Report for Project Review – M Tech (SE&NDM) 2016-2018

PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE

ABSTRACT
The progressive collapse is the spread of an initial local failure from element to element,
eventually resulting in the collapse of an entire structure or disproportionately large part of it.
Analytical studies are carried out using ETABS for resisting progressive collapse following an
initial local damage in structures by calculating demand capacity ratios. The demand capacity
ratios are compared by increasing the loading and by observing the variation between ordinary
moments and plastic moments.
SIGNIFICANCE OF TOPIC
Various structures are being effected by progressive collapse due to seismic action, fire
accidents and abnormal loads such as pressure and impact loads, so structure must be designed
to resist these. There are several methods for resisting progressive collapse while designing a
structure such as incorporation of redundant load paths, provision of ties, increasing ductility
of the structural elements, providing adequate shear strength. There are several foreign codes
such as British Standard Code (BS 8110-1 1997 & BS 8110-2 1985) and Euro code (EN 1992-
1-1: 2004) for making a structure resistant to progressive collapse, where as there is no
specified IS code and guidelines for designing a structure to resist progressive collapse in India.

LITERATURE REVIEW
S. M. Marjanishvili et al (2010) has studied available design methods such as linear-elastic
static; nonlinear static; linear-elastic dynamic; and nonlinear dynamic as systematic analysis
for progressive collapse is not available. He studied the advantages & disadvantages of the
available analysis methods. He had discussed various different design methodologies and
stated an analysis procedure which progresses from simple linear elastic static analysis to
complex nonlinear time history analysis known as progressive analysis method. He had
evaluated a new analysis method – Progressive Analysis Method.

Graham Powell et al (2005) had analysed a non-linear structure and studied whether it is
resistant to collapse by calculating strength and deformation demands. He stated that maximum
strength and deformation demands on the structure occur when the deflection is a maximum.
He stated that if no Demand Capacity Ratio exceeds 1.0 the performance is satisfactory. He
stated that sudden removal of column usually results in high local strain rates which leads to
progressive collapse. He analysed a non-linear structure whether it is resistant to collapse by
calculating strength and deformation demands. He stated structure will collapse if the strength
loss occurs before an energy balance is reached and concluded that non-linear analysis is
feasible for progressive collapse analysis

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Steven W. Kirkpatrick et al (2009) had studied methodologies for progressive collapse
analysis. He studied different methods of progressive collapse analysis and design. He
discussed lower fidelity analysis approach commonly used for design evaluation and followed
by a discussion of modelling methods used in high-fidelity progressive collapse investigations.
He stated that linear static method can be used to analyse buildings of lower risk. He concluded
that when complex phenomenon such as failure, component impact, initiating event
development, collapse progression, and thermal effects need to be captured, nonlinear dynamic
approaches are required.

Ali Kazemi et al (2011) had studied experimentally and analytically the progressive collapse
resistance of a reinforced concrete structure with discontinuous columns on the floors above,
subjected to a severe initial damage. He studied the interaction between the axial and flexural
deformations by blasting 4 columns of Crown Plaza Hotel, Houston. He stated that bending
moments in beams increase by up to about 20 times causing considerable cracking of concrete
and yielding of reinforcing bars and Axial force in critical beams increased the beam yield
moment by 38%. He stated Two primary load redistribution methods, they are Flexural – axial
response of the deep beams and Vierendeel action of the flat plate structural system.

Digesh D. Joshi has conducted non-linear analysis on Multi Storied building determine the
DCR and hinges in critical members. He compared the linear static and nonlinear static results
obtained for four storey and ten storey structure using SAP 2000. . He compared Hinge
formation with DCR obtained from linear static analysis and he observed that first hinge forms
at the location where demand capacity ratio is maximum. He concluded that structures designed
and detailed with an adequate level of continuity, redundancy, and ductility can develop
alternative load paths following the loss of an individual member and prevent progressive
collapse.

METHADOLOGY
Analytical studies are carried out on a structure using ETABS to characterize system level
resisting mechanisms against progressive collapse following an initial local damage and the
demand capacity ratios of the various structural elements.
The structure should be able to resist the abnormal loading, and if an element should happen to
fail, alternate load paths should be attainable through the continuity of reinforcement. This can
be achieved analytically by providing plastic hinges at required locations to ensure ductility of
the structure. By comparing the ordinary moments and plastic moments more effective
designing to resist progressive collapse can be done by provision of necessary ties and joints
in the reinforcement.

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