Indonesian

Joumalof Geology,Vol. 7 No. 4 December

2A0:211-226

QuaternaryGeologicalPhenomenain LabuhanArea,
PandeglangRegency,Bant€nProvince

Fenomena Geologi Kuarter Duerah Labuhun,

Kabuputen Pandeglang,Provinsi Banten

U. M. LrnmaN Baru and S. PosotopRAnrNo

Centre for Geological Survey, Geological Agency

Jln. Diponegoro 57, Bandung

Ansrnacr
Geologicalfeaturesin Labuhanareawere studiedfrom the middle of Octoberto the middle of November
201I covering seventy days. Surfaceand subsurfacedata were obtained from interpretation of landsat images
and shallow hand'augerboreholes.The geological featuresare distinctly associatedwith active tectonics.
The snatigraphy clearly indicatesat least three phasesof tectonic activities since the Late Miocene until
Holocene. Tectonicsof phaseone occurredin the Late Miocene; phasetwo took place in the period from
Pliocene to Late Pleistocene,while tectonicsphasethree is ongoing in the Holocene.Volcanic activity has
intensified sinoethe Early Pleistocene.The landsatimagesshow an irregular outline of the northern coast
line. This penomenonis interpreted to be the result of tectonic uplift. On the other hand, the southern coast is
linear in plan which is interpretedto correlate with tectonic subsidence.Furthermore, stratigraphic correlation
shows that depositional environment changedvertically due to a local subsidence.The northern researched
area is occupied by Pleistocenevolcanic eruption centres,whilst the younger onestend to shift southward.
This fact tends to indicatethat the subductionzone moved southwardslowly.
I("y*o"Os:

S.mr
Studifenomena geologi Kuarter di daerah labuhan dilaleul<anpada pertengahan Oktober - pertengahan
November 20II,yaitu selama tujuh puluh hari. Penelitiunini didasarlan pada data geologi permukaan dan
bawah permukaan yang diperoleh dai penafsiran citra indrqja dan pemboran dangkal dengan menggu-
nckan bor tangan. Fenomena geologinya sangat menarik untuk diteliti karena wilayah ini dipengaruhi oleh
aktivitas tektonik. Berdasarkqn ntumt stratigrffityo selama Miosen Akhir - Holosen terlihat denganjelas
balwa alctivitas tektonik dapat diidentifikasi menjadi tigafase. Ielaonikfase pertama terjadi pada Miosen
Akhir tektonikfase kedua dimulai dari Pliosen - Plistosen Akhir; dan tektonihJhse ketiga pada Holosen.
Aklivilas tektanikmeningkat secata signifikan sejakPlistosenAwal. Pada citra satelit, ko4figtrasi pantai di
bagian utarajelas memperlihatkan bentukpantai yang tidak beraturdn. Fenomenaini terjadi karena mening-
kanya intensitas ercsi di daerah ini yang diperkirakan akibat pengaruh proses penganglmtan. Sebaliknya,
lronfigurasi pantai selatan memperlihatkan bentukyang lurus dan di sini tetjadi proses sedimentasi sebagoi
indilrati balwa alas celrungan nengalami penurunan" Selain im, berdasarkan karcIasi talaan stratigraf
terlihat bahwa lingkungan pengendapan berubah secara tegakyang diperkiralmn dikontrol oleh tektonik
{olral berupa penurunen. Bagian utara daerah penelitian ini ditempti oleh pusat-pusat erupsi gunung api.
Kelihannnya gunung api tua berumur Plistosen menempati tempat yang lebih ke arah utara, sementara itu
titik erupsi gunung api muda cenderung beryeserke arah seldtan. Fakta ini menunjakkan bahtva barangkali
zona subdulrsi secara perlahan-lahan bergerak ke arah selatan.
Kata kunci: fenomenctgeologi Kuafier, tektonik" permukaan laut, Labahan

Mmuscript rewived: Jmuary 25,20 12,final acocptanos:

Norembor28, 2012
CorrespondingAn thot: +628122492815/ungkap 195l@gnail.con
2Ll
 212 Indonesian
Joumalof Geology,\.trl. 7 No. 4 December2012:211-226
Ixtnooucttox
Tectonicalythe studiedareais controlled by the
Sundaa.rcsystenLwhich is the transition of Sumaila
obiique subductionzone. Suchtectonic condition led
to form someinterestinggeological phenomenatobe
studiedandbesides,this areabecomevulnerableto
geologicaldisastersuchasearthquake"liquefaction,
volcanic eruption, and landslides.
From economicpoint of view, the development
of Sunda Strait Bridge which would be conducted
in20l4 and scheduledcompletely in2025 will have
a major impact on the economicgrowth in that re-
gion.Therefore.the studied area has a potential to
grow rapidly, since it is industrial and tourist arca.
As a consequence,population growth will increase
from time to time. Thus.it is necessary to accelerate
developmentprogrcss in the provision of various
facilities, such as residences,offices, indusfries"
transportation,and so on.
As we know well, developmentplanning needs
to consider the potettial of nafural resourcesand
its limitation. To anticipate the problems, it needs
an understandingof the limiations of capacityand
potential of the area. Thus, local govemment can
defineconceptsand new sh'ategiesin a comprehen-
sive sustainabledevelopmerilin order to reducethe
impact of the developmentof the region, in creat-
ing livable, safe, and comfortabie cities, to have a
competitive value for new investrnentsin strategic
sectorsinthe future.But to achieveall ofthem. there
are still many obstaclessuch as liquefaction and its
risks, coastalerosion,and othertectonic effectslike
subsidenceand uplifting, ofwhich its processesare
still going on till now.
This study aims to identiSr the geological phe-
nomena that occur in this region basedon surface
and subsurfacegeological information. Based on
the datamentioned above,the regional development
planning can be done. Thus. the result of develop-
ment can be avoided from the geological disasters.
Collecting surfacegeological information was
done by interpreting the Landsat ETM +7 RGB
457 inragescombinedwith SRTM DEM, while the
subsurfacegeologicaldatacollectionwas conducted
by shallow drilling using "hand auger". Drilling
was conductedat randorn, starting from the south
to the north in the area of Quaternary sediments.
Each drilling w'asrecordediuto a log drill (ddll
section)which has a scaleof 1 : 1000.Data include
descriptionofrock physical properties(colour, fos-
sil content, organic matter content, clay content,
mineral content, grain size, grain shape,sffucture,
density,and other physical properties).Basedon its
decriptionsthe sedimentswere then classifiedinto
their sedimentaryenvfuonment.
Severalrock sampleswere taken for analyzing
their absoluteageby the carbondatingrnethod(Ct).
The rock samplescontain a lot of organicmaterials
(rnarshsediment)which were taken ftom different
stratigraphicpositions.
Geographically,the studied area is located at
105o45'00"- 106"00'.00"E and06' 15'00"- 06"
30'00 S (Figure 1). The areais included in to the
geologicalmap of Anyer Sheet,West Java, scale
I : 100,000(Santosa,1991).The nofthernpart of
the studiedareais includedin to SerangRegency,
while the southern one into PandeglangRegency',
both in BantenProvince.
Gnor,ocrc,lr"Snrrn,Ic
Geomorphology
Physiographicallythis region is part ofthe western
tip ofNorthern JavaAlluvium Plain, Bogor Zone, and
the Central Deptession/BandungZone (Bemmelul
1949).Fur{rermore,themorphology of this iuea carl
be divided into four units (Figure 2), as fbllows:
Mountain and VolcanicCone Linit
This unit occupiesthe northernparl ofthe studied
areacharacterizedby severalvolcanic coneswhich
have altitude befween 600 m and 1040 m above
sea level. The highest peak in the studied area is
representedby Mount Pulasari (1046 m), Mount
Condong (l 080 m), Mount Pematangbrangbatu(82 I
m), MountMalang (603 m), Mount Sankur(832 m),
Mount Sangiangrangrang {616 m), andMount Para-
kasak (990 m). The rivers and their channelshave
a radial pattern, semiparallel,narrow valleys with
V-shape,and steepslope.The remnantsof the crater
or calderaof Mount Pulosari,and N,IountParakasak
ar"estill visible to observe.
Slightly Undulating Hilly Unit
This unit occupiesthe middle parl of the studied
area"composedof young volcanic rocks resulted
 Georogicar
Quaternary Banten
Province 2rs
iflffiHffi**,T:*t:*Hfff1ilil5-r.'",
106"00'E

0 ? 4 6 EI(n
rc

5,

v
h
o7
Y
a
4
.^ a-\
-
-' ir'|-",-t l*,
;jtn' ,l J
'
l/i
---' . ir' I
,=
l'-,^.- t'
,/ t' ,'
-.i":qr-=-,,-'-
F-:7 \€."ii-
\. '-\--r
l-
A^ !
t*,
""4 '*.".-iil s
\'?

Explenadon
T---l Main rmd
Index sap
l--r-l
105"00'

r- Railway
a[-
al

tT- fi;
E Rivs
SmnS

l-.,-- ',1 Conhn' ^ *1

t , - .- - " ' I

Figure l. Locationmapof the sfirdya.nea.

 214 lndonesian
Joumalof Geology,Vol. 7 No. 4 December2012:2Il-226

105"45'E

N
I
-1#*
ll
0 2 4 6 8Kn

Erpluation

tH .Atuviarprain

srgtlyuduldiashilc
I

MwtainouVolomiccmc
f

Int*-mmiamplain
I

l J l Maiamad [t-','.i1]
".,"*
t:: Rdirwy |...'tl u"*,
i\--__-l Rivcr
l+i @ -*o

lndcr oap

105"00'
!F-
FI
frl

Figure 2. The map showing geomorphologicalunit ofthe sfrdy area.

from Mount Pulasari(Qhvr)suchas volcanicbrec- LowlandUnit

cia, lava, tuffs, lava flows from the othervolcanic
eruptionof Holoceneage.While UpperBantenTuff
(Qtpb)occupiesthewestempartof thestudiedarea.
Thismorphologicalunit is chmacterized by seriesof
hills which have elevationsbetween m and400m
25
abovesealevel.Theriversandtheir channelshavea
parallelpattern,ratherwidevalleyswith ratherst€ep
to alnost flat cliffs.
fntermontanePlain Unit
The rocksthat makeup the intermontaneplain
unit consistof varioustypesofyolmgvolcanicrocks
(Qhva QvBT,Qvk). TheIntermontane PlainUnitis
situatedin the southeastof the studiedareawhich
consistsof a plain surroundedby Mount Pulasari
in the south,Mount SeupanandMount Leaningin
the west, and Mount Parakasakin the north. This
intermontaneplain unit haselevationsbetween500
m to 616m abovesealevel.
Themain river that fl ows in
. The rivers andtheir cannels
have parallel and braidedpatternsand someof
them havea meanderingsystemand periodic to
ephimieral characteristics.This morphological
unit is madeup mainly of alluvium deposits(Qa)
which consistof gravel, sand,clay, mud,'and
pumicegranules.
Stratigraphy
The GeologicalMap of Anyer Sheet,West
JavaScale1 : 100,000.(Figwe3; Santosa,1991),
showsthat the studiedareais madeup of rocks,
tlat from the oldestto the youngestwere as fol-
lows:
 QuaternaryGeological Phenomenain LabuhanArea, PandeglangRegency,Banten Province 215
(U. M. Lumban Batu and S. Poedoprajitrro)

N
l
-:\riifl=--
r'ffi\
v
0 l-J 6 8l(m
rc

Explanation

Iltl Arhviur
i@:l Young rotcmio rockr of Mr. Arupail

fd[[l,l ydudg yolqnic rouLs of Mlpuras&i

EM Kmngvot*turock(

E LownlirfBuDtcn

I oldDauuvot*nics

TAPil Bojodgrordution

ffi ciporaf Foffialior

n BojoogmanikFornutiofl
l--'l
!]{ I Milin r@d

Frl Raoway

E:! Rivr
[:--'l
I I csnrr

Ifdq map

Figure3. Geologicalmap of Labuhanarea"An-ver,BantenProvince(Santosa,1991).

Bojongmenik tr'ormetion(Tmb) r: is well beddedandit has a thicknessrungingfrom

This formationis the oldestrock exposedin 200- 600m.
the studiedarea.It is composed of intercalationof The fossilsof GlobigerinabulloidesD'ORBI-
sandstone andcalcareoussandstone with marl, and GNY,PulleniatinaobliqueloculataPAKKER&
clay intercalatedwith lignite and sandytuff. The JONES,Amphisteginasp.,Florilus sp.,andElphid-
formationhasa thicknessof about500m. Deposi- ium sp. show the age of not older than Pliocene.
tionalenvironmentis suspected to belandto shallow While mollusk fossil of this formationshowsLate
marine.Its foraminiferafossilscontainedshowthe Plioceneage (Marks" 1956).This unit is uncon-
ageof LateMiocene- Early Plioceneor N16-NT19 formably overlainby Bojong Formationand coral
(Kadaa1984;inSantosa, 1991).ThisBojongmanik limestone.
Formationis thenoverlainunconformablyby allu-
vium depositsandBojongFonnation(Qpb) Bojong Formation(Qpb)
"
Bojong Formationcomprisesmarl, clay,
Cipacar Formation(Tpc) limestonelenses,sandstone, and tuff. This unit is
This formation crops out in the southeastern generallywell bedded,havinga thicknessranging
part of the studiedareadistributedin a very limited from 100- 300m. Thisformationcontainsmollusk
area.Generally,it consistsof pisolitic purnicetuq fossils showingPliocenein age.While basedon
marl, sandstone, andclaystone.In general,this unit foraminiferafossils,it showsPleistoc€ne (Rusmana
 216 lndonesian
Joumalof Geology,
Vol.7 No. 4 December
et al.,l99l). From thesedat4 it is concludedthat the
formation is of Pleistoceneage. This unit is over-
lain conformably by the Bojongmanik Formation
and then overlain unconformably by Quaternary
volcanicrocksor alluvium.
Young Volcanic Rocks (Qhv)
The sourcesofyoung volcanic rocks in the stud-
ied alea come from the eruption of Mount Asupan
{.Qhva),Mount Pulasari(Qhvi), and Mount Tempo
(Hpvt) In general.they are cornposedof volcanic
breccias,lavas,tuffs, and lava flows. The young
volcanic rocks were depositedon the continental
envilonment of Holocene age,and unconformably
overlies the older rock units.
Alluvial and Beach Sediments
Beach and alluvial sediments(Qa) ale distributed
along the west coast of the studied area, starting
from Sukanagara,Carita, Caringin, to Labuhan.
The sedimentsare r.videspread in the flood plain
of major rivers such as Cilemer (Cibungul River),
Moyan, and Ciliman Rivers. The lithology consists
mainly of gravel, gravelly sand,silt and clay, mud,
andgravelpumicebeacheslocally mixed with pieces
of mollusk shells.Gravel pumice has white to gray
colou; 5 - 30 cm in size. rounded - subrounded
shapewith rough surfaces.
GeologicalStructure
The geological structurein this areais indicated
by the presenceof lineaments having a north-south
direction. Structure identification can well be ob-
served on young volcanic rock of Lower Banten
Tuf (Qvbt) consisting of tuff breccia, agglomerate,
pumice tuff, lapilli tuffs, and sandy tuff. It seems
that the lineaments are continuously up-through
into alluvium. It should also be taken into accorurt
that the emergenceof Tertiary rocks in this areaare
probably causedby tectonic activities.
f,xrsrrxc D-q.tA.
To collect surtacegeologic data, it is neces-
sary to have a high-quality satellite imagery. For
that purpose, an image processingwas done by a
combinationof Landsat inrageryETM +7 RGB
457 md DEM - SRTM The imagesare expected
2A12:2Il-226
to provide more detailedinfbrmation. Such satellite
imageswould provide geologicalinformalion, such
asgeologicalstrucfiue,morphogenesis,the configu-
ration ofbeaches,coastaldikes,the developmentand
evolutiorrof drainagepatterns,the grorvth of young
volcanic eruption, and the dir-ectionof lahar/lava
flow r,vhichcan desiloy the resultsof development
programmes(Figure 4)
Morphology of the studied area based on its
origin can be divided into:
. Volcanic Origin
. Marine Origin
. Fluvial Origin
. Fluvio-volcanicOrigin
Volcanic origin can be divided into Volcanic
cone(V-l), Volcanicfoot slope(V-2), Volcanicfbot
slope strongly denudated(V-3), and Intermontane
plain (V'4). Fluvio- volcanic origin is represented
byLaharic deposit(VF). Meanwhile, marine origm
can be divided into coastalplain (N,I-l) and beach
ridge (M-2). On the other hand, fluvial origin can
be divided into oxbow lake, backswamp, palaeo
charnrel.infilled valley bottom, alluvial plain, flood
plain, andflood basin.
Moreover, to obtain subsurfacegeological in-
formation/data, shallow drillings were conducted
as many as 59 bore holes (Figure 5) with the total
depthof 264.19m andthe averagedepthof 4.47m.
The drilling was carried out in the areaoccupiedby
Quaternary sediments, starting from the south to
the north. Each point was recordedand plotted into
a log drill (drill section)having a scaleof I : 100.
Data collectedfrom the fifty-nine clrilling holes
showthat the depositionenvironmentcanbe divided
into six different types, namely:
. Soil
. Fluvial deposit
- floodplain deposit
- flood basindeposit
- palaeo-channeldeposit
. Swamp deposit
. Near shoredeposit
- beachsand
- beachridge
. Marine deposit
. Pre-Holosen
In the field" it is a little bit dificult to describe
the disfiibution of the beachridges definitely. This
is causedby the region being intensively cultivated
 QuatemaryGeologicalPhenomena in LabuhanArea,PandeglangRegency,BantenProvince 217
(U. M. LumbanBatuandS. Poedjoprajitro)

r0545'E
ocrJ's l-
Explanrtlou
0dr6's
lrblconicorigin

I\tolgigs6s

I\tlmicfmtslopr

E \fola^n;s footilspc *rongly daudated

Mrine 0rigin

ffi Colal coaslal plain

@t $ndy corstal plair
r Baohridges

Fluvial origin

rRiverbody
- onbowlakr
EEBekswi[rp

I Abondonedchrnrels
@ lnfilledvalley bottom
I Alluvial plain
r Flood plain
MFloodbasin

Fluvio vulc$ic

E lalwic

Figurc 4. Photogeologicalmap of Labuhanrcgion,Anyer, BantpnProvince.

as ricefieldsandusedasvillages.However,through depositedin a shallowmarineto terrestrialenviron-

satellite imagery the growth and distribution of
beachridges can be describedclearly.In orderto
understandthe lithological stratigraphyof the stud-
ment?kno$rnasthe BojongmanikFormation.
The BojongmanikFormationwasthenoverlain
uroonfonnably by the Cipacar Formation which
was depositedin a shallow marine-terrestial en-
vironment and mainly composedof pumice tuffs
andtufaceoussandstones.In Early Pleistocene,the
BojongFornationwhich wasdepositedin terrestrial
to shallowmarineenvfuonment unconformabbly rest

On thispart,geologicalphenomena of Miocene-
Pleistocene,as a geologicalprocessesin the past
and geologicalphenomenain the Holoceneasthe
geological processesto daywill be discussed.
processin the studiedarea
startedin LateMiocene (Santosa,1991)resultedin
an intercalationof sandstone,marl, and claystone
Early Pliocene,the
by thedepositiouof Cipacar
Fonnation.
In the Plio-Pleistocene,uplifting and folding
took placeon the CipacarFonnation(Secondtec-
tonicphase).This secondtectonicprocessproduced
an intensiveerosionactivity through the Bojong-
manik Fonnation.Furthermore,tlds areasubsided
to fonn a shallowbasinfilled by theBojongFonna-
 218 Indonesian
Joumalof Geology,
Vol.7 No.4 December
2AI2:211-226

| 05"45'E

hdex nup
Explatration
l.----l
l--r-l Main road
rq a Boruholcs

t_t Railway
t:I

Figure5. Localrtymap of boreholesin Labuhanregion,Anyer,BantenProvince

tion. In that case,the Bojong Formation overlies
both older formations (Bojongmanik and Cipacar
Formations).The sedimentationprocess of Boj ong
Formationwas characterized,bya significantvolca-
nic activity. The formation is generally composed
of sandymarl, sandyclays, and tuffs depositedin a
terrestrialto shallowmarine environment.It seems
that the regional tectonic activity ended after the
depositionof Bojong Formation then continuedby
the increaseof volcanic activity as representedby
the presenceof volcanic products of Mount Gede
(Qpg), Old Danau Volcanic Rocks (Qpd), Lower
Banten Tuff (Qptb). Young Volcanic Rocks (Qvd),
Upper Banten Tutr (Qvtb), Vblcanic Rock of Mount
Karang (Qvk), and Young Volcanic Rocks {Qhv).
This fact explainsthat geological processesduring
 QuaternaryGeological Phenomenain LabuhanArea, PandeglangRegency,Banten Province 219
(U. M. Lumban Batu and S. Poedjoprajirro)

the Pleistocene - Holocenewerestronglyaffected logicalinforrnationwasobtainedfrom theinterpre-

by volcanic activity. tation of satelliteimageriesandfield observation.
Theyoungestrocksin theareaarecomposed of Meanwhile,for collectingsubsurfacegeological
reef limestone(Ql), Fluvial and CoastalSediments data,shallow drillings have been done by hand
(Qa),SwampLakeSediments (Qr),andColluvium auger(handdrill).
(Qk)ofHolocenein age.Thepresence of corallime- Figure 6 showsthat in the northern part of
stone(LatePleistocene) is very importantbecause the studiedarea, old volcanoes(Pleistocene)are
it canbe usedas an indicationof inundation,espe- dominantlydistributednamelyMount Gede(774
cially ifthe corallimestonecontainsfossilAuopora m), MountTumpang(316m), MountPuyung(334
palmata.Subsidence ofthebasement is estimatedto m), andMount Salak(668m). While youngvolca-
haveoccurredduring tectonicsphasethree. noes(Holocene)represented by Mount Parakasak
Basedontheaboveexplanation,it is knownthat (990m), MountCondong(1081m), Mount Pula-
uplifting andsubsidence from the Late Mioceneto sari(1046m), Mount Malang603 m), andMount
Holoceneoccurredasmanyas threephaseswhich Karang(1778 ur) are distributedin the southern
were characterizedby unconformablephenomena pafi. This condition gives the sensethat during
and recurringterrestrialdepositionalenvironment Pleistocene- Holocene,the cenhe of volcanism
to a shallow marine.Intensivevolcanic activities was shifting from north to south.The fact can
wereinitiateddwing andaftertheBojongFormation be usedas preliminarydatato indicatea shift of
sedimentation up to Holocene. the Javasubductionzonsto the south.It can also
be causedby otherfactorssuchasthe geological
structure.It is believedthat in late Pleistocene,
In order to somenormalfaultsor blocksoccurredhaving east-
phenomena" the surface geological and subsurface west,northwest-southeast, andnortheast-southeast
geological data have been collected. Surface geo- directions(Santosa, 1991).

-#I
I

E:panation

S Ior" Plirt*.ou - Holocwe 1*rlcmic Eruption

@ Heistmcne\rolcaniccmgion

otoo*ruurn lcaro Complu

@

@ omus*"rrr
Ftuviolacusttinc
@
/ .'Rio*
-f-
Mainrmd

- Holocene)are shifiedto the south

Figwe 6. Showingthe growth of youngvolcaniccenter(Pleistocene
 220 lndonesian
Joumalof Geology,
\trl, 7 No. 4 December
To prove the ilfluence of subductionsystem,it
is necessaryto study the dpamics of the subduc-
tion systernitself'. Retrogradeof the mountainsis
an indication of the dynamicsof subductionmove-
ment itself. Olbeftz et al., (.1997)suggestthat the
geom€fry of the subductionzone is very sensitive
to retrogradeevenjust 1 cm/year.As an impact. the
averagetrough migration increased,and reduced
the angle of subductionand the ability to penetrate.
Recently, studies of the structure of subduction
zonesby seismic tomography models in tlre Westem
Pacific Subduction Zone and Subduction Indian
Ocean indicate that both regions simultaneously
showed that the depth zone of 560 km (seismic
discontinuity) has a fimction as a ba:rier against
penetration of subduction zone (Van der Hilst et
al.,l99I; Fukao et al.,1992 in Guillou-Frottieret
al., 1995). For instance, in the northwest Pacific
Arc, penetrationand deflectionof subductionzone
coincidedwith discontinuity660 km in depth.Inthe
JavaArc, the subductionpasssthroughdiscontinuiq'
660 km with a sharp angle and then cuwed with a
slopingand spreadhorizontally.This fact showsthat
a seriesof mountains on the island of Javahas not
changed.Perhaps,the scale retreat ofthe subduc-
tion zone is sfill so small, thus by the tomographic
rnethodit still can not be detectedyet. While at the
field, it was clearly shown that the cenfi'er:f volca-
nic eruptions wele shifted. Resear-chand dynanric
systemmodeling of subduction-relatedshift in the
trough (tlench migration) and slab geometry have
been conducted(Billen, 2008; Beccer and Fac-
celrna.2009).
The other geologicalphenomenawhich demon-
stratethat the northern part ofthe studiedareahad
beenuplifted,wasreflectedby thepresenceofvolca-
nic eruption which was concenftated in the northern
parl of the studiedarea.The ateais assumedto have
beenuplifted, while the southernpart is a subsided
area and it formed a shallow basin. The basin is
filled up by sedimentsof corals (Q1). Fluvial and
CoastalSediments(Qa). Swamp Lake Sediments
(Qr)"andColluvium (Qk) of Holoceneageunderlain
by shallow marine sediments.Moreover,the fact is
also supportedby the configruationof the coastand
characteristicof the coastshape.The beachformed
on the north coastis irregular while in the southem
part is straight(Figure 7). The irregular fonn of the
2A12:211,226
beachis causedby the abrasionprocess(Figrire 8)
interpretedtobe controlledby currentsand wavesas
well asby the upflifting processof this area.
In general, an irregular beach is flled up by
sedimentsof coral debris, sand to gravel in size,
arrdvolcanic materials.Meanwhile, a straight coast
developing in areasof subsidence is filled up by
fine - coarsesand,well sorted.
In Figure 7, there ate seventy-ninelineaments
to be classifiedin studiedarea(Table 1) basedon
its azimuth (Table 2). Based on the analysis of
lineament patterns, it seems that the main force
working in this areahas a trend of N 340" E or N
160" E. This force can form groups ofhorizontal
and normal faults (Figure 9). The emergenceof a
volcanic complex in the northern parl of the area
is predicted through the normal faults that were
generatedby the tensional force of the southwest-
nofiheast direction.
In order to understand well the stratigraphical
successionin this area,correlationof drilling points
is needed such as stratigraphical correlation sec-
tron AB (BT 32" BT 34, BT 30, BT 3), SectionCD
(cBT 20, BT 02, CBT 21, BT 01, BT 05, and BT
08")SectionEF (BT 26, BT 13,BT 07), andSection
GH (BT 23, BT 04, BT 15,andBT 16) (Figure 10).
The correlationofthose cross-sections is presented
in Figure 11.In Figure 11,at the CD sectionon the
drillpointBT02 (S 06o25'48.3 "; E i05'49'43.1")
it can be seenthat the pre-Holocene sedimentsas
the base are coveredby marsh sediments.It has an
age of 9423* 513 y. BC (calendricagecalibration),
wilh tlrenumberof Geolabidentification l4C - 625.
The marsh sedimentconsistsof clay deposits,dark
gray-blackin colour,containingmany plant remains
in the form ofroots, leaves,branchesofplants, and
often emits foul odour. The sedimentshave a thick-
nessof 1.20m and a depthranging from 6.00 m to
7.2A m below the surface. Marsh sedimentsthen
arecoveredby neal shoremarine sedimentsthat are
dominatedby dark gray to a bluish clay containing
numerousshellsofmollusk, while the pre-Holocene
sedimentsconsist of weatheredvolcanic materials.
Such stratigraphicsettingsindicate a sea-levelrise.
The end ofrising sealevels is chalacterizedby the
formation of sand beach ridges consisting of fine
-coarsesand reddishyellow in colour,andgradually
grayish downward. In the drill point BT 08 (S 06'
 QuaternaryGeological Phenomenain LabuhanArea, PandeglangRegency,Banten Province 221
(U. M. Lumban Batu and S. Poedjoprqiitro)

*rX: N
A
j#e
v

Explanation

W&l,\NqN WW| Irregularshorelirre

,,il94$ n
fdrX-l
l]]E-l
Shaighrshorelaine

caldera
Lineaments

Figure 7. Sateliteimage interpretationshorvingbeachconfiguration,and lineamentspattem.

Figure8. The appearance

ofabrasionintensityshoun by the erosionofthe coconutfieesthatgrow on the beach.

25'55.7 "and E 105'52'19 .2*) of the samesection tion) with laboratoryidentificationnumberof Geo-
(CD), it canbe recognizedthat the fonnation of sand lab - 14C- 626.The sedimentsarefound at depths
beach ridges as well as the marsh sedimentshave between1.80- 3.10m belowthe surface. While at
an age of 4571 * 137y. BC. (calendricage calibra- BT 01(S06"25'46.9"andE105'50'25.8") swamp
 222 Indonesian 2AI2:2Il-226
Vol.7 No.4 December
Joumalof Geology,

Thble l. Azimuth of MorphologicalLineamentin the StudiedArea

No Azimuth (No[) No Azimuth (NoO) No Azimuth (NoE)

I l s 3- 3 3 3 21 42-222 6l 73 - 253
37 -217 22 49-229 62 3 0- 2 1 0
J tt3 - 293 23 125- 305 63 76 - 256
4 63 -243 24 124-304 64 28 - 208
5 t40 - 320 25 126-306 65 24 - 204
6 52- 172 26 130- 310 66 79 -359
"7
170- 350 27 0-180 67 160- 340
8 1 3 3- 3 1 3 28 175-345 68 t48 -328
9 87 -267 29 r7l - 351 69 39 -219
l0 32- 212 30 6- 186 70 36 - 2t6
1l 4-184 31 8 1- 2 6 1 7l tt4 - 294
L2 2r -201 32 35 -25r 72 ll5 - 295
13 24 -204 33 30- 210 73 i8 - 198
l4 50- 230 34 24-204 74 t04 -2u
l5 t6 - 196 35 73 -253 75 119- 299
l6 46 - 226 36 t 3 7- 3 t 7 76 ll6-286
l7 1 1 5- 1 8 0 37 70 -250 77 118- 298
l8 69- 249 38 23 -243 78 160- 340
l9 13- 2r3 39 i 3 6- 3 1 6 79 r27 -307
20 60 - 240 40 1 3 8- 3 1 8

Thble2. LineamentClassificationBasedon AzimuthAlignment

Azimuth Group Frequency Length (km) Length (%)

00- 100 1 9 1 0 -1 9 0 ' 9 20.6 7.24
1 1 0- 2 0 0 l9lo - 200" 5 17.3 6.08
21" - 300 2 0 1 0- 2 1 0 ' 9 34.9 12.28
3lo-40" 2ll" -220" 6 16.3 5.73
4lo - 500 22r', - 23A" 5 14.5 5.10
5 1 "- 6 0 0 23lo - 240" 3 15.9 5.59
6 1 "- 7 0 " 241"-250" 5 15.7 5.52
'7.84
7 1 "- 8 0 " 251"- 260" 6 22.3
8lo - 90" ?61"- 270" 2 4.5 1.58
9lo - 1000 271"- 284"
1 0 1 "- 1 1 0 ' 281"- 290" 1 3.5 |.23
l l i o - 1 2 0 0 291'- 3000 8 47.6 16,75
1 2 1 " - 1 3 0 ' 301"- 310" 5 8.9 3.13
1 3 1 ' - 1 4 0 " 3110- 320"
4
28.5 10.02
1 4 1 " - 1 5 0 " 321'- 330" 11.5 4,04
1 5 1 " - 1 6 0 " 33lo- 3400 5 6.9 2.42
1 6 1 0 -1 7 0 0 3 4 1 ' - 3 5 0 " I 2.3 0.008
1 7 1 " - 1 8 0 ' 3 5 1 ' -3 6 0 " 3 13.15 4.62
Total length 284.15 100
Total frequence
 QuaternaryGeological Phenome.na in LabuhanArea, PandeglangRegency,Banten Province
(U. M. Lumban Batu and S. Poedjoprajitno)
Figure 9. Rose diagram of lineaments in the studied al.ea.
sedimentsarcyounger'( 2546*237 y. BC.) (calendric
agecalibration) with laboratoryidentif,cationnumber
ofGeolab-l4C-627.
The sediments are found at depths of 1.20
- 1.60 m below the surface.Based on these data,
it can be stated that the Holocene sedimentshad
gradually been covered by marine sediments since
9423L 513y. BC up to the ageof 2546+237 y.BC"
This indication suggeststhat the sealevel is likely
to increasetill present.
Ottrer datathat canbe used asa basisto sfength-
en the argument is paleo channel sedimentswhich
were distributed in a very restricted area. In the
subsidedregion, the river sedimentstend to be stag-
nan! while in horizontally tectonic areathen usually
the river sedimentswere shifting. Evolution of the
river systemsis shown by the formation of several
environments such as oxbow lake, backswamp,
palaeo-channel, infilled valley boffom, alluvial
plains, and flood basin.
Study and discussionabout the phenomenaof
sea-level rise (eustatic) in recent years has been
widely applied. Douglas (1995) conducteda com-
prehensive study concerning determination of
global sea-level-change,the impact, and climate
changerelated to climate. He designedthe concept
223
M(PLANAilON
l*al left strikeslip fault zone
l- g I Rigtrt strike slip fault zone
[-T-l Normal/thrustfaults/tbld,ed
zone
t"," stressdirection
\
and models of studying sea level change in the
futwe. Bamett (1990) discussedthe changesin sea
level at the present time, meanwhile Fairbridge and
Krebsjr., (1962) tried to make an estirnateof rela-
tive sea-levelchangesglobally sincethe year 1860
to 1960. They found a rise in sea level was about
1.2mm/year.Meanwhile Etkin and Epstein (1982)
found the rate of sealevel change was 3 mn/year,
the sarneasEmery (1980).Thesedifferencescanbe
understood,becausechangesin sealevel can alsobe
influencedby tectonics, climate, tides (tidal), and the
temperature of the sea water (oceanic fluctuation)
(schofeld; 1962,Morner, 1971; Kidson, 2003; ).
Therefore, the study of sea-level change is related
to multidiscipline science,such as oceanography,
geophysics,meteorology, geology, geodesy,geo-
morphology, and others.
One of the causesof sealevel rise is the effect
of global warming. Global warming is the increase
ofttre averagetemperatureof the afrnosphere,ocearL
and land. One of the main causesis a human activ-
ity burning fossil fuels suchas coal, petroleum,and
natural gas (antlophogenic).
When the earth surface temperature rises due to
the greenhousegas effect, the surface layer of the
oceansis alsowarmedup, so its volume will be larger
 QuaternaryGeologicalPhenornena in LabuhanArea,Pandeglang
Regency,BantenProvince 225
(U. M. LumbanBatuandS. Poedjoprqjitno)

*l t
-lI -:
-t
i

-1 --!l
-l
I
.t I
-J
k-t
t
.i{
:
I
a) i
*l

*-i
l
I

;i:
-:
"i

*:
-:
..
*: -,i
c)
: -.
Bxplanation

FF.TI soil llE?l Beachsanddeposits lli$ffi Swampdeposits

ffiffi Floodplaiudeposits ffi Beachridgesdeposits ffifl Nearshoredeposits

! Pre-Holocenc

Figwe ll. Correlationof boreholesectionA-8, C-D, E-F,andG-H.

fault blocks occlrred in the east-west,northwest-

Miocene-Pliocene lvherE upfliting and folding
ofl the Bojongmanik Formation occurred.Then
in the Plio-Pleistocene,the upfliting and folding
processes ontheCipacarFormation(secondphase)
southeast,andnortheast-southwest directions.
Tectonicthird phaseoccruredat the end of the
Pleistocene,characterized by the presenceofcoral
limestoneoverlyingyoungervolcanicrocks.
Thesealevelrisephenomena inthe Holoceneis
predictedto be causedby the influenceof isostatic
movementon the basin floor which was caused
by upfliting in the north, aria eonsequence of the
southbasinfloor subsidence. As theresult,the con-
figurationon the north coastis irregulardueto the
increasedintensityof erosionprocesses, while the
southerncoastalplainsare straightand sedimenta-
tion procesesaresti[ going on.
 226 Joumalof Geology,\/ol. 7 No. 4 DecemberZAQ: 2Il-226
Indonesian
AcknowledgementsJlhc authorswould like to thank all the
membersof the researchteam for their hard work to collect
datain thc ficld. Fuflhermore,the authorswould likEto thank
Sonny Mawardi, who helped in providing landsatimagery.
Thank goesto colleaguesin Dynamics QuatemaryGeology
Group, Centre for Geological Survey Bandung,especially
HermanMoechtarandSuyafinanHidayat,fortheir input and
coriections so that fhis paperis much more better.
Rr:rnnrxcns
Bamett,T.P..1990.RecentChangesin SeaLevel: A Sum-
mary.2000 TheNationalAcademyof Science.
Beccer,T.W.andFaccenn4C.,2009.AReview ofthe roleof
subductiondynamicsfor regionalandglobalplatemotion
Berlin p.33.
Geodynamics,Springer-Verlag,
Bemmelen,R.W. van, 1949.The Geologt of Indonesia.v.
I-A" MartinusNijhotr, the Hague,732pp.
Billen, M.I., 2008. Modeling the dynamicsof subducting
slabs.Annual ReviewofEarth PlanetarySciences,36,
p.325-356.
Coasts,IotmWileyandSons.
Bird, E.C.F.,1993.Submergtng
Dinther, Y. Van, Morra, G., Funiciello. F., and Faccenna
C., 2009.Role of the overridingplatein the subduction
process:lnsightsfrom numericalmodels.Tectonaphys-
ics, 484,p.74-86.
Douglas8.C., 1995.Globatsealevslchange:Detemrination
and interpretation NOAA, Nataional Oceanographyic
data Center,Washinton, D.C. Reviewsof Geophysics,
33"Suppl.
Emery K.O., 1980.Relativssealevels fiom tide-gaugrre-
cords.Proceedingsof theNational Academyof Sciences
af the LlnitedStatesofAwerica, 17,p.6969-6972.
Etkins.R. andEpstein.8.S., 1982.The rise og globalmean
sealevel as indicationof climatechange.Science215,
p.287-298.
FairbridgeR. and Krebs, O. Jr., 1962. Sealevel and the
southemoscillalion. GeophltsicalJoumal of the Royal
AstronomicalSociety,6, p.532-545.
Fukao,Y., Obayashi,M., lnoue,H., andNenbai,M." 1992.
Subductingslabsstagnantin the mantle hansition zone.
Joumal of Geoplgtsical Research;SoliclEalth, 97,(84),
p.4809-4822.
Gomitz,V., L. Lebedeff,andHansen1982.Globalsealevel
trendin the pastcentury.Science2 15, p. l 6 l l - 16 14.
Heberger.M., Heather,C., Pablo.H.G., Peter,H., and Eli.
2009. The lmpacts of sea-levelrise on the Califomia
Coa*. Final Papet Califomia Climate ChangeCenter
Hegerl,G. C.,2007 . UndentandingandArributing Climate
Change;The Physical Science B+sis. Connibution of
Working Gt'oup I to the Fourth AssessmentReport of
Intergwernental Panel on Climate Change.
Kidson,C., 2003. Sealevel changesin tie Holocene.Qua-
ternaryScienceReview,l, p.l2l-151.
Marks"P., I 961. StraiigraphicL,exiconof lndonesia.Publilm-
si KeilwuanNa.31dan 31A, SeriGeologi.Kementerian
PerekonomianRepublik Indonesia.
Momer, Nils-Axel, 1971.Eustaticchangesduring the last
20.000 years and a method of separating the isostatic
and eustatic factors in an uplifted arc* Palaeography'
Palaeoclimatologt,Palaeoeeologt"9,p. 153-18l.
Momer,Nils-Axel, 2004.Estimatingfirture sea-levelchanges
from past records.Global and Planetary Change,40
(1-2),p.49-54.
Nicholls,R.J",andLeatherman,S.P.,1995.Global sea-level
rise.In: Strzepek,K.M. andSmith,J.B. (eds),AsClimate
Changes:Internafional Impacts and Implication, Carn-
bridge University Press"Cambridge,United Kingdom.
p.92-123.
Olbertz,D.. Wortel, M.J.R., Hansen,U., 1997.Trend mi-
gration and subductionzone geomstry. Geophysical
ResearchIc tter, 24, p.221-224.
Rusrnana8., Suwitodirdjo,K., and Suharsono,1991.Geo-
logical Map of the SerangQuadrangle,WestJava, scale
I : 100.000.Geological Researchand Development
Centre,Bandung.
Sanlosa,S., 1991.GeologicalMapof theAnyer Quadrangle,
WestJava, scale I:100.000. GeologicalResearchand
DevelopmentCentre"Bandung.
Schofield,LC., 1962. Climatic evidencefrom sea-level
fluctuation.New ZealandGeologicalSulvey,D..S-I.R.,
Otahulu,p.2l-23.
Tooley1985.Sealevels.PhysicalGeography,9(l) p.113-
r20.
lffarrick, R.A., Bonorv. 8.M., and Wigley, T.M.L., 1993.
(Eds). Climqteand sealevel change:observations,pro-
jections, and implications. Xry CambridgeUniversiry-
Press,Cambridge,424pp.
VandsrHilsl R., Engdahl,8.R., Sparlcnen.W., andNolst G.,
1991.Tomographicimaging of subductedlithosphere
belorvnorthwestPasificislandarc.Nature,357,37 43 .