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& &
& P i dl xR P i dl r & For a given segment AB in rectangular global system, Fig.
4S ³l R 3 4S ³l R 3
dB eM (4) 2, the expression for magnetic flux density in point C, induced
by current ik of segment k is:
Considering that r { d , as well as cos E
R dE P i k t § R AP R PB ·
and B k t ¨ ¸ (7)
dl 4S CP ¨© R AC R BC ¸¹
d Where: AP, AC, PB i BC – are distances between
cos E , and after integration of contributions from all
R individual points.
elements, follows:
& P i & R dE 1
dB eM ³ d 3
4S cos E R
& & P i dE cos E 2
4S ³ cos E
dB eM d (5)
d2
T2
& & P i
dB eM
4S d ³ cos EdE
T1
Finally, for magnetic flux density of flat finite length
streamline it can be written:
& & P i
B eM sin T 2 sin T1 (6)
4S r
Fig. 2 Segment in rectangular coordinate system
Density of magnetic flux in any point of space can be
calculated by superposing contributions of each conductor.
In order to dismember the magnetic flux density vector on
Conductors can be approximated with certain number of flat
its components, it is necessary to know its direction in global
finite length streamlines (segments). The number of segments
system. Direction of magnetic flux density vector is
significantly depends on conductor geometry. Position of & &
perpendicular on a plain defined by vectors RAB and RBC ,
segments, their currents and phase angles represents the input
data for calculation of magnetic flux density in desirable apropos it is equal to a direction of a resulting vector of their
points of space. As it can be seen from equation (6), direction vector product:
& & & &
of magnetic flux density vector is defined by unit vector eM in ei e j e k
& & &
cylindrical coordinate system. Since the positions of segments G R AB u R BC a x a y a z (8)
in space are different, as well as directions of their bx b y bz
corresponding induction vectors, it is necessary to dismember
the resulting magnetic flux density vector on components in Cosines of angles, created by magnetic flux density vector
direction of each coordinate axe of global system that is not and coordinate axes x, y, and z, are equal to the ratios of
bounded for certain segment. Coordinates of start and end individual axes vectors and resulting vector:
points of segments can be set in rectangular coordinate system. Gx a y cz az c y
cos D B
G F
Gy az cx axcz
cos E B (9)
G F
Gz axc y a y cx
cos J B
G F
Where
F a y c z a z c y 2 a z c x a x c z 2 a x c y a y c x 2
By knowing cosines of angles it is possible to determine
each component of magnetic flux density in time domain:
B x ,k (t ) cos D B B k (t )
B y , k (t ) cos E B B k (t ) (10)
Bz , k ( t ) cos J B Bk (t )
Total amount of magnetic flux density vectors, produced by
currents of n segments, is gained summarizing the
Fig. 1 The element of flat streamlines
contributions of all segments:
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transformer) it can be deduced that above technical parameters distributed at four derivations for 227 A. Main electromagnetic
are verified. field sources are MV and LV bus bars and MV transformer
The transformer station is connected to the distribution clamps, whereas the influence of MV and LV conjunction
electrical grid of city of Tuzla with 10/20 kV cables placed equipment surrounded with grounded cabinets and housings or
under the ground. Import of the cables into the TS is carried cable screens can be disregarded. The calculation of the
out through the openings in TS foundation. Transformer magnetic field is conducted for the areas inside and outside the
station housing is constructed with pre-manufactured concrete TS, neglecting the TS housing due to the safety improvement
elements which constitute TS walls with dimensions of according to the regulations for protection from
280×186×255 cm. There are three conditionally separated electromagnetic field emissions.
areas inside the TS; area for mounting of the transformer, and Two (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) disposition of the TS
areas for MV and LV blocks (Fig. 4a and 4b). is presented in Fig. 5a and 5b. The main difference between
the real TS and its model depends on the conductor
subdivision on finite number of segments. Conductors are
divided in 635 segments with resolution of dx=dy=dz=0.1 m.
EFC-400LF software is capable of solving the system of
differential equations for the matrix with 16000×16000
elements (Methods: LU – decomposition or conjugated
gradients). In this case, matrices have 261×261 elements and
will produce the values of electric and magnetic field in 68121
points of observed area of 169 m2, with resolution of
dx=dy=dz=0.05 m, as well as matrix with 261×101 elements
that produce values in 26361 points of observed area of 65 m2
with resolution dx=dy=dz=0.05 m. Visual presentation of
magnetic flux density calculated values is conducted using
Fig. 4a: Intersection of the transformer station MATLAB.
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Magnetic flux densities inside the transformer station are Fig. 6b: 3D continual distribution of magnetic flux density through
reaching their maximum values at the cross sections of the XY XY plane surface (z=1.75 m)
plane with primary clamps of the power transformer and cable
connections with MV and LV conjunction blocks. These
values are between 0.05 mT and 6.40 mT, whereas outside the
TS these values drop down to the values between 100 μT and
50 μT. According to the results, values of the magnetic flux
density outside the TS at the distance of 0.2 m are below the
value of the 54.863 μT whereas at distances between 0.5 m
and 1.5 m these values dropping down to values between
32.161 μT and 2.246 μT.
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Fig. 8a: 2D continual distribution of magnetic flux density through Fig. 9b: 3D continual presentation of magnetic flux density through
XZ plane (y=-0.2 m) XZ plane (y=2.10 m)
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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3:14 2008
Fig. 10a: 2D continual distribution of magnetic flux density through Fig. 11b: 3D continual distribution of magnetic flux density through
YZ plane surface (x=-0.2 m) YZ plane (x=3.10 m)
IV. CONCLUSION
Calculation and measuring of low-frequency magnetic
fields, as well as their correlation, represent the basic problems
in transmission and distribution of electric power in conditions
of standardized electromagnetic compatibility and exposure of
humans to nonionizing electromagnetic radiation. Resolution
of these problems corresponds to solving nonlinear differential
equations by modeling and applying the numeric methods, as
well as by experimental measuring models of electric and
magnetic fields. Mathematical model of the calculation of
magnetic flux density distribution in and around the
transformer station is presented in this paper, using Biot-
Savart law for flat finite streamline.
Respecting the fact that magnetic flux density is
proportional to the load and that typical load of the
transformer station is around 50% of nominal power, maximal
Fig. 10b: 3D continual distribution of magnetic flux density through values of magnetic flux density will not oversee the limits for
YZ plane surface (x=-0.2 m) increased sensitivity and professional exposure established by
the standards.
Original scientific contribution of conducted research
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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3:14 2008
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