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Simulation And CFD Analysis of Various Combustion Chamber Geometry of A

C.I Engine Using CFX

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 International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 5, Issue 8 (August 2016), PP.33-39

Simulation And CFD Analysis of Various Combustion Chamber

Geometry of A C.I Engine Using CFX
Dr. Abdul Siddique1, Shaik Abdul Azeez2, Raffi Mohammed2
1
(Mechanical Engineering Department, King Khalid University, Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia)
2
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, NRI Institute of Technology, A.P, INDIA)

Abstract:- The geometry of the combustion chamber Is one of the factor Effecting the efficiences of C.I
Engine (Diesel Engine). There are various engines used for agriculture purpose out of those MINI-PETER
Diesel engine is generally used in present days. In this present work the modified geometries of MINI-PETER
diesel engine is compared with the baseline data. The effect of geometry on the parameters like CO, CO 2, NOX,
HC and smoke density are studied. From the results it is concluded that the turbulence effect in the modified
geometry is higher than the baseline geometry parameters.

Keywords: - CFX, emission analysis of engine, emission analysis of C.I engine, CFD analysis, combustion
chamber

I. INTRODUCTION
An I.C Engine is one of the best available reliable sources of energy in the field of agriculture. Major
issue arises on performance of diesel engine are enhanced by proper design of combustion chamber. Flow and
combustion chemistry which effect swirl induced by re-entrant piston crown on pollution emission from a single
cylinder diesel engine. For more efficient in combustion, less emission and soot, High Carbon formation is
required. It is observed that from the literature several types studies and methods that have been reported in to
increase the performance of engine such as injection pressure, injection timing, exhaust gas recirculation, swirl
ratio, multi injection spray angle, nozzle diameter etc,. In this present study concentrates on combustion
chamber area of single cylinder diesel engine with specification of 3.93 kW, 1550 rpm .By Using of piston
crowns in top portion of piston is most advantages for proper combustion timing and increasing the volumetric
efficiency of the engine. CFD and CFX analysis of the C.I engine has been carried out with various piston
geometries and validated and compared with experimental data. From the results it is concluded that there is a
reasonable agreement between CFD (using Ansys Fluent 14.0) and Experimental results.

II. ROLE OF CFD ANALYSIS IN IC ENGINE

CFD and CFX investigates the Fuel injection in expansion stroke and exhaust strokes, air flow path
inlet, chemical reactions, and pollutant control on 4-S diesel cycle. Combustion occurs as a flame front
propagating into the unburnt reactants. Direct Injection cycle under the categorized in non-premixed
combustion, which is influenced by swirl and turbulence. With the rise of modern technology of software
computing power and CAD systems, it has become effective for analysts to perform CFD analysis of internal
combustion engine analysis

III. MODELING AND MESHING

The geometry of the C.I engine is modelled in Pro-Engineer software. Mesh creation and specific zone
name is done in Gambit 2.4.6 and model is imported into FLUENT 14.0. The mesh created is based on the crank
angle specified and the results obtained from the different stroke of cycle environment.

Figure 1 CFD domain of different geometry of combustion chamber show different

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 Simulation And CFD Analysis Of Various Combustion Chamber Geometries Of A C.I Engine Using CFX

Configuration of piston.

Figure 2 Meshed baseline geometry

3.1 Computational methodology and Boundary condition

For CFD analysis viscous standard k-e RNG standard model is enabled for considering volumetric
reaction and eddy dissipation. Domain is subjected to motion of piston suitable boundary condition for piston,
cylinder, fluid and cylinder walls. Combustion process in a C.I engine involves the transient injection of finely
atomized liquid fuel into the air at high temperature and pressure. Boundary condition location of the injector,
size of the injector, injection temperature and pressure, mass flow rate are having significant effect in diesel
combustion modeling. The injection mass flow rate parameters and Engine specifications are given below

Table 1 Engine specification

Parameter Magnitude
Engine Speed 1550 rpm
Mass Flow Rate 0.00111055 kg/s
Spray Cone Angle 55 Deg.
Start Crank Angle 360 Deg.
Stop crank Angle 720 Deg.

3.2 Governing Equation and Scope of study for combustion model

Turbulent flow model is consist high pressure spray and resulting spray penetration, evaporation, and
involvement of multiphase, multi component nature only increases its complexity .Even then the nature of fluid
is still governed by the basic equations of mass conservation including continuity and Navier-Stokes equation
momentum, energy and k-e RNG model turbulence equations. When area of combustion chamber increase,
volumetric efficiency (1) will increase, that’s possible.

………… (1)
For this Research study numerator part of equation (1) is to be increase within the constrained domain of engine
size and shape for increase the efficiency of the cycle.

3.3 Chemical species involved

Combustion chemical reactions computed in the burnt gases is function of mean local quantities Figure
3 computed in software in that single step oxidation of methane with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water
vapor is considered. The following species has been used for Diesel engine Combustion fuel Diesel (C10H26).
CnHp + O2 _ CO2 + H2O…………. (2)
2 C10H26+ 37 O2 _ 20CO2 + 34 H2 ………. (3)
ANSYS FLUENT predicts the local mass fraction of each species through the solution of convection diffusion
equation for the ith species. This conservation equation has the form

.
Where i S = Net rate of production of species ith by chemical Reaction.
R = Rate of Creation by addition from the Dispersed phase + any user defined Source.
3.4 Mesh Independency
Grid independency is checking the result for solution is independent from different mesh types and size, result is
only depend the CFD domain’s Boundary conditions.

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 Simulation And CFD Analysis Of Various Combustion Chamber Geometries Of A C.I Engine Using CFX

Table 2 Input parameter of CFD domain

Parameter Magnitude
Crank shaft speed 1550 rpm
Crank radius 56 mm
Bore 85 mm
Stroke 85 mm
Fuel Diesel C10H26
Which become solve main outputs from CFD analysis like velocity, Swirl, pressure drop, mass flow rate.

Figure 3 Tri mesh Scheme Figure 4 Quad poor mesh Scheme

Figure 6 Quad Coarse mesh Figure 5 Quad Very fine mesh

Figure 3, 4, 5, and 6, show the independency of mesh size in velocity result, from contour we state that the more
or 9613 element in the domain appropriate result.

Graph 1 Average velocity vs. max. Element in domain

Chart 1 shows the result comes after 9613 element in 23.5 mm X 89.80 mm size of domain from velocity
remain study for more successive smaller cell size of 9812 and 10222.

IV. NO X MODEL
Formation and controlling NO x emission is that combustion is highly diverse and transient in C.I engines.
While NO and NO2 are suffered together as NO x, there are some distinctive Differences between these two
pollutants. NO is a colorless and odorless gas, while NO2 is a reddish brown gas with bitter odor. Both gases are
considered as toxic; but NO2 has a Level of toxicity 5 times greater than that of NO. Although NO is largely
formed from oxidation of NO, attention has been given on how NO can be controlled before and after
combustion. NO is formed during the post flame combustion process in a high temperature region. The principal
source of NO formation is the oxidation of the nitrogen present in atmospheric air. The nitric oxide formation
chain reactions are initiated by atomic oxygen, which forms from the Dissociation of oxygen molecules at the
high temperatures reached during the combustion process. The principal reactions governing the formation of
NO from molecular nitrogen are,
N2 + O_ NO + N,
N +O2 _ NO + O,
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 Simulation And CFD Analysis Of Various Combustion Chamber Geometries Of A C.I Engine Using CFX

N + OH _ NO + H.
NO formed in the flame zone can be rapidly converted to NO2 via reactions such as,
NO + HO2 _ NO + OH.
Subsequently, conversion of this NO unless the NO2 to NO occurs via
NO2+ O _ NO + O2
Formed in the flame is quenched by mixing with cooler fluid. This explanation is consistent with the highest
NO2=NO ratio occurring at high load in diesels, when cooler regions which could quench the conversion back
to NO are extensive.

Figure 7 No mole Fraction for modified geo. No 1 Figure 8 H2O mole Fraction for modified geo. No 1

Figure 9 No for modified geo. No 2 Figure 10 H2Ofo modified geo. No 2

V. VALIDATION OF CFD RESULT WITH EXPERIMENT RESULT

Using NO x model of ANSYS FLUENT and CFX, applying appropriate input in boundary condition getting
output at exhaust magnitude NO x. Software does not give the Direct result of it obtain from mole fraction of
NO and H2O using equation (10)

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 Simulation And CFD Analysis Of Various Combustion Chamber Geometries Of A C.I Engine Using CFX

Figure 11 Experimental set up

…………. (10)

Figure 12 NO mole fraction for Baseline Figure 13 H2O mole fraction for Baseline geometry

5.1 Comparison with experimental result and CFD result

-3
Figure 12 show the counter value is 4.98 x 10 and
-2
Figure13 show counter value is 3.20 x 10
From equation (10) calculating NOx in ppm.

Table 3 CFD validation with experimental result:

Comparison On Emission Parameter Experimentally CFD result

% of Error
7.8 %
NO x 4213 ppm 5112 ppm

VI. SWIRLING AND TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY INSIDE THE CYLINDER

Swirling and Turbulent kinetic Energy are generally generated by the angular momentum of the cylinder flow
about each of the three orthogonal axes, it depends upon the piston’s movement in the cylinder with different
specific R.P.M. and the chemical reactions of gases inside the combustion chamber of a C.I engine.

Figure 14 Swirling Counters for Baseline, modified geo. No.1 and Modified geo No.2

Figure 14 shows the different swirling effect in combustion domain at Top Dead Center position, it is observed
that the modified geometry no 1 and 2 gives swirl on 3 to 5 mm upper sides of domain due to shape of cavity.

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 Simulation And CFD Analysis Of Various Combustion Chamber Geometries Of A C.I Engine Using CFX

6.1 Turbulent kinetic energy inside the cylinder

The following figure 15 and 16 show the turbulent kinetic energy level during the suction and compression
processes at different Crank angles for piston Geometry 1.Baseline 2.Modified Geometry No:1 and 3. Modified
Geometry No: 2

Figure 15 TKE at TDC (12 Degrees) Crank angle Figure 16 TKE at 90 Degrees Crank angle

Figures 15 and 16 show the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is maximum at TDC position so it is predicted that
all the calculation of NO x, velocity and TKE at TDC position for piston modified geometry no 1 and No 2
respectively.

Figure 17 Velocity induced modified geo No.1 Figure 18 Velocity induced modified geo NO2

Figures 17 and 18 show velocity induced in baseline Geometry is 9.48 m/s, modified Geometry No 1 is 15 m/s
and modified Geometry No 2 is 13.8 m/s at TDC.

VII.RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Modified geometry No 1 increases velocity 2.1 % compare to baseline geometry due to shape, Modified
geometry No 2 decreases 13.1 % of NO x formation using proper inducing velocity and TKE For maximum
power output. Therefore, it is observed that the geometry No 1 is suited for industrial use but for less formation
of the Modified geometry No1 of piston results in higher velocity compared to the baseline and modified
geometry No 2. Shapes considered in this study, modified geometry No1 of piston results in higher velocity
compared to the baseline and modified geometry no 2. From the emission parameter point of view it is better to
use geometry No 2 of piston configuration.
.

VI. CONCLUSION
The Study concludes following particulars: Research and Development in the field of I.C engine mainly
emphases the maximum efficiency with minimum pollution emission parameters. This requires refinement of
the cylinder internal flow, fuel mixture formation and combustion processes. The loss of energy is involved
mainly due to two major factors: Mechanical loss due to friction (62-68 %) ,Thermal losses (27-32%): thermal
loss mainly cylinder wall temperature loss due to atmosphere effect (25-34%) and other emission parameter loss
(55-68%) due to existing unburned fuel of lean combustion chemistry. The use of modified geometry No 1 and
2 for selective engine combustion chamber result in maximum velocity, maximum volumetric efficiency and for
minimum NO x production with improvement of overall efficiency by 2-4.5%.

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 Simulation And CFD Analysis Of Various Combustion Chamber Geometries Of A C.I Engine Using CFX

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