uitspreken) tips are given. This will help you
to remember the words better.
Example: pronunciation say: pru – nun – sie – jee – sjn (u-sound is between Dutch u and a).
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The syllable (lettergreep) which is stressed (die de klemtoon heeft), is underlined. The sounds are
written down as Dutch sounds. If you know how to pronounce the stressed syllable, normally you will
pronounce the word correctly.
Note: In tips for how to say words the a, e, i, o, u sound like Dutch ‘korte a, korte e, korte i, korte o,
korte u’. And aa, ee, oo sound like Dutch lange aa, lange ee, en lange oo’.
English vowels (klinkers) can sound different from Dutch vowels. When possible this is explained in
words. You already saw this above: ‘u-sound is between Dutch u and a’.
Layout
Hopefully the pictures and their colours will make this reader a bit more attractive. If it distracts you too
much (als het je te veel afleidt), try to focus on the blue headings (de blauwe kopjes) of the sections.
Sources
Different online sources have been used: the links are offered as hyperlinks. The information is checked
against the Oxford and Merriam online dictionaries and Michael Swan’s fully revised Practical English
Usage 3rd edition.
Hopefully all this helps you to be successful. Click here to see the video of Just Do It.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Inhoudsopgave

Page Chapters and sections
4 1. Talking about the present 1.1 Present simple onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd
5 1.2 Present progressive duurvorm tegenwoordige tijd
7 1.3 Present simple / progressive
8 2. Word order 2.1 Basic sentences

10 2.2 Adverbs of frequency bijwoorden van frekwentie
12 3. Prepositions 3.1 At, on, in

13 3.2 Prepositions of movement voorzetsels van beweging
3.3 List of prepositions
19 4. Talking about the past 4.1 Past simple onvoltooid verleden tijd
22 4.2 Past progressive duurvorm verleden tijd
4.3 Past simple / progressive
24 4.4 Present perfect voltooid tegenwoordige tijd
26 4.5 Past simple / present perfect
28 4.6 Present perfect progressive duurvorm volt. tegenw. tijd
32 4.8 Irregular verbs onregelmatige werkwoorden
30 4.7 Tag questions & answers: korte vragen en antwoorden
past and present verleden en heden
35 5. Nouns, articles, much-many, little-few

5.1 Nouns zelfstandige naamwoorden
41 5.2 Much-many, little-few veel-weinig
5.3 Articles lidwoorden
45 5.4 Self-study: some-any
46 6. Pronouns 6.1 Personal pronouns persoonlijke voornaamwoorden

48 6.2 Possession bezit, horen bij
51 6.3 Demonstrative pronouns aanwijzende voornaamw.
52 6.4 Reflexive pronouns wederkerende voornaamw.
55 6.5 Interrogative pronouns vragende voornaamwoorden
57 6.6 Relative pronouns betrekkelijke voornaamw.
59 7. Adjectives and adverbs 7.1 Adjectives bijvoeglijke naamwoorden

60 7.2 Adverbs bijwoorden
64 7.3 Comparative/superlative vergrotende/overtreffende trap
66 8. Modals soort hulpwerkwoorden

69 9. Future tense toekomende tijd
71 10. Compound sentences samengestelde zin
74 11. Conditionals voorwaardelijke zinnen
76 12. Past perfect tense 8.1 Past perfect voltooid verleden tijd
78 8.2 Indirect Speech indirecte rede
81 13. Passive (simple forms) eenvoudige passieve vorm

84 Appendix Phrasal verbs A selection werkwoorden + vast voorzetsel
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1. TALKING ABOUT THE PRESENT (TEGENWOORDIGE TIJD)
In English you can talk about the present in different ways.

1. present simple (onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd)
2. present progressive (duurvorm in de tegenwoordige tijd)
1.1 PRESENT SIMPLE (onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd)

Contraction
Example singular (enkelvoud) Question Negative (verkorte vorm)
Ik werk I work Do I work? I do not work don’t work

Jij werkt You work Do you work? You do not work don’t work
Hij ) He ) Does he work? He )
Zij ) werkt She ) works Does she work? She ) does not work doesn’t work
Het ) It ) Does it work? It )
Example plural (meervoud)

Wij ) We ) Do we work? We )
Jullie ) werken You ) work Do you work? You ) do not work don’t work
Zij ) They ) Do they work? They )
Rule for questions and negative sentences

When you use does or doesn’t, do NOT place an –s at the end of the verb (het werkwoord) WRONG:
RIGHT: Does he work? WRONG: Does he works?
RIGHT: He doesn’t work. WRONG: He doesn’t works.
Rule for imperative gebiedende wijs

Use the verb: Go away. Negative: Don’t go away.
Words for grammar

subject onderwerp say: sub – dzjekt (u – sound is between Dutch a and u)
verb werkwoord say: vub (make the u - sound a bit longer)
noun zelfstandig naamwoord
negative ontkenning say: ne – gu – thiv (make i a bit longer, say v, not f)
contraction samentrekking, verkorte vorm say: khun – trek – sjn (say a short h after the k.)
Video Ctrl+click here for the video. 5 min.

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Picture Present Simple

Remember: he swims
she swims
it swims
 The penguin swims.
PRACTICE Click on the links below. You can get immediate feedback.
1. arrange words and make sentences in the simple present

2. put the sentences in the negative form
3. arrange words and make a question in the present simple
picture
simple present and
present progressive
continuous =
progressive
1.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (duurvorm in de tegenwoordige tijd)

Basic functions of simple present and simple progressive:
progressive means that something is ongoing: it is not finished.
Example of present progressive

Ik werk in een café op dit moment. (het is tijdelijk ) I am working at a bar at the moment.
Ik werk I am working Am I working? I am not working.

Jij werkt You are working Are you working? You are not working/aren’t working.
Hij/zij/het werkt He/she/it is working Is he/she/it working? He/she/it is not working/isn’t working.
How to make the present progressive:

Take the correct form of to be and then use the verb (het hele werkwoord) + ing
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Video Press Click here. Info in Dutch. 4m30
When to use the present progressive duurvorm tegenwoordige tijd ?

Most of the time it is used for something that is happening right now and that is temporary (tijdelijk).
(Voor het ‘nu’: als iets op dit moment aan het gebeuren is; het is iets tijdelijks).
Examples: temporary, happening now

De dokter is aan het opereren op dit ogenblik. The doctor is operating at the moment.
De studenten zijn momenteel de toets aan het maken. The students are taking the test as we speak.
Ik zit te gamen. I am gaming.
We staan te wachten bij de bushalte. We are waiting at the bus stop.
Chelsea leidt nu de competitie. Chelsea are currently leading the competition.
Words that go with present progressive (woorden die bij de duurvorm tegenwoordige tijd horen)
At this moment As we speak Right now Currently (nu)
You can also use the present progressive for:

- irritation You are always playing music too loudly.
- a plan or arrangement for the future We are leaving for Greece tomorrow.
The progressive form can be used as a noun (zelfstandig naamwoord).

Example: Smoking is bad for your health.
Spelling rules present progressive
Rule: work + ing  working do + ing  doing
Drie uitzonderingen die veel voorkomen:

1. werkwoorden die eindigen op een – e verliezen de – e: make + ing  making tease + ing  teasing (plagen)
2. werkwoorden die eindigen op een klinker met daarachter een medeklinker krijgen een dubbele medeklinker:
I put  I am putting they chat they are chatting
3. bij werkwoorden die eindigen op –ie wordt de –ie een –y: die  dying lie  lying
1 Choose the right verb (werkwoord) and complete the sentence in the present progressive (duurvorm
tegenwoordige tijd).
2. Complete the sentence with a verb in the present progressive.
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1.3 OVERVIEW PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Infographic Present Simple
Generally =
meestal
Habit =
gewoonte
Infographic Present Progressive
currently = momenteel
1. present simple: fill in the right form 1a. Click here.

1b. Click here.
2. choose present simple or present progressive Click here.
3. choose present simple or progressive & fill in the right form Click here.
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2 WORD ORDER
2.1 BASIC SENTENCES

Examples
Vandaag wil ik schoenen kopen in Amsterdam. Deze trein rijdt vandaag naar Amsterdam.
Today I want to buy shoes in Amsterdam. This train goes to Amsterdam today.
Videos
Video 1: Click here. 4m30s
subject = onderwerp
verb(s) = werkwoord(en)
object = meewerkend of lijdend voorwerp
Video 2: Click here.1m42s

basic info
What is the rule? Two options:

1. Tijd – Onderwerp – Werkwoord(en) – (Meewerkend/Lijdend voorwerp) – Plaats
On week days I travel to my work in East-London.
Next week we will visit Niagara Falls.
2. Onderwerp- Werkwoord(en) – (Meewerkend/Lijdend voorwerp) – Plaats – Tijd

Onderwerp Werkwoord(en) Meewerkend/lijdend voorwerp Bepaling van plaats Bepaling van tijd
Subject Verbs Indirect/direct object Adverb of place Adverb of time
We have a meeting in Boston at 3 o’clock.
She will give me a present later.
I will meet a lot of new students at my university.
Not every sentence needs to have all five parts. Sometimes a sentence has more or different parts.
Examples: In Great Britain you will have to use formal introductions most of the time.
If you meet fellow students, you can use an informal introduction.
Would you like to meet our new manager?
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Overview with examples

RULE 1 Put ‘place’ before ‘time’ at the end of the sentence.
EXAMPLE RIGHT WRONG
We gaan morgen naar school. We will go to school tomorrow. We will tomorrow go to school.
RULE 2 You can place ‘time’ at the beginning of the sentence, when it is a specific point in time.
When in doubt (bij twijfel), put ‘time’ at the end.
EXAMPLE RIGHT WRONG
Volgende week lanceert Apple Next week Appleis going to Next week is going to launch Apple a
een nieuwe I-pod. launch a new I-pod. new I-pod.
RULE 3
DO NOT put ‘place’ or ‘time’ between the verb and the object (tussen werkwoord en het lijdend voorwerp).
EXAMPLE RIGHT WRONG
We zullen in december het We will start the new project in We will in December start the new
nieuwe project starten. December project.
RULE 4
When you put ‘time’ at the beginning, the subject (het onderwerp) still comes before the verb (werkwoord).
EXAMPLE RIGHT WRONG
Om 12 uur loeien de sirenes. At 12 o’clock the sirens ring. At 12 o’clock ring the sirens.
RULE 5
In a dependent clause (bijzin) the subject (onderwerp) still comes before the verb (werkwoord).
EXAMPLE RIGHT WRONG
Als ik aankom, zal ik je bellen. When I arrive, I will call you. When I arrive, will I call you.
PRACTICE: Put these words in the correct order.

1. after class / help / my friends / I / at school / with their homework
2. make / them / laugh / when people are sad/ I / When
3. talk/ every day / to my friends / on the phone / I
4. do sports / I / outside / at the weekends / not / do
5. play / I / in my studio / music / in the evening
6. shy / not / when I meet / new people / I am / When
7. in Sydney / for a week / we / were
8. to London / go / I / tomorrow / want to
9. have / many / you / brother and sisters / how / got / ?
10. was / homework / last night / how/ when / you /I did / a lot of / in my room / I
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2.2 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY (bijwoorden van frequentie)
picture
These words show
how often something
happens.
Dutch English how to say it (pronunciation)

Tip: say h after k, p, t
altijd always
continually khun – thi – njoe – wu - li
heel vaak usually joe – zju – wu – li

normally
generally dze – nu – ru - li
vaak often
frequently frie-kwunt-li
regularly re – gju – lu - li
soms sometimes
occasionally u-khee-zju-nli
zelden seldom
bijna nooit hardly ever ha – dli (a iets langer aanhouden)
rarely re – li ( e iets langer aanhouden)
nooit never
Videos: Press Ctrl and click on pictures below.
Video 1 5m
Click here.
Video 2 9 m
Click here.
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Rules
1. For a sentence with only one verb (werkwoord): place the adverb before the verb, but after to be.
2. For a sentence with more verbs place the adverb after the first auxiliary (na het eerste
hulpwerkwoord), also when the main verb (het hoofdwerkwoord) is to be.
Examples
Eén werkwoord (niet to be) Eén werkwoord: to be Meerdere werkwoorden
I always watch the commercials Peter is sometimes noisy. Saving money can sometimes be difficult.
He usually pays through PayPal. He is seldom angry. You should never give up.
British pubs often close early. I will always love you.
Models occasionally have success. I would never have guessed that he was lying.
This machine frequently breaks down. American usually watch fireworks on 4 July.
1. Put the adverb of frequency in the right place: 1a. Click here.
1b. Click here.
2. Put the words in the right order and make a good sentence - including adverbs:
2a. Click here.
2b. Click here.
back to table of contents

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3 PREPOSITIONS (voorzetsels)
3.1 AT, ON, IN
Info
At is placed at the top in a small part of the pyramid: at shows a precise time or short time span, or a
precise place or small space.
(At staat bovenaan: daar is de pyramide klein: het gaat om een precies tijdstip of korte tijdvak, of om
een precieze plaats of beperkte ruimte.)
On is in the middle in a somewhat larger part of the pyramid: on shows a larger time span or larger
space than at.
(On staat in het midden: de tijdsperiode of de plaats zijn al iets groter.)
In is at the bottom in the largest part of the pyramid: in shows the largest space or the longest period of
time.
(In staat onderaan in het breedste deel van de pyramide: de tijdsperiode en de plaats zijn het grootst.)
From top to bottom we go from small to wide: from a specific point in time or place to a larger time
period or place.
Picture at, on, in.

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3.2 PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT Picture
3.3 PREPOSITION LIST (lijst van voorzetsels) say: pre – pu – zi - sjnz
Some prepositions are the same in Dutch and English, but many are different. You have to learn them by
heart (uit je hoofd leren).
Prepositions – Time Source: click on link -> Time, place, other
English Usage Example Translation
on days of the week  on Monday 

dates  on May 14th
in months / seasons  
in August / in winter in de winter
time of day  in the morning  ‘s morgens
year  in 2006
after a certain period of
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time (when?)  in an hour over een uur

at  at night  ‘s nachts
  at the weekend  In het weekend
a certain point of time  at half past nine  om half tien
(when?)
since from a certain point of  since 1980 

time: past till now
 for over a certain period of for 2 years  twee jaar lang,
time: past till now gedurende twee jaar
ago a certain time in the  2 years ago 

past
before earlier than a certain  before 2004 

point of time
to telling the time  ten to six (5:50)  tien voor zes
 past telling the time  ten past six (6:10)  tien over zes
 to / marking the beginning from Monday to/till Friday van maandag tot vrijdag
till / until and end of a period of
time
 till / in the sense of how long He is on holiday until Friday. op vakantie tot vrijdag
until something is going to
last
by in the sense of at the I will be back by 6 o’clock. niet later dan 6 uur
latest 
up to a certain time By 11 o'clock, I had read five toen het 11 uur was
pages. geworden, ……
Place

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in room, building, street, town, in the kitchen, in London 

country
book, paper etc. in the book
car, taxi in the car, in a taxi
picture, world in the picture, in the world
at meaning next to, by an at the door, bij de deur, aan de deur

object at the station op het station
 at the table aan tafel
for events: place where you at a concert, at the party bij een concert, op een feest
are to do something typical
at the cinema, in de bioscoop
for that place: (watch a film,
at school, op school
study, work)
at work op het werk
on the picture on the wall

for a place with a river London lies on the Thames. aan de rivier de Thames
being on a surface on the table
for a certain side (left, right) on the left links, aan de linkerkant
for a floor in a house on the first floor
for public transport on the bus, on a plane in de bus, in het vliegtuig
for television, radio on TV, on the radio
by, next left or right of somebody or Jane is standing by / next links of rechts van iets of
to, something to / beside the car. iemand
beside
under on the ground, lower than the bag is under the table lager dan iets anders, bedekt
(or covered by) something door iets anders
else
below lower than something else the fish are below the lager dan iets anders, maar
but above ground surface boven de grond
over covered by something else put a jacket over your shirt

meaning more than over 16 years of age boven de 16
getting to the other side walk over the bridge
(also across) 
overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall
above higher than something else, a path above the lake hoger gelegen, maar niet
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but not directly over it recht boven iets anders
across getting to the other side walk across the bridge over de brug lopen (naar de
(also over)  andere kant)
getting to the other side swim across the lake het meer over zwemmen
(naar de andere kant)
through something with limits on drive through the tunnel 

top, bottom and the sides
to movement to person or go to the cinema

building 
movement to a place or go to London / Ireland
country


go to bed
into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the uitleg: ‘into’ geeft beweging
house aan van de ene naar de
andere ruimte
towards movement in the direction go 5 steps towards the in de richting van

of something (but not house
directly to it)
onto movement to the top of jump onto the table bovenop: geeft beweging aan
something
from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden 
Other important prepositions
From who gave it a present from Jane 
Of who/what does it a page of the book een pagina van het boek:
belong to  Regel: gebruik ‘of’ om ‘horen
 bij’ aan te geven bij dingen

(dus NIET ‘from’)
what does it show the picture of a palace
by who made it a book by Mark Twain 
on walking or riding on on foot, on horseback te voet, te paard

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horseback 
entering a public get on the bus in de bus stappen
transport vehicle
in entering a car / taxi get in the car in de auto/taxi stappen
off leaving a public get off the train uit de trein stappen,
transport vehicle uitstappen
out of leaving a car / taxi get out of the taxi uit de auto/taxi stappen
by rise or fall of prices have risen by 10 zijn gestegen met

something percent
 travel by car, by bus reizen met de auto, met de
travelling (other than bus
walking or horseriding)
at age she learned Russian at 45 op haar 45ste
about for topics, meaning we were talking about you 

what about
Difference between of and off
Of shows connection. Examples: a page of a book Info: The page belongs in the book.
That’s part of the problem.
Off shows disconnection. Examples:

Jennifer runs off. Info: This shows disconnection: she leaves.
An island off the coast of Italy. Info: not far away from
They took their shirts off.
source source source

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Preposition PRACTICE Click on the links below. You can get immediate feedback.
1. Prepositions of place.
Look at the picture, click on the arrow in the sentence and pick the right answer (multiple choice).
1a. Exercise on Prepositions – Place 1
1b. Exercise on Prepositions – Place 2
2. Look at the picture and fill in the correct preposition. Exercise on Prepositions – Place 4
3. No picture. Click on the arrow and pick the right answer (multiple choice).
Exercise on Prepositions – Place 5
4. Click on the arrow and pick the right answer (multiple choice). Exercise on Prepositions – Time 2
5. Fill in the correct preposition Exercise on Prepositions – Time 1
6. Click on the arrow and pick the right answer (multiple choice): since or for
7. Preposition Quiz
8. Mixed prepositions
For more exercises click on: Date and Time

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4. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST
In English you can talk about the past in different ways:

1. use the past simple
2. use the past progressive
3. use the present perfect
4.1 PAST SIMPLE (onvoltooid verleden tijd)

The past simple is the same for all subjects (onderwerpen), as you can see below.
Example
Ik werkte I worked Wij werkten we worked
Jij werkte you worked Jullie werkten you worked
Hij werkte he worked Zij werkten they worked
Zij werkte Hij werkte
Het werkte It worked
Past simple question To make a question: use did + the verb Example: Did it work?
Past simple negative To make a negative: use did not + the verb or didn’t + the verb.
Example: It did not work. It didn’t work.
Rule If you use did or didn’t you do NOT add –ed to the verb. Use the infinitive (het hele werkwoord).
WRONG: He didn’t worked. RIGHT: He didn’t work.

He didn’t knew. He didn’t know.
Video: Click here. 6m26 Dutch spoken
Want to see
more from
this channel?
Click here.
PRACTICE past simple Click on

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the links below. You can get immediate feedback.
1. Use the words given and make a sentence in the past simple. Click here.
2. Answer questions using the past simple. Click here.
3. Make negative sentences in the past simple. Click here.
4. Make questions in the past simple. Click here.
5. Make questions using wh-words in the past simple. Click here.
Irregular verbs (onregelmatige werkwoorden)

Some examples:
Teach taught say: thot (make the –o- a bit longer) iets leren aan iemand
Fight fought say: fot (make the –o- a bit longer) vechten
Win won say: wun (u-sound is between Dutch –a- and –u- ) winnen
Seek sought say: sot (make the –o- a bit longer) zoeken, graag iets willen,
vragen om
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words in picture: eat ate say: eet or et (e-sound is between Dutch –e- and –a-)
bring brought )
think thought ) 2nd form: ends in – ot (make the – o – a bit longer)
catch caught )
picture
YOU NEED TO LEARN THE IRREGULAR VERBS BY HEART (uit het hoofd)
See section 4.8 below (p.32)

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4.2 PAST PROGRESSIVE duurvorm verleden tijd
Example
I was working We were working
You were working You (jullie) were working
He ) They were working
She ) was working
It )
Positive sentence – question – negative sentence

Last summer, he was studying in Germany. Was he studying in Germany last summer?
Where was he studying last summer?
He wasn’t studying in Germany last summer.
Infographic 1
4.3 PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PROGRESSIVE (duurvorm verleden tijd)?
Infographic past simple and past progressive in one sentence

The short vertical line in the middle is the present.
Het verticale streepje in het midden van de lijn is het heden.
Examples 1. My nephew came in, while my mother was having tea.

2. I was relaxing on the couch, when my telephone rang.
What is the rule?

Use the past simple for the action that is shortest. (die het kortste duurt).
In example 1 this is: My nephew came in. In example 2 this is: my telephone rang.
Use the past progressive for the action that lasts longest. (die het langste duurt).
In example 1 this is: while my mother was having tea. In example 2 this is: I was relaxing on the couch.
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Words that go with past simple and words that go with past progressive
Simple Past Past Progressive
first while
then as long as
Main functions of past simple and past progressive
Words in picture: state=situatie description = beschrijving particular = bepaald(e)

habit = gewoonte progress = voortgang parallel = gelijktijdig
Progressive forms often show something in progress, not complete, at some point in time
(De duurvorm verwijst vaak naar iets dat nog in uitvoering is, nog niet compleet, op een bepaald
moment).
Work in progress: The man is working. Picture: My laptop is uploading the files.
PRACTICE: Choose past simple or past progressive: Click here. You can get immediate feedback.

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4.4 PRESENT PERFECT (voltooid tegenwoordige tijd)

In English the rules for the present perfect are DIFFERENT from the Dutch rules. So DO NOT TRANSLATE!
Just follow the rules.
Example: The bus has just arrived, so now I can finally continue my journey.
Picture: You can see that the bus

has just arrived. The man is glad
the waiting is over. He can now
get on the bus.
When do you use the present perfect?

 If something has started in the past and is still going on, or
 if the result of something from the past is still visible or relevant (van belang).
 There is a link between past and present.
Words often used with the present perfect: since, for, ever, never, already, yet, recently, so far, just
Videos: Click on the links below (the words next to the pictures).
Since, for 4m.
Already, yet 3m20s
Present perfect (tegenwoordige voltooide tijd): to have + past participle (voltooid deelwoord)
The past participle is the 3rd form of the verb (werkwoord).
Regular verbs (regelmatige werkwoorden)

Present simple: work. exception: he, she, it works
Past simple: worked
Present perfect: have worked
exception: he, she, it has worked
Example in picture study: y changes into ie
Note: in Dutch we use hebben and zijn in the Present

Perfect. In English ONLY use have.
Examples: 1. Ik heb gewerkt I have worked 2. Ik ben aangekomen I have arrived
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Infographic Present Perfect (voltooid tegenwoordige tijd)
Table with questions in the Present Perfect
PRACTICE present perfect Press Ctrl and left-click on the links below. You can get immediate feedback.
1. have or has 2. positive sentence 3. negative sentence 4. questions 5. questions with wh-words 6.
text on Loch Ness – use present perfect 7. Present perfect with ‘never’.
26
4.5 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PAST SIMPLE?
Present Perfect (voltooid tegenwoordige tijd) Past simple
There is a link between past and present. Something happened in the past. There is no
direct link to the present.
The exact point in time is usually (meestal) not given. The exact point in time can be given.
Can indicate (kan aangeven) from what point on (vanaf
wanneer) something has happened.
Examples
Present Perfect Past simple
Wij hebben een cake gebakken en hij smaakt heerlijk. Ze hebben gisteren de trein genomen van 10.30 u.
We have baked a cake and it tastes delicious. They took the train at 10.30 h. yesterday.
Video:Press Click here. 7m30s past perfect or past simple? good info, not too fast, good examples
Pictures are stills from

the video.
27
Final tips: four questions you can ask yourself about past simple or present perfect.
In Dutch we use the present perfect (voltooid tegenwoordige tijd) in a completely different way than in
English. SO DO NOT TRANSLATE, BUT ASK YOURSELF THESE FOUR QUESTIONS:
1. Is one of the following words used? If yes, you normally use the present perfect.
Words Examples
since Since 2012 we have lived in Breda.
He has been in a bad mood since he got up.
for + tijdsbepaling for three days, for some time
ever, never I have never played darts. Have you?
Already He has already done the dishes, but he hasn’t cleaned the floor yet.
yet, not yet Have you done the dishes yet?
recently
so far (tot nu toe) So far things have gone well.
just The train has just left and now we have to wait for the next one.
lately (de afgelopen tijd) We have lately bought a new car and we love it.
(over) the past days/weeks/years/hours/minutes (de afgelopen dagen…etc.)
The past days have been hectic; I am really tired.
2. Is there a clear link between past and present? If yes, you normally use the present perfect.
Examples: Since last year there have been less traffic jams. I get to work earlier now.
For some time now we have cooked every night.
Have you switched to another class? I don’t see your name on this list.
The teachers have recently attended a conference.
Lately visits to theatres have picked up. (zijn gegroeid)
3. Is a point of time in the past mentioned? If yes, you normally use the past simple.
Examples: yesterday, last month, on December 2 2012, two weeks ago, this morning at 10 o’clock.
4. Is it clear that the whole thing is over, finished, in the past? If yes, you normally use the past simple.
Examples: The company of Apple was founded in 1976.
This morning I got up very early.
1. Fill in the past simple or present perfect form.
2. Fill in the past simple or present perfect form.

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4.6 PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE de duurvorm van de voltooid tegenwoordige tijd
Picture: present perfect present perfect progressive
Info
What are the differences between the present perfect and the present perfect progressive?
1. Main difference (belangrijkste verschil):
present perfect: the action is complete. The focus is more on the result.
present perfect progressive: the action is incomplete, or it doesn’t matter if the action is complete.
The focus is more on the action itself.
pictures
Examples:
I have studied for many hours and now I have passed my exams. (The studying is over).
I have been studying for three hours and I still have more to learn. (The studying continues).
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More examples:
May has become the new Prime Minister and now she is living at Downing Street 10.
Many people think that Boris has been lying to them. They even suspect he is still lying.
Donald has bought some land in Scotland and turned it into a large golf course.
Hillary has been working hard for her campaign, and it isn’t over yet.
Present progressive
1. for emphasis (nadruk) on length of time
Examples:
present perfect: neutral statement. present perfect progressive: a long time.
I’ve waited for hours. I’ve been waiting for hours.
2. for something temporary (tijdelijks) , often with lately or recently

Examples: I have recently been feeling ill.
Lately they have been running a lot.
Present perfect
1. for how much and how many Examples: Martine has eaten three eggs.
Ali has drunk 2 liters of water today.
2. with yet and already Examples: Monica hasn’t yet read the book.
Daly has already left school.
Note: The difference between the present perfect and the present perfect progressive is not always very
clear. Besides, there are cultural differences.
Video HOW TO FIND THE RIGHT TENSE

Click here.
16m36s Video in Dutch

Shows the steps you can take to find the right verb
tense in English (de juiste tijd voor het
werkwoord)
Helpful. Good info.

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4.7 TAG QUESTIONS (SHORT QUESTIONS) + SHORT ANSWERS
Tag questions Statement: She likes to dance, Tag question: doesn’t she?
Examples:
Vanessa’s a fan of Kesha, isn’t she? Vanessa is een fan van Kesha, nietwaar?
Vanessa often goes to concerts, doesn’t she? Vanessa gaat vaak naar concerten, is het niet?
Kevin and Yassine aren’t friends, are they? Kevin en Yassine zijn geen vrienden, hè?
Kevin and Martin don’t see each other much, do they? Kevin en Martin zien elkaar niet vaak, toch?
How to ask short questions in English: four rules
1. If the sentence is positive, the tag question is negative.

If the sentences is negative, the tag question is positive.
2. Replace the subject by a personal pronoun.

(Vervang het onderwerp door een persoonlijk voornaamwoord).
Look at the examples at the top of the page: Vanessa  she and Kevin and Martin  they
3. If there is an auxiliary (hulpwerkwoord) or a form of

be, repeat it in the tag question.
Picture: words that you can repeat in the tag question:
4. If there is no auxiliary (hulpwerkwoord), use do, does or did.

Examples: Your husband likes chocolate, doesn’t he?
Theo doesn’t drink whisky, does he?
Rahma left yesterday, didn’t she?
Dad didn’t speak to you about it, did he?
Video 5m18 Click here.
PRACTICE Exercise: Click here. Do the exercise and You can get immediate feedback.
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Short answers: examples
Picture: examples of short

answers:
Yes, he is.
No, he doesn’t.
Yes, you can.
….he doesn’t.
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Info on short answers

Answers can be short, because you don’t have to repeat words that have just been said.
Only yes or no is not so polite: a short answer is more polite.
picture: rude or polite
How to give a short answer
Picture:
info &
examples
Auxiliary =
hulpwerk-
woord
PRACTICE 1. Click here. 2. Short reading text on New York + exercise: click here.

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4.8 IRREGULAR VERBS onregelmatige werkwoorden

Verbs have three forms
Example regular verb (regelmatig werkwoord)
1. present simple I work ik werk

2. past simple I worked ik werkte
3. perfect tense I have worked ik heb gewerkt
Example irregular verb (onregelmatig werkwoord)

Simple present: I take notes during classes. She takes his hand.
Simple past: I took a day off yesterday. She took my picture.
Perfect tense: I have taken the trash out. She has taken the patient’s blood pressure.
Spelling: Verbs ending in – y: the ‘y’ changes into ‘ie’: Cry cried cried
Try tried tried
Learn the irregular verbs by heart (uit je hoofd)
You can learn the list below or you can use these four videos (all four of them). To practice and learn:
Click on the following links: video 1, video 2, video 3 and video 4.
List of irregular verbs

In the fourth column (see below), you will find tips for pronunciation of the vowel (uitspraak van de
klinkers).
1. All three forms are the same.

Cost cost cost
Cut cut cut
Hit hit hit
Let let let
Put put put
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2. Past tense and Perfect tense are the same.

Lose lost lost
Get got got
Keep kept kept
Leave left left
Meet met met
How to say the vowels (klinkers) of the 2nd and 3rd forms:
Bring brought brought korte o, but longer than in Dutch
Buy bought bought korte o, but longer than in Dutch
Think thought thought korte o, but longer than in Dutch
Sell sold sold lange oo
Tell told told lange oo
Make made made
Stand stood stood oe – kort aanhouden
Send sent sent

Spend spent spent
Build built built
Find found found
Have had had
Hear heard heard kort u, but longer than in Dutch
Hold held held

Read read read korte –e-
Say said said korte –e-, but longer than in Dutch.
Pay paid paid lange –ee-
3. First and third form are the same

Come came come
Become became become
4. All three forms are different

Be (am/are/is) was/were been
Go went gone
Do did done
uitspraak klinker van 1ste, 2de en 3de vorm

Drive drove driven ai – oo – korte i
Write wrote written ai – oo – korte i
Rise rose risen ai – oo – korte i
Break broke broken ee – oo - oo

Choose chose chosen oez – oo - oo
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Speak spoke spoken ie – oo - oo
Know knew known noow – njoew – noown (don’t say the k)

Grow grew grown oo – oe - oo
Begin began begun korte i – korte e – korte u

Drink drank drunk korte i – korte e – korte u
Eat ate eaten ie – s econd form: e or ee - ie

Fall fell fallen
Forget forgot forgotten
Give gave given korte i – ee – korte i
See saw seen ie – korte o (but longer than in Dutch) - ie
Take took taken ee – oe (kort) - ee
PRACTICE past simple irregular verbs

Click on the links below. You can get immediate feedback.
1. Fill in the past simple for irregular verbs. Click here.

2. Read a text on Chicago and fill in the past simple for irregular verbs. Click here.
3. Read a text on Oxford and fill in the past simple for irregular verbs. Click here.

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5. NOUNS (ZELFSTANDIGE NAAMWOORDEN), ARTICLES (LIDWOORDEN),

MUCH-MANY, LITTLE -FEW, SOME-ANY, PRONOUNS (VOORNAAMWOORDEN )
5.1 NOUNS
Een zelfstandig naamwoord is een woord waar je de, het of een vóór kunt zetten: in het Nederlands
In English: a noun is a word that can be preceded by a, an or the. Preceded = voorafgegaan
Countable and uncountable nouns

For English nouns you need to know if they are countable (telbaar) or uncountable (niet telbaar).
picture: countable picture: uncountable
Countable nouns have two forms: a singular (enkelvoud) and a plural (meervoud).
Uncountable nouns only have one form.
Table with examples
Countable (telbaar) Uncountable (niet telbaar)

friend – two friends friendship
glass of beer – two glasses of beer beer
sneaker – five sneakers clothing
1 Euro – three Euros

Money
say: joe-rooz
Poverty
1 twenty-dollar bill - 4 twenty-dollar bills
37
More examples
Exercise: for each pair write one sentence using

Countable Uncountable
both words.
Example:
1. dollar money My money is running out: I have only one 20-dollar
bill left.
2, song music
3. suitcase luggage
4. table furniture
5. battery electricity
6. bottle wine
7. report information
8. tip advice
9. journey travel
10. job work
11. view scenery
12. exercise practice

38
Consonants and vowels (medeklinkers en klinkers)
consonants (medeklinkers) vowels (klinkers)
Table with rules for spelling of countable nouns: plural forms (meervoud)
Six rules for making plurals

Rule 1: add –s at the end of the word: laptops, reactions
Rule 2: add –es when the word ends in an –s or –z sound
Examples
one box a few boxes (een paar, enkele) say: fok-siz (make i a bit longer)
one bus a lot of buses say: bu-siz (u is between Dutch a- and u-sound)
one prize more prizes say: prai-ziz
one price more prices say: prai-siz
39
Rule 3: Nouns ending in a consonant (medeklinker) + y: army-armies say: a-miez (make a longer)
family-families
Rule 4: Nouns ending in f or fe knife – knives say: naivz
leaf - leaves say: lievz
Exceptions (uitzonderingen): cliffs, proofs, chefs, safes, roofs.
Rule 5: Nouns ending in –o banjo – banjoes say: ben-zjooz e is between Dutch a- and e-sound
potato – potatoes say: phu-tee-thooz
Exceptions: radio – radios and photo - photos
Picture: spelling
Pronunciation (uitspraak)
British: thu-ma-thooz
American: thu-mee-dooz
Rule 6: Nouns ending in –is: crisis-crises say: krai-siz – krai-siez
Video Click here. Countable and uncountable nouns. 6m26
Good teacher. English spoken. Whiteboard used.
Includes info on some and any.

40
Irregular plurals onregelmatige vormen van het meervoud
1. Singular and plural are the same:

Means (middel) The car is a means of transport. There are many means of transport.
Series He gave a series of lectures. Two famous tv series are Bones
and Sherlock.
One aircraft Two aircraft picture

One fish Two fish
One deer (hert) Two deer (sounds like ‘dear’)
One sheep Two sheep
A flock of sheep (een kudde schappen)
picture
One Chinese Many Chinese (een Chinees – veel Chinezen)
One Swiss Many Swiss ( een Zwitser – veel Zwitsers)
2. Irregular plurals: no rule applies (geen regel van toepassing) Picture with examples.
Pronunciation (say: pru-nun-sie-jee-sjn) (u is between Dutch a- and u-sound.)

man a is between Dutch a- and e- sound men e is between Dutch e- and i-sound
woman say: woe-mun women say: wi-min
3. Some nouns only have a plural (meervoud):

The police are overworked. The surroundings are beautiful. (de omgeving)
They had to leave the premises. (het terrein) say: pre-mi-siz
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4. Clothes and tools (gereedschappen) often have two halves. The singular may start with ‘a pair of’.
I only have one pair of glasses. één bril

My new glasses are red. Mijn nieuwe bril is rood. picture
I like wearing these shorts. Ik draag deze korte broek graag.
I don’t like that pair of shorts. Ik vind die korte broek niet fijn.
His pyjamas need to be washed. Zijn pyjama moet gewassen worden.
She has five pairs of black pants. Zij heeft vijf zwarte lange broeken.
This pair of trousers doesn’t fit. ) picture
These trousers don’t fit. ) Deze broek past niet.
Could you give me that pair of pliers? Kun je me die tang aangeven?
These scissors don’t cut well. Deze schaar knipt niet goed.
This pair of scissors is quite sharp. Deze schaar is vrij scherp.
Uncountable nouns: to make the plural you need other words. picture picture
Examples
1. some information, some cake, some work, some money, some furniture
a bit of anger, a bit of sleep, a bit of information, a bit of hope, a bit of joy
a number of news items
2. A slice of cheese Two slices of cheese (plakjes kaas)

A pint of beer Two pints of beer (Britse inhoudsmaat van ongeveer 0,5 liter)
A loaf of bread Two loaves of bread
A piece of luggage Two pieces of luggage
A drop of water Two drops of water
A glass of wine Two glasses of wine
Pint of beer say: paint uv biu (i iets langer aanhouden)
Half-pint, one-third pint and two-thirds pint (schooners) glasses are also
available.
picture
PRACTICE plurals Click on the links below. You can get immediate feedback.
1. regular plurals 2. spelling regular plurals 3. irregular plurals 4. uncountable nouns 5. Countable or
uncountable 6. Write the correct form for showing possession. 7. Choose ‘s or of. 8. choose singular or
plural.

42
5.2 MUCH/MANY/LITTLE/FEW
Countable Uncountable
Many cell phones Much water
A lot of cell phones A lot of water
few message = weinig berichten little water = weinig melk

Note: Note:
a few cars = een paar auto’s a little water = een beetje water
picture
PRACTICE Choose the correct answer. Click on the links below. You can get immediate feedback.
1. much, many 2. how much, how many 3. a few, a little 4. few, little
5.3 ARTICLES lidwoorden
There are two kinds of articles:

1. definite (bepaald lidwoord) In English: the in Dutch: de, het
2. indefinite articles (onbepaalde lidwoorden) In English: a or an in Dutch: een
picture picture
Definite article the

Rule: Use the for a specific person or thing (een bepaalde persoon, een bepaald ding).
The computers at our school are very modern.

The Red Bull racing car went through the corner at 200 miles an hour.
The prices of summer flights have gone up.
Pronunciation rules (regels voor uitspraak)

Rule 1:
the rhymes with Dutch de when the first sound of the word after the is a consonant (medeklinker).
43
Examples: the computers - the rent - the festival - the microwave

Rule 2:
the rhymes with Dutch die when the first sound of the word after the is a vowel (klinker):
Examples: the opening - the item - the event - the adventure – the upload
Note! the university say: joe-ni-vu-si-ti You say j at the beginning, so the rhymes with de (NL).
the upload You say u at the beginning, so the rhymes with die (NL)
When to use the and when not to you use the?

It is NOT always the same as in Dutch!
Do not use the Use the
When you talk about something abstract or When you talk about a specific person/thing:
something in general:
- Festivals are cool. - The 2016 Black Cross festival was awesome.
- I like sports. - The game was exciting.
- Business is slow. - The business I have just started is doing well.
- Friendship is important. - The hike we did in Twin Lakes Park was great.
For the functions of public buildings: Specific public buildings:
- School is out. - The school is nearby.
- We never go to church. - The church is now an office building.
For means of transport: A specific vehicle for transport:
- We go there by bus /by train/ by car. - The bus I took was crowded.
For meals: For musical instruments:
- I have breakfast at 7.30 h. - I play the piano.
- Lunch was served in the main hall.
For names of shops: I bought this at Tesco’s. (bij
Tesco)
Picture: Tesco is the most popular supermarket in Great-

Britain. Over the past years they have extended their
business with many product categories and developed a
large online service.
1. Choose between using the or not: multiple choice.
2. Decide whether to use the or not.
44
Indefinite article (onbepaald lidwoord) is a or an.
Words in
picture:
article =
lidwoord
singular =
enkelvoud
countable =
telbaar
consonant =
medeklinker
vowel =
klinker
When to use a and when to use the?

Rule 1: use a or an when you do not talk about a specific thing/person. (niet een bepaald ding of persoon)
Examples: I saw an accident. It is not yet clear to your audience what accident it was.
I saw the accident. It is clear what accident you mean; it was mentioned before.
Rule 2: a and an do not have a plural form. (geen meervoudsvorm)

Examples: I noticed a mistake. I noticed mistakes.
Pronunciation
Rule 1: When the first sound of the following word is a consonant, use a.
Examples: a computer - a dress - a lesson – a fire
Rule 2: When the first sound of the following word is a vowel (klinker), use an.
Examples: an offer - an item - an upload - an action
Note a university say: joe-ni-vu-si-ti You say j at the beginning, so use a.

an upload You say u at the beginning, so use an.
an hour say: ouwu (ou is a bit longer) You say ou at the beginning, so use an.
45
What’s different from Dutch? In English you use the indefinite article for:
Phrases of time and weight: - The bananas are $1.50 a pound and $2.65 a kilo.
- She works at the supermarket once a week.
- Max drove at 175 kilometres an hour.
- They go on holiday three times a year.
Saying what job someone has: - He’s a manager.

- I’m a nurse.
- She will be an actress some day.
After the words half and quite. - Nadine is quite a good athlete.
- He used half a pound of meat for the goulash.
Some expressions: - op grote schaal - on a large scale

- gedurende korte/lange tijd - for a short/long time
- hoofdpijn hebben - have a headache
When to use a, an or the ? Text with examples.
On Facebook there was an announcement posted by a student about a festival called Blow
Underground, that would be held at a secret location, with a special guest named Tofke. We wanted to
go to the festival, but we would only get to know the location after buying tickets. We bought them and
went to the festival, had a great time and the special guest was amazing.
an announcement: the reader doesn’t know what announcement.

a student: the reader doesn’t know who that is.
a festival: the reader doesn’t know what festival.
a secret location: the reader doesn’t know what location.
a special guest: the reader doesn’t know what special guest.
the festival: the reader knows what festival.
the location: the reader knows it is the location of the festival.
the festival: the reader knows what festival.
the special guest: the reader knows what special guest.
1. a/an 2. fill in: a/an/the/nothing 3. fill in: a/an/the/nothing 4. many/much
5. a few/little 6. plural nouns (meervoud van zelfstandige naamwoorden)

46
5.4 SELF-STUDY: some/any

You have seen how everything works, so now you can study something all by yourselves. The info,
video and PRACTICE will help you.
Info: http://wp.digischool.nl/engels/oefenen/grammatica/grammatica-over-woorden/some-of-any/
PRACTICE: http://oud.digischool.nl/en/grammatica/someany-vraag.htm
Video multi-functional exercise

PRACTICE speaking, vocabulary and grammar: Click on the picture. 8 m. You can get immediate
feedback.
Grammar: some or any.

Vocabulary: vegetables (groenten), fruit, colours.
First say the sentences aloud, then listen and read, then repeat.
Also fill in the gaps and choose some or any.
Overview
Source http://www.decodeweb.net/academia/blog/lesson-1-determiners/
If you expect yes as an answer, use some.

If you don’t know or you expect no as an answer, use any.
In a negative sentence, use any.

47
6. PRONOUNS voornaamwoorden
For a quick overview of pronouns in a Powerpoint: press Click here

Good info, good examples, short texts.
Picture: Overview of personal pronouns
Pronoun =
voornaamwoord
subject =
onderwerp
object =
lijdend voorwerp,
meewerkend
voorwerp of
voorzetsel voorwerp
possessive =
bezittelijk
adjective =
bijvoeglijk
naamwoord
reflexive
=wederkerend
Note on spelling: Their = hun They’re = they are There = daar, er
48
6.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS

picture with example
Replace = vervangen
Avoid = vermijden
Them replaces onions.

It replaces French.
Another example: Francine gives her coat to Tim. She gives it to him.
Info She, her, it, him are personal pronouns (persoonlijke voornaamwoorden).
Pronouns replace nouns. (Voornaamwoorden vervangen zelfstandige naamwoorden.)
She subject het onderwerp

Her shows possession geeft bezit aan
It object het lijdend voorwerp
Him indirect object meewerkend voorwerp
Example: He lends me his cell phone; I have left mine at home.

Info: He personal pronoun for the subject.
His possessive pronoun
Me personal pronoun for the indirect object
Mine independent possessive pronoun (zelfstandig bezittelijk voornaamwoord)
Video 1 press Click here.

3m24s animation: listen and read, personal and possessive pronouns are underlined.
Video 2 press Ctrl and click here.

info on pronouns + how to use them in a text 5 m. very useful
1. Personal pronouns: click here. I, you, we, they, etc.

2. Reflexive pronouns: click here. Myself, yourself, themselves, etc.
3. Relative pronouns: click here. Who, which, whose or no pronoun
4. Demonstrative pronouns: click here. This, these
5. fill in the possessive pronoun: my, their, our, etc.
49
6.2 POSSESSION: 5 ways to show possession, belonging (bezit, horen bij).
1. Use the possessive pronoun: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their. Use its for animals or things.
Examples: The car lost its bumper. Have you read this book? Its author is Italian.
Note: it’s means it is: It’s party time.
2. Use the independent possessive pronoun (onafhankelijk bezittelijk voornaamwoord):

Option 1 Examples: Is that her drone? No, it’s mine. is van mij / de mijne.
Is this my seat? Yes, it’s yours. de jouwe / de uwe.
Are these photos yours? No, they’re hers. de hare / van haar.
Are those your boats? No, they’re his. de zijne / van hem
The money is ours. Het geld is van ons.

Those surfboards are yours. Die surfboards zijn van jullie.
The prize is theirs. De prijs is van hun / de hunne.
Option 2 Examples Jonah is a friend of mine. Have you heard that new idea of Chris’?
Have you heard that new idea of Chris’s?
3. Place ’s at the end of the word: 4 options.
Info: ‘ is called apostrophe (say: u – pho – stru - fie).
Option 1: Use ‘s for people, animals, countries and organisations or groups.

Examples: Ronny’s car. The boss’s ambitions. The horse’s mouth. Belgium’s soccer team.
But: Use only ‘ for plurals ending on –s . Examples: The horses’ stables. The buyers’ feedback.
And: Use ‘s or ‘ for names ending on –s. Example: Chris’s friend or Chris’ friend (say: kri –siz)
Note the difference: animals‘ = van de dieren Example: Animals’ rights are important.
animal’s = van het dier Example: The animal’s condition was fine.
Option 2: Use ‘s in the following way: It wasn’t Akwu’s or

Example: This bike is Sandra’s and that one is Susan’s. Young’s victory; it
was Usain Bolts’s.
Option 3: Use ‘s for time:
Examples: a day’s work, tomorrow’s fashion.
Option 4: Use ‘s for a building – but only if you don’t mention the building itself.
Examples: I’ll see you at Mark’s. bij Mark thuis
I am going to Tesco’s. naar de Tesco
I saw my neighbor at the baker’s. bij de bakker
4. Use of to show possession or belonging: 4 rules

Rule 1: Use of for things. Examples: the soup of the day, the colours of the rainbow
Rule 2: of for weights and quantity (gewicht, hoeveelheid) Examples: a pint of beer, an ounce of weed
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Rule 3: of for geographical names (geografische namen)

Examples: the isle of Wight the port of Lisbon the district of Columbia the city of Breda
Not for rivers: the river Thames, the river Seine, the river Ganges
Rule 4: Use of after: month, company, sort, kind, type
Examples: the month of November the company of Microsoft this kind of music
5. Use nouns only to show possession or belonging. (alleen zelfstandig naamwoorden)

Examples: student holiday package vakantiepakket voor studenten
summer holiday job zomervakantiebaan
online savings account digitale spaarrekening
the 505-day journey de reis van 505 dagen
Apostrophes are used for possession (bezit) and for contraction (samentrekking)
Apostrophes are NOT used to make plurals (meervoud). one worker – several workers
Words that can be confusing

1: you’re = you are You’re breaking my heart. = You are breaking my heart.
your = jouw It’s your turn to do the dishes.
2. they’re = they are

their = hun, van hun
there = daar, er
picture: example in sentence ->
3: it’s = it is It’s never too late for a drink.

its = possession The cat licks its paws (pootjes).
1. ’s or s’ – one or more than one scroll to the bottom of the page to see the quiz
2. possessive pronouns scroll to the bottom of the page
3. independent possessive pronouns
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6.3 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS aanwijzende voornaamwoorden
Examples
This is my phone, and that is yours. Dit is mijn telefoon, en dat is de jouwe.
These are new cartridges, and those are old ones. Dit zijn nieuwe cartridges en dat zijn de oude.
Different from Dutch

Picture: different forms for singular and plural (enkelvoud en meervoud)
Compare with Dutch ‘deze hond’ – ‘deze honden’

‘die hond’ - ‘die honden’
Video Click here 2 m.
1. Choose the right demonstrative pronoun (aanwijzend voornaamwoord) multiple choice
2. Fill in the right pronoun (voornaamwoord)

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6.4 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS wederkerende voornaamwoorden
picture: example with myself picture: example with themselves
Which words?
The underlined words are the SAME person/thing. The bold words are the reflexive pronouns.
I have only myself to blame.

Did you treat yourself to a large ice cream?
Arthur congratulated himself with his success.
Linda sent herself a copy.
My cat sees itself in the mirror.
We are enjoying ourselves. (hebben het naar ons zin)

Can you help yourselves? (jezelf bedienen)
They canlook after themselves. (op zichzelf passen, voor zichzelf zorgen) picture: Cat sees itself.
English verbs with reflexive pronouns

Verbs often used with a reflexive pronoun in English:
to enjoy oneself zich amuseren

to convince oneself zichzelf overtuigen
to encourage oneself zichzelf moed inspreken
picture: He is enjoying himself.

Reflexive pronouns can also be used for emphasis.
Een wederkerend voornaamwoord kan ook gebruikt worden om de nadruk op iets te leggen.
Example: You cooked this lovely dinner yourself? Wow!
He himself created this beautiful film.
The tourists themselves said it had been a great experience.
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Video reflexive
pronouns: Click here.
5m. good info, good
examples, also info on
common mistakes.
Different from Dutch:

Dutch use more reflexive verbs than English. The English verbs below seldom take a reflexive pronoun.
(De werkwoorden hieronder krijgen in het Engels zeer zelden een wederkerend voornaamwoord.)
picture
Zich aankleden = to dress zich haasten = to hurry
She dresses. They hurry to work.
Zij kleedt zich aan. Zij haasten zich naar
het werk.
picture
zich concentreren = zich zorgen maken =
to concentrate to worry
picture
He concentrates on They don’t worry.
the chess board. Zij maken zich geen
Hij concentreert zich
op het schaakbord.
picture picture
zich wassen = to wash zich herinneren = remember
He took the soap and I don’t remember his name.

started to wash. Ik herinner me zijn naam niet.
Hij pakte de zeep en begon zich te wassen.
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1. Type the correct form of the reflexive pronoun for each sentence.
2. Type the correct word in the boxes
3. Rewrite the following sentences and use a reflexive pronoun.
Example:
John made us dinner. Answer: John himself made us dinner.
John made us dinner himself.
1. My sister ate the whole pie.

2. We washed the clothes.
3. If you want a drink, please get it.
4. I asked Clint for the milk, and he told me to get it.
5. We told our guests that they could get something to eat.

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6.5 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS (vragende voornaamwoorden) or question-words
Picture with list of question words
Interrogative (say: in – thu – ro – gu – thiv)
Examples of questions starting with a question-word. (And not with a verb-werkwoord).

Use:
Who will be European champion? who for the subject in the question (onderwerp)
Who/whom did you interview? who or whom for the direct object (lijdend voorwerp)
Who will he give the gold medal to? who or whom for the indirect object (meewerkend vw.)
Whose glass is this? whose to ask about possession (bezit, horen bij).
Which holiday is cheapest? which for a limited choice (beperkte keus) for non-persons.
What is the solution? what for non-persons, if the question is totally open.
Why did Richard leave? why to ask for a reason.
How will you solve this? how to ask for a way in which something is done.
There is a limited choice. Use which.
Examples with prepositions (voorzetsels)
Where are you from? Waar kom je vandaan? Waar ben je geboren?
With whom are you going out? Met wie ga je uit?
Who(m) are you going out with?
What are you looking for? Waar zoek je naar?
What is he playing with? Waar speelt hij mee? Waarmee speelt hij?
Who turned off the lights? Wie heeft de lichten uitgedaan? Wie deed de lichten uit?
Who turned the lights off?
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Rule: In a question that starts with a question-word, the preposition often comes after the verb.
In een vraag met een vragend voornaamwoord komt het voorzetsels vaak achter het werkwoord.
Video Ctrl+click here. 5m29 Info on wh-questions.
Interrogative pronoun = vragend voornaamwoord

Noun = zelfstandig naamwoord
Substitute = vervangen
The info is good, but it is a bit strange that the teacher

uses a big stick and taps it on the whiteboard.
PRACTICE Question words: who, where, when, why, what, how, how much, how many.
You can get immediate feedback.
1. Click here.
Opdracht: vraag naar het onderstreepte deel van de

zin. Example: 
2. Same kind of exercise. Click here. More difficult than exercise 1.
3. wh-questions with simple past Click here.

Example
Interrogative = vragend voornaamwoord
Bold = vetgedrukt
Opdracht: vraag naar het dik gedrukte deel van de
zin. Answer: What did she push?
4. Write a question for each of the answers, and use a question word.
a. I take the bus to get to work.

b. It is in Germany.
c. I prefer coffee, but I like both.
d. I want to go to Boston on holiday.
e. My house has three bedrooms.
f. I earn €1500 a month.
g. Because I’m allergic.
h. It is in March.
i. She’s a famous singer. back to table of contents
57
6.6 RELATIVE PRONOUNS betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden
Interrogative and relative pronouns are very similar. (relative: say re – lu – thiv)
(Vragende en betrekkelijke voornaamwoorden lijken erg op elkaar.)
Overview
Relative
clause =
bijzin
Refer to =
verwijzen
naar
Particular
place =
een bepaalde
plaats
Info The sentences in the right column are examples of complex sentences.
Who for persons who are the subject (het onderwerp)

Who/whom for persons who are an object (lijdend, meewerkend of voorzetsel voorwerp)
Whose for persons who own something
Which for non-persons
Where only for places
That replaces who, whom or which in certain sentences
Examples with the dependent clause (bijzin) underlined.

Sven Kramer, who is the world champion, has a new team.
Sven Kramer, die wereldkampioen is, heeft een nieuw team.
I didn’t get the documents which John was talking about.

Ik heb de documenten waarover John sprak niet ontvangen.
Different from Dutch: use where only when you refer to a place. Otherwise use that, who(m), or which.
Gebruik where alleen als je naar een plaats verwijst.
Optional: video Click here.

6 m. info in Dutch, clear explanation, compares English to Dutch,
practical tips, good info
58
Optional: Infographics

59
7. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
(BIJVOEGLIJKE NAAMWOORDEN EN BIJWOORDEN)
7.1 ADJECTIVES bijvoeglijke naamwoorden

Adjectives tell us something about nouns (zelfstandige naamwoorden).
(adjectives: say: e – dzjuk –tivz e is between Dutch a- and e-sound)
Example: He played with a soft ball.
Picture: Different kinds of adjectives (bijvoeglijke naamwoorden)
How many few, five, several

What color blue, black, red
What size tiny, huge, average
How someone behaves kind, fearful, annoying
How someone or something looks pretty, ugly
How someone or something sounds loud, quiet
How something feels soft, rough
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7.2 ADVERBS bijwoorden
Adverbs tell us something about: Examples Really says something about

1. verbs (werkwoorden) Do you really believe this? believe
2. adjectives (bijvoeglijke naamwoorden) That was a really good story. good
3. another adverb (bijwoord) He played really weakly. weakly
4. a part of a sentence ( zinsdeel) Really, Iceland beat England. whole sentence
Overview of
different
kinds of
adverbs
Different from Dutch In Dutch the adverb and the adjective look the same. In English the adverbs
generally look different.
Rule for regular adverbs: add –ly to the adjective.:

quick – quickly, nice – nicely, delicious - deliciously
Examples of adverbs of manner 

Can you pronounce these words?
Examples of adverbs that say something about an

adjective.
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Spelling of adverbs with – ly
adjective adverb spelling tips for pronunciation

dangerous dangerously
nice nicely
horrible horribly drop –e say: ho – ru – bli
careful carefully double l say: kheu – fu-li
easy easily y turns into ie
electric electrically add –ally
Irregular adverb forms (say: i – re – gju – lu)
1. Adjective good: He is a good snooker player. Adverb well: He plays snooker very well.
2. Some words are the same as adjective and as adverb:
adjective adverb
Fast That was a fast throw. She was driving fast.
Note
Early We had an early dinner. I get up early every day.
lowly = bescheiden
Low I bought it at a low price. The plane is flying low. hardly = nauwelijks
Hard It was hard work. We worked hard. lately = pas nog, onlangs
Late The train was late. We arrived late. my late husband = mijn overleden
man
Irregular forms of the adjective (bijvoeglijk naamwoord)
friendly, silly, lonely and ugly are adjectives and do not have an adverb form.
Video 1 Press Click on here. 4m. clear, not too fast,

nice toons
62
Video 2 Adjectives and adverbs Press Ctrl and click here. 4m57
teacher explains well, uses whiteboard
Position of adverbs in the sentence Three options:

1. At the beginning of the sentence.
Examples: Hurriedly we got into line for the customs. Hurriedly = gehaast
Carefully he blew up the balloons.
2. For a sentence with one verb: between the subject (het onderwerp) and the verb (het werkwoord).
Examples: We hurriedly got into line for the customs.
He carefully blew up the balloons.
For a sentence with more than one verb: after the first auxiliary (hulpwerkwoord).
Examples: We had hurriedly got into line for the customs, after we arrived at the airport.
He was carefully blowing up the balloons, when we arrived. picture
3. At the end of the sentence.

Examples: We got into line for the customs hurriedly.
He blew up the balloons carefully.
Order of adverbs
Rule: With more adverbs at the end of the sentence, the order is: manner (how) – place – time.
Examples: Murray won the match luckily at Wimbledon this morning.
We received our diplomas happily at the ceremony yesterday.
Note: Chapter 2 of this Grammar Guide gives the rules for words like: always, sometimes, never, often.
Some verbs, the linking verbs, take an adjective.

Sommige werkwoorden, de koppelwerkwoorden, krijgen een bijvoeglijk naamwoord.
To be We were happy. We waren gelukkig.

Seem They seem honest people. Het lijken eerlijke mensen.
Appear He appears joyful. Hij lijkt blij.
Remain He remained proud of his book. Hij bleef trots op zijn boek.
Get They are getting hopeful. Ze worden hoopvol.
Grow He grew excited. Hij werd enthousiast.
Prove The exercises proved easy. De oefening bleek gemakkelijk.
Feel / Look He feels / looks good. Hij voelt zich goed / ziet er goed uit.
Smell / Taste The cake smelled / tasted delicious. De taart rook / smaakte heerlijk.
1. Fill in the correct adjective or adverb. 2. Fill in the correct adjective or adverb.
3. Place the adverb at the right spot in the sentence. 4. Fill in the correct form of the adverb:
back to table of contents regular and irregular forms
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7.3 COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE (vergrotende en overtreffende trap)

To compare people or things with one another, use the comparative form and the superlative form (de
vergrotende en de overtreffende trap).
Comparative say: khum – phe – ru – thiv (say a short h after k, p, t)

Superlative say: soe - phu –lu – thiv (u in phu iets langer maken)
Picture: short
and long
adjectives
(bijvoeglijke
naamwoorden)
Three rules
1. For short words:
Add er for the comparative form (de vergrotende trap): tall taller
Add est for the superlative form ( de overtreffende trap): tall tallest
Examples: Will is tall, but Mo is taller and John is the tallest of the three.
Spelling: big -> bigger, wet -> wetter, sad -> sadder
hungry -> hungrier, happy -> happier
large -> larger, safe -> safer
Picture:
big, bigger, biggest
Picture: happy, happier, happiest
64
2. For longer words and words ending in –ly:

Use more for the comparative form: This painting is more expensive than that one.
He shares more generously than before.
Use most for the superlative form: She is the most helpful person I know.
Nadine is the most athletically built woman of
the team.
3. For words ending in ed, ing, less, ous and ful: always use more or most .
Examples
Kevin dances more gracefully than Matt She is the most graceful dancer on the stage.
She took the exam more seriously the second time. She is more serious now than last time.
Note: use than and NOT then. Then means at that moment, or: after that.
Note: He is just as tall as me. NL: Hij is even groot als ik.
Irregular forms
PRACTICE 1 Click on the link below. You can get immediate feedback.
multiple choice: pick the right form
Video + info + PRACTICE 2: video is 3m24s

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8. MODALS
CAN, COULD, WILL, MUST , HAVE TO , MAY, MIGHT , SHOULD
cartoon can: kunnen should: zou moeten could: zou kunnen
Modals are a special kind of verb.
1. Don’t use an extra s for he, she or it in the present tense.

Example: He can walk. WRONG: He cans walk.
2. In questions put the modal before the subject (onderwerp):

Examples: Can you give me my pen? Would you recommend this product?
3. Use not for the negative form.

Example: She will not come. Contraction (verkorte vorm): She won’t come.
Exceptions (uitzondering): have to, used to

Do we have to leave now? We don’t have to go by car, we can take the train..
Did she use to have long hair? She didn’t use to have long hair.
4. Often modals cannot be used in the past or future tense. You need another verb.
WRONG: He will can walk. WRONG: He musted leave.
CORRECT: He will be able to walk. CORRECT: He had to leave.
picture: example of must picture: example of mustn’t

66
Video Click here. 2m45s.
Info Click on the links below:

powerpoint with basic info, info in Dutch
must, might, could, can’t
must, might, could, may, can’t
have to, must, should
may, could, can
Words for grammar

probability = waarschijnlijkheid, hoe zeker is het dat iets zo is
ability = kunnen, in staat zijn
obligation = moeten
lack of obligation = niet hoeven
permission = mogen
Overview
WILL I will go home tomorrow. Intent/future possibility

USED TO We used to go to the beach often. Old habit
67
Exercise: Which modal verbs are there in the cartoon? Wat do they mean?
cartoon
For the past, the future, and for questions, some modals need another verb.
Present Past Future
I can speak Chinese.
My grandfather could speak My son will be able to speak
In staat zijn,
Chinese. Chinese soon.
bekwaam zijn,
kunnen I am able to climb a
I was able to climb a mountain. I will be able to climb a mountain.
moutain.
Can you help me? Yes, I I was able to help you yesterday. I can help you tomorrow.
De mogelijk- can.
heid hebben
Finally we have arrived; Finally we had arrived; now we We will arrive tomorrow; then we
om….., kunnen
now we can relax. could relax. can relax./will be able to relax.
You may kiss the bride. You were allowed to kiss the You will be allowed to kiss the
Mogen
You can kiss the bride. bride. bride.
They must get to the top of
the mountain. They had to get to the top of the They will have to get to the top of
Moeten
They have to get down mountain. the mountain.
from the mountain.
You may not sail alone. You were not allowed to sail You will not be allowed to sail
Niet mogen
You mustn’t sail alone. alone. alone.
Zou moeten You should take care of the You should have taken care of the
dog. dog.
Zou niet moeten
You shouldn’t jet-ski alone. You shouldn’t have jet-skied
alone.
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Common mistake:
Rule 1: For a future possibility (een mogelijkheid in de toekomst), use may, might or could.
Examples: It may rain. It might rain. It could rain. WRONG: It can rain today.
Rule 2: For a general truth (een algemene waarheid), use can. Example: Summers can be very hot.
1. can, cannot, could, couldn’t, should, would, must, mustn’t: pick the right answer, multiple choice:
2. can, could, be able to
3. mustn’t, don’t have to, doesn’t have to
4. must, can’t
5. can, could, may, might: fill in the right word, multiple choice
6. reading text with multiple choice questions to fill in the gaps
Infographic

69
9. FUTURE TENSE
TOEKOMENDE TIJD
Talking about the future You can use:
1. will + verb (werkwoord) Example: I think Novak Djokovic will win the US Open.
I will do the cooking today.
Info: You think something will happen in the future, or you have the intention to do something in the
future. (intention = bedoeling)
2. (be) going to + verb Example: He is going to leave tomorrow.

Info: Going to shows there is a plan, you are more certain about the future than when you use will.
3. present progressive (duurvorm tegenwoordige tijd) Example: I am leaving tomorrow.

Info: This shows that something is arranged or organized. It is a bit more certain than going to.
However, there is just a small difference between I am going to leave. and I am leaving tomorrow.
4. simple present (onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd)

Info: Something is organised, it is scheduled, it is certain that it will happen.
Example: The concert starts at 7 p.m. tomorrow night.
So from option 1 to option 4 things become more certain. Option 5 is used in a different way.
5. future progressive (duurvorm toekomende tijd)

Info: At a point in the future something is going on.
Examples: Tomorrow at three o’clock I will be jogging in the park. 

Half an hour from now I will be taking my exam.
Picture with example
Video 5m32 info in Dutch, not too fast, good info Click here.
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Extra info on Going to

Picture with example: to be + going to + verb Table with examples
Exercise 1 Fill in a correct form of the future.

1. I’m afraid we (never know) why she gave a million euros away.
2. If you mow the lawn, you (be) my star.
3. They (have) another baby in three months.
4. We (leave) tomorrow for Mallorca.
Exercise 2 Translate (vertaal) and use a correct form of the future.

1. Het wordt al gauw beter weer. (vertaal wordt met de juiste vorm van to be).
2. Ik eet die chocolade op, denk ik.
3. Ik bel je zeker vanavond.
4. Translate: Ik bel je als ik aankom.
5. We gaan rondreizen in Mexico volgende zomer.
6. Hoe laat komt het vliegtuig aan in Rio?
7. We geven haar bloemen als ze de baan krijgt.
7. We krijgen volgende week een nieuwe auto. Ik denk dat die beter is dan de vorige. (the last one)
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10. COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES
SAMENGESTELDE EN COMPLEXE ZINNEN

Intro
Use shorter and longer sentences in speaking and writing. It will make your text more interesting.
Picture: Audience is bored.
Text: WRONG STYLE

We went to Washington. We hired a car. We went to a hotel. But the hotel was dirty. We went to
another hotel. It was better. We had breakfast. And then we went into town. We saw nice buildings.
We liked it.
Tips:
- Less repetition of words: use pronouns (it, he, which, who, etc.) or use different words.
- Use long and short sentences.
- Use variation in grammar.
- Use words to merge (samenvoegen) sentences: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. (FANBOYS)
Improved text:
We hired a car to go to Washington. When we arrived, we looked for a hotel, but the first one we
found was dirty, so we decided to look for another one. The second hotel was better, so we spent the
night there and had breakfast. After that a visit to town was planned, and we saw beautiful buildings,
which made quite an impression on us.
Compound sentences samengestelde zinnen

In a compound sentence two sentences are merged into one.
Two options:
- use a semicolon ; Example: Aisha gave him a present; he opened it quickly.
- use a comma + conjunction (voegwoord) Example: She went to bed, but she couldn’t sleep.
Note: PUT A COMMA BEFORE FANBOY-WORDS
More examples: see next page.

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Examples of compound sentences samengestelde zinnen
FANBOYS Dutch What does it mean? FANBOYS glue sentences together. Use a COMMA before the fanboy.
for want, gives a reason She had a present for Darryl, for it was his birthday.
omdat (geeft een reden)
Dogs can be great helpers, for they are very trainable.
and en addition He organized a surprise party for her birthday, and she loved it.
(toevoeging)
We arrived at the cinema early, and we got the best seats.
nor en ook addition to a They don’t sell strawberries, nor do they have bananas.
niet, en negative
ook geen I have never visited Berlin, nor have I been to Warsaw.
but maar contrast We arrived at the cinema late, but we still got good seats.
Said won the race, but the number two was very close.
Or of options Should Drew continue his studies, or should he get a job?
Yet toch contrast His Volkswagen bus is old, yet it still functions well.
Laila likes motor driving, yet she sold her motorbike.
So dus logical I have spent too much money, so I can’t go out this weekend.
consequence
(logisch gevolg) No one could go with me, so I went to Berlin alone.
Tip
Words like ‘coordinating conjunction’ and ‘nevenschikkend voegwoord’ are not so important.
We mention them because in the videos and instructions for exercises you will probably see and hear
them.
Our goal here is that you use good sentences, in this case compound sentences, as they are called.
Videos
Video 1 Press Click here.
3m29s
You hear and see the text of Justin Bieber’s “Baby” with
examples of compound and complex sentences.
Also you hear and see some info on compound and complex
sentences.
73
Video 2 Press Click here.
5m50
Spoken info (English) with examples in the video.
Good tips for making compound sentences.
Discusses the FANBOYS. Good info. Worth looking at! Maybe twice.
Info: coordinating conjunction = nevenschikkend voegwoord (such as the FANBOYS)

Use it to make one sentence out of two sentences that are about the same person or thing.
merge = samenvoegen additional = extra
PRACTICE Click on the links below.

1. Multiple choice: pick the right word: and, or, but, so
2. Multiple choice: pick the right conjunction (voegwoord)

– FANBOYS
Scroll down a bit to see the exercise.
3. Write compound sentences yourself.

You need to scroll down a bit to see the exercise.
USEFUL AND IMPORTANT EXERCISE

74
11. CONDITIONALS
VOORWAARDELIJKE ZINNEN
Picture: examples of 1st, 2nd and 3rd conditionals.

Overview of if-clauses that are used most.
DEPENDENT MAIN CLAUSE Examples What does it mean?

CLAUSE (bijzin) (hoofdzin)
0. Present tense Present tense When Halina goes out, she often It is a fact. You can use when
(tegenwoordige (tegenwoordige goes dancing. or if.
tijd) tijd) If Halina goes out, she often goes
dancing.
1. Present tense Future tense If you leave me now, you’ll take away Probable (waarschijnlijk)
the very heart of me. (famous song)
2. Past tense Would + verb If Gary knew the answer to that Unreal or highly improbable.
(werkwoord) question, he would tell you. (niet reëel, onwaarschijnlijk)
3. Past perfect tense Would have + If Marisol had left later, she would Unreal past. Didn’t happen.
(voltooid verleden verb have missed her ride. Imaginary (ingebeeld).
tijd)
Note: Conditionals are examples of complex sentences.

75
If-clause can be at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.

The tenses (de tijden van het werkwoord) stay the same.
If I don’t sleep enough, I get very grumpy. I get very grumpy if I don’t sleep enough.
If you leave me now, I will be sad. I wil be sad if you leave me now.
If I knew the answer, I would tell you. I would tell you if I knew the answer.
Note: Different modals can be used in conditionals.

Examples: If we go to the cinema tonight, you can drive the car.
I might go with you, if I had money.
If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished my work on time.
I couldn’t have finished my work on time, if you hadn’t helped me.
1. If + present simple 2. If + past simple 3. If + past perfect

+ future + would + verb + would have + 3rd form
the verb
Exercises conditionals
Click on the links below.
1. First conditional
2. Second conditional
3. Third conditional
4. Mixed conditionals
5. Mixed conditionals + exceptions
Picture: A story of conditionals

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12. PAST PERFECT TENSE
VOLTOOID VERLEDEN TIJD
12.1 PAST PERFECT TENSE

Info In the 3rd conditional, you see a past perfect tense.
Example: If they had left earlier, they would have missed my phone call.
When do we use the past perfect?

1. When two things happened in the past, but not at the same time, with the first event being
complete. Use the past perfect for what happened first.
Past participle = 3 rd
form of the verb
= voltooid deelwoord
Examples When I arrived at the station, the train had just left.
The train had just left when I arrived at the station.
Before we got married, we had bought a house.
We had bought a house, before we got married.
2. In the 3 rd conditional with if.
If Obama hadn’t won the elections, he wouldn’t have become president.

Obama wouldn’t have become president, if he hadn’t won the elections.
If I had seen him yesterday at work, I would have asked him about the incident.
I would have asked him about the incident, if I had seen him yesterday at work.
How do you make a past perfect?

Use had + 3rd form of the verb.
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Video Past Perfect 1m27 short animation with two clear examples
Picture: two actions after another in the past
Exercises Past Perfect Click on the links below.

1. Fill in the verb in the correct form of the past perfect.

2. Fill in the verbs (werkwoorden) in the correct tense. One of the verbs should be in the past
perfect.

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12.2 INDIRECT SPEECH
Examples:
Direct speech Indirect speech
Andrew says: ‘I want to take a taxi.’ Zarif tells me that Andrew wants to take a taxi.
Zarif told me that Andrew wanted to take a taxi.
Zarif has told me that Andrew wanted to take a taxi.
Reporting verb: tell is the so-called reporting verb in the examples above. There are many
reporting verbs. See below for some examples. You can click on here if you want to see more.
Examples of reporting verbs followed by that. In informal English you can leave that out.
REPORTING VERBS + that Note: tell is always followed by an indirect object (meewerkend
voorwerp)
say that
tell someone that
CORRECT: I’m telling you that …..
answer that
WRONG: I’m telling that ….
believe that
think that
know that
promise that
boast that
announce that
(aankondigen dat)
find out that
write that
hear that
prove that
explain that
complain that
remember that (zich
herinneren dat)
reveal that (onthullen)
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Picture from slide show, 9

slides, good info, click
here.
Use indirect speech: to report something that someone said before (eerder).
How to use the tenses in indirect speech

if the reporting verb is in the past, the verb in the indirect speech changes to a past form.
Examples with changes from present to past form

Andy likes this house. Andy answered that he liked that house.
The course is nice. The students thought that the course was nice.
Mark boasts: ‘I can earn a lot of money.’ Mark boasted that he could earn a lot of money.
They may leave late. I found out that they might leave late.
We will leave tomorrow. Mom promised that we would leave tomorrow.
Examples without changes in the verb tense (de tijd van het werkwoord)
1. past perfect tense in direct speech
Examples: We took the train, because our car had broken down.
We explained that we had taken the train, because our car had broken down.
2. modals past tense: would, could, might, should in direct speech.

Examples: We might buy a new car. Our friends knew that we might buy a new car.
I would like to meet Paul. Trishia answered that she would like to meet Paul.
3. present and future tense in reporting verb.

Examples: I want to play. She says that she wants to play.
We need some money. He says that he needs some money.
Tip: Often you will use indirect speech correctly without really thinking about it.
80
Changes of place, time or pronoun in indirect speech.

Examples: Sara wrote in her e-mail: ‘I finished my book yesterday.’
Sara wrote that he had finished his book the day before.
Brenda promised: ‘I will be here tomorrow.’

She promised that she would be there the next day.
My parents announced: ‘We will buy the car next week from this dealer.’
They announced that they would buy the car the next week from that dealer.
Roald passed his driving test last week.

We found out that Roald had passed his driving test the week before.
Questions in indirect speech: two kinds of questions.
1. Examples with question words
Picture: indirect speech past tense
Who is making noise? He asked who was making noise. NOT: …who noise was making.
When will you leave? He asked when we would leave. NOT: … when would we leave.
Where do they live? He asked where they lived.
What do you need? He wondered what she needed.
2. Yes-no questions: use if

Are you tired? He asked me if I was tired.
Would you like to go? He asked me if I would like to go.
Can I help you? He asked me if he could help me.
Will I see you later? He asked me if he would see later.
Note: instead of if, you can also use whether.

Picture: indirect speech with if
Two rules for will (future) after if:
1. For indirect speech: With a reporting verb in the present, use the future tense in a yes/no
question starting with if.
Examples: She doubts if she will get the job. We don’t know if she will get the job.
2. For conditionals: You generally do NOT use the future tense after if.
Examples: I’ll buy this car, if I get rich. If I get home on time, I’ll do the cooking.
Exercise: 1. click here. 2. Click here. 3. Click here.

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13. PASSIVE SENTENCES
ZINNEN IN DE LIJDENDE VORM
Picture: examples active voice and passive voice
How to make a passive sentence?

Look at this active sentence: Ann kicks the ball. Subject = Ann Object = the ball.
To make the sentence passive: switch subject and object, then use the righ form to be + the 3rd
from of the verb + by:
The ball is kicked by Ann. (De bal wordt geschopt door Ann.)
Note: Use to be for the passive in English. In a passive, to be means: worden. However, in the
perfect tense it means zijn. See below.
Passive forms in different tenses verb: build – built - built
Picture: Simple present

Een huis wordt gebouwd door Peter.
Picture: Simple past

Een huis werd gebouwd door Peter.
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Picture: Present Perfect

voltooid tegenwoordige tijd
Een huis is gebouwd door Peter.
Picture: Future tense

Een huis zal gebouwd worden door
Peter.
Negative sentences and questions in the passive

Active: My brother closes the door. Mijn broer sluit de deur.
Passive: The door is closed by my brother. De deur wordt gesloten door mijn broer.
(NOT: is gesloten).
Question: Is the door closed by my brother? Wordt de deur gesloten door mijn broer?
(NOT: Is de deur gesloten).
Negative: The door is not closed by my brother. De deur wordt niet gesloten door mijn broer.
(NOT: is niet gesloten).
When to use the passive:
subject = onderwerp
obvious = duidelijk
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Video 7m Click here.

good examples, explanation is very practical, info is in Dutch
Note: In most passive sentences by + object is left out.
In the passive, the focus is more on the action or

who/what undergoes the action, and less on who/what
performs the action.
Exercises Passive Click on the links below. You can get immediate feedback.
1. Make a passive.
2. Make a passive in the present simple.
3. Make a passive in the past simple.
4. Word order in questions in the passive.

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APPENDIX PHRASAL VERBS ( WERKWOORDEN MET EEN VAST VOORZETSEL ): A SELECTION
Bring about cause to happen Hillary has brought about big changes.
start talking about a subject She brought up the subject of health
insurance.
Bring up raise a child We have brought up two daughters.
Call for require, need This calls for more backup.

Call off cancel They called off the meeting.
Carry on continue They carried on as usual.

Carry out make, do, perform We carried out her orders.
Come about happen How did this come about?

Come across find / meet by chance I came across this old book.
Come up happen A problem has come up.
Come up with produce She came up with the solution.
Fall behind be too late, too slow They fell behind in production.
Fall out have a row We have fallen out.
Fall through fail The plans fell through.
Get away with escape (punishment) He got away with cheating.

Get by manage We get by with little money.
Go along with agree I can go along with your plan.

Go over inspect details Let’s go over our plan now.
Go with match This shirt matches your pants.
Keep up with be fast enough, good enough He drove fast to keep up with the other car.
Look after take care of He is looking after the children.

Look down on feel superior to They look down on people with less money.
Look for try to find I looked for my ring.
Look into investigate Let’s look into this case.
Look up find info on I looked it up on the Internet.
Make up tell a lie He made the story up; it isn’t true.

Make up for make right Let me make up for my mistake.
Put off postpone The meeting was postponed till Tuesday.

Put up with tolerate, accept I won’t put up with these results.
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Run after chase He ran after me, but I could escape.

Run into collide (botsen) She ran into the lamppost (lantaarnpaal).
find or meet by chance I ran into this old book.
Run something by check if it’s okay We must run this by the manager.
Run out use up everything We’ve run out of money.
Run someone over drive over Mo ran over the cat by accident.
Take after look like, be similar She takes after her dad.
Take in understand He didn’t really take it in; it was too much.
Take off begin flight The plane is taking off.
Take to develop a habit She takes to drinking.
Take something up with discuss with I’ll take it up with my boss.
Turn down make lower, less Turn the light down.

reject (afwijzen) He turned down the proposal (voorstel).
Turn up make higher, more Turn up the sound, will you?
appear, show up He turned up too late.
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English Grammar Guide

Find examples, info, links to short videos and slide

Avans University of Applied Sciences

How to use this guide

TABLE OF CONTENTS Inhoudsopgave

8 2. Word order 2.1 Basic sentences

12 3. Prepositions 3.1 At, on, in

35 5. Nouns, articles, much-many, little-few

46 6. Pronouns 6.1 Personal pronouns persoonlijke voornaamwoorden

59 7. Adjectives and adverbs 7.1 Adjectives bijvoeglijke naamwoorden

66 8. Modals soort hulpwerkwoorden

81 13. Passive (simple forms) eenvoudige passieve vorm

1. TALKING ABOUT THE PRESENT (TEGENWOORDIGE TIJD)

In English you can talk about the present in different ways.

1.1 PRESENT SIMPLE (onvoltooid tegenwoordige tijd)

Ik werk I work Do I work? I do not work don’t work

Example plural (meervoud)

Rule for questions and negative sentences

Rule for imperative gebiedende wijs

Words for grammar

Video Ctrl+click here for the video. 5 min.

Picture Present Simple

 The penguin swims.

1. arrange words and make sentences in the simple present

1.2 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (duurvorm in de tegenwoordige tijd)

Example of present progressive

Ik werk I am working Am I working? I am not working.

How to make the present progressive:

Video Press Click here. Info in Dutch. 4m30

When to use the present progressive duurvorm tegenwoordige tijd ?

Examples: temporary, happening now

Ik zit te gamen. I am gaming.

We staan te wachten bij de bushalte. We are waiting at the bus stop.

Chelsea leidt nu de competitie. Chelsea are currently leading the competition.

You can also use the present progressive for:

The progressive form can be used as a noun (zelfstandig naamwoord).

Spelling rules present progressive

Rule: work + ing  working do + ing  doing

Drie uitzonderingen die veel voorkomen:

1.3 OVERVIEW PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Infographic Present Progressive

1. present simple: fill in the right form 1a. Click here.

2.1 BASIC SENTENCES

Video 2: Click here.1m42s

What is the rule? Two options:

2. Onderwerp- Werkwoord(en) – (Meewerkend/Lijdend voorwerp) – Plaats – Tijd

Overview with examples

PRACTICE: Put these words in the correct order.

2.2 ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY (bijwoorden van frequentie)

Dutch English how to say it (pronunciation)

heel vaak usually joe – zju – wu – li

Videos: Press Ctrl and click on pictures below.

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3.1 AT, ON, IN

Picture at, on, in.

3.2 PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT Picture

3.3 PREPOSITION LIST (lijst van voorzetsels) say: pre – pu – zi - sjnz

Prepositions – Time Source: click on link -> Time, place, other

English Usage Example Translation

on days of the week  on Monday 

English Usage Example Translation

time (when?)  in an hour over een uur