Machine Drawing Practice

Sectional Views

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 TOPICS

Introduction
Terminology

Types of sectional views

Dimensioning

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 Job of an Engineer
• Sketching various parts and assembling them
• Check for its satisfactory working
• Modify if needed
• Continue till a satisfactory result is got
• Make a drawing with nominal dimensions
• Prepare a product drawing for manufacturing
• Determine the method of manufacturing
• Decide special finishing operations
• Provide inspection procedures
 First Angle Projection : 1. Object is placed in the 1st Quadrant.
2. Projected on the plane behind the object.

object Front view

observer
Y
X Y
X

Top view

If there is a side view, it will come here

F
S
Front view Side view

T Top view
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SECTIONAL VIEWS

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Need for Sectional views:

Orthographic views (front, top and side views) can not show
the interior details.

Though the hidden details can be shown using dashed lines, it

is difficult to understand the internal details.

Hence Sectional views are required.

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 Sectioning and section plane
The machine component is cut apart by an imaginary section plane.

This is called cutting plane.

The intervening part (between the observer and plane)

is removed.

Thus the cut section is exposed.

Section plane ‘SS’

Intervening part is removed

Observer
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Observer
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The cut-section is represented as below, as per Indian standards.

Here ‘S S’ is the cutting plane.

Note:

Thick lines for outlines.

Thin lines for “Hatching”

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Hatching of adjacent components 10
Representing the section plane:

As per IS standards, it is represented by a thin chain line.

The ends are thickened.

The arrows must be equilateral triangles.

Letters used must be capital letters of the alphabet (A,B,C…Z).

S S

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Rules regarding hatching:

Hatching is only allowed at angles

+450 or -450.

If there are many adjacent parts

we can create a variation by
changing the spacing between
hatching.

Hatching spacing?

Spacing must be relative to the area being hatched.

The hatched section must not appear too dark, compared to the outline of the
component.

Too many closely spaced hatching lines make it difficult to see the outline.
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Dimensioning inside hatching is allowed ONLY if there is no space outside.

In such cases, section lines must be interrupted to insert the dimension.

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 Thin Wall Sections
• Very thin parts such as washers and gaskets are not easily
represented with section lines, so conventional practice calls for
representing the thin part in solid black.
Very thin sectional views are shown totally black, with a thin
gap separating them.

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Various Types of Sectional Views

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 FULL SECTION VIEW
The view is made by passing the straight cutting plane
completely through the part.

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 HALF SECTION VIEW
• Some components are symmetric about an axis.
• So we show only a half section to avoid repetition.
• But to show only one half, we have to cut through 2 planes at right angles.

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HALF SECTION VIEW …
A center line is used to separate the sectioned half from the
unsectioned half of the view.
Hidden line is omitted in unsection half of the view.

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HALF SECTION VIEW …

Representation of Section Plane

Thick lines Thick line

Thick line

Thick lines
Part removed
S

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Partial or Local Section View

• Sometimes we need to show the details of only a portion of a

component.
• The object is imagined to be broken partially, exposing the
interior.
• The section is surrounded by a thin wavy line (drawn free
hand using H pencil)

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Partial or Local Section View …
The view is made by passing the cutting plane normal to the
viewing direction and removing the portion of an object in
front of it.

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Partial or Local Section View …

A break line is used to separate the

sectioned portion from the
unsectioned portion of the view.

There is no cutting plane line.

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REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
 Sometimes the true shape of cross-sections of beams, flywheel
spokes etc. can be shown near the main figure by revolving the
cross-section thru 900.

 This can save space.

Revolved sections show cross -

sectional features of a part.

No need for additional orthographic

views.

This section is especially helpful when

a cross-section varies.
900 24
REVOLVED SECTION VIEW …

Revolved Section 25
 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Basic concept

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 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Basic concept

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 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Steps in construction
Given

Edge view of
cross-section

Step 1
a. Assign position of cutting plane.
b. Draw axis of rotation in front view.
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 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Steps in construction
Given

Step 2
a. Transfer the depth dimension to
the front view.
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 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Steps in construction
Given

Step 3
a. Draw the revolved section.
b. Add section lines.
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 REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Steps in construction
Given

FINAL PICTURE
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REVOLVED SECTION VIEW
Placement of revolved section
1. Superimposed to orthographic view.

2. Break from orthographic view.

Break Superimposed

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REMOVED SECTION VIEW
• A type of revolved section

• In some cases it is not desirable to superimpose the revolved

section on the main figure.

• In such cases the section is drawn outside the main figure.

• A chain line is used to represent the section, and it is extended

to pass thru the centre of the section.

Section view is shown outside the view.

Used where space does not enough for revolved section
Can be located elsewhere on a drawing with properly
labeled
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 REMOVED SECTION VIEW …
Example : Revolved vs. removed sections.

Revolved section Removed section

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REMOVED SECTION VIEW …
Example : Situation that removed section is preferred.

Poor Preferred

Too messy !!

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REMOVED SECTION VIEW …
Example : Multiple removed section views

A B

SECTION B – B

SECTION A – A 36
 Successive Sections
• They are similar to Removed Sections.

• A series of parallel section planes cut the object successively.

• Only what is seen in the section plane is drawn and not
background details beyond the section.

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 OFFSET SECTION
• Sometimes the section may pass through several planes, to
reveal important details.
• The section planes are parallel and offset to each other.

Do not show the edge views

of the cutting plane. 38
 OFFSET SECTION …
• Sometimes the section may pass
through several planes, to reveal
• important details.

• The section planes are parallel

and offset to each other.

Cutting plane

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 Aligned Section
• Sometimes one of cutting
planes is inclined at an
Section plane
angle to the vertical or horz. is rotated to align
plane. with vertical plane to show true size

• In that case the inclined

sectional view is rotated,
and made to align with the
• vertical or horizontal
section plane.

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 Aligned Section – Some special cases
• Ribs are never shown
hatched (along major
dimension).

• Hence if a cutting plane

This rib is not
passes through a rib, the rib shown in section
must never be shown
hatched. It can be shown in
profile, unhatched, in true
size. Hole B is shown
in section

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• Handles or flywheel spokes are also never hatched (along
major dimension).

• If a cutting plane passes length-wise through the handle or

spoke A, it is shown un-hatched.

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Some Machine elements which are never shown hatched

(even if they are in the section plane)

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 Never hatch these……

Nut, bolt
(along major dimension)

Screws

Rivets

(Also: Ribs, Flywheel spokes, Cotters, Handles ..etc) 44

 Keys of shafts

Gear teeth

Ribs, flywheel spokes, handles along major dimensions

(already discussed)
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 Dimensioning
in
Sectional Views

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In most cases, dimensioning of the section views
follows the typical rules of dimensioning.

POOR GOOD

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DIMENSIONING
POOR GOOD

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f 50 f 50
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DIMENSIONING

For a half-section view,

use dimension line with
only one arrowhead that
points to the position inside
the sectioned portion.

f 50
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END

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