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1. Biology is the scientific study of living things through observation and experimentation using the scientific method.
2. The scientific method involves defining a problem, making observations, forming a hypothesis, experimentation, recording data, drawing conclusions, and publishing results.
3. Biology is divided into physical science which studies matter and energy, and biological science which studies living things through various branches focusing on different organisms and levels of organization.
1. Biology is the scientific study of living things through observation and experimentation using the scientific method.
2. The scientific method involves defining a problem, making observations, forming a hypothesis, experimentation, recording data, drawing conclusions, and publishing results.
3. Biology is divided into physical science which studies matter and energy, and biological science which studies living things through various branches focusing on different organisms and levels of organization.
1. Biology is the scientific study of living things through observation and experimentation using the scientific method.
2. The scientific method involves defining a problem, making observations, forming a hypothesis, experimentation, recording data, drawing conclusions, and publishing results.
3. Biology is divided into physical science which studies matter and energy, and biological science which studies living things through various branches focusing on different organisms and levels of organization.
Science - a precise and orderly process by which
- from the Latin words: information is obtained scire “to know” - logical way to solve a problem or answer a scientia “knowledge” question - a systematized body of knowledge derived from scientific methods Steps in the Scientific Method 1. Define the problem Science attempts to: 2. Observe and collect data - answer questions 3. Form a hypothesis - explain phenomena (sing. phenomenon) 4. Experiment - establish theories and create laws 5. Record and interpret data - seek relationship between things 6. Draw conclusion - discover things 7. Publish results
Limitations of science: Steps in the Scientific Method
- cannot answer all questions 1. Define the problem - requires time; cannot be rushed - curiosity drives scientific inquiry - lacks absolute certainty - includes questioning - cannot make moral or value judgements - delimit the problem 2. Observe and collect data Divisions of Science - observation involves the use of the senses Physical science - facts, figures, and other evidence gained -deals with matter and energy through observation are called data Biological science - data can be from scientific papers, journals, -deals with living things books, consultation from experts, etc. - inference is a logical interpretation based on Divisions of Science observation or prior knowledge Pure science 3. Form a hypothesis (hypotheses pl.) - answers questions for the sake of knowledge - a trial answer to the problem itself - must be testable - Basic research - can be accepted or rejected Applied science 4. Experiment - uses knowledge in basic research to solve - will either support or disprove the practical problems hypothesis - Technology - all the factors that can change are called variables gypsy moth - variables: manipulated or responding - the larvae attack trees and shrubs - all other variables must be controlled to - females produce pheromones that can be show the changes detected miles away by males Variables - sex attractant is used in traps Manipulated or independent - pest population is controlled - the variable that is changed Responding or dependent - the variable that is expected to change - the variable being measured 5. Record and interpret data Mammalogy mammals - data are often organized in tables or graphs Conchology shells - data can be qualitative or quantitative Parasitology parasites 6. Draw conclusion Herpetology reptiles - a conclusion states whether the data supported Mycology fungi the hypothesis or showed it to be false - if other experiments continue to support the Contributors to Biological Knowledge hypothesis, it becomes a theory - a scientific law is a statement describing a Aristotle – the father of modern biology general truth Galen – systematized the science of anatomy 7. Publish results Andreas Vesalius – study of human anatomy - accurate report of research methods, results, William Harvey – showed that blood circulates and conclusions Anton van Leewenhoek – observed organisms - an obligation of a researcher with a microscope - exchange of information speeds up scientific Carolus Linnaeus – developed a system of progress taxonomy Louis Pasteur – developed vaccine for rabies Branches of Biology and anthrax Botany plants Gregor Mendel – laid the foundation of genetics Zoology animals Charles Darwin – established the concept of Anatomy structure (animals) natural selection Taxonomy classification Alexander Fleming – discovered penicillin Cytology cells Thomas Hunt Morgan – established the gene Genetics heredity theory Physiology function James Watson and Francis Crick – developed a Microbiology microorganism model of the DNA Ecology relationships Embryology development Importance of Biology
Branches of Biology - health and well being
Evolution origin of species - medicine Paleontology fossils - agriculture Morphology form and structure - production of materials Biochemistry chemistry of life - forensics Biogeography distribution - environmental stewardship Cryology low temperature - sports and leisure Ethology animal behavior - aesthetics Virology virus - warfare and defense Pathology diseases Pharmacology drugs
According to the Kind of Organism Studied:
Entomology insects Helminthology worms Ichthyology fish Ornithology birds