Dr.

Adel Al Mutawakel
 Variance (S²)
• It is the average of the squared deviations of
observations from the mean
• Formula based on definition

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• Computational formula

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 Standard Deviation (S)
• It is a measure of the spread of data around
their mean
• It is the positive square root of the variance
• The value of standard deviation and variance
are always positive

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 Calculation for ungrouped data
1. Determine the sum of observations (∑x)
2. Find ∑(x)²
3. find the square of each observation x²
4. Find the sum of the squared observations (∑x²)

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 Example
• The following data represent the weight of 5
persons
• Find the standard deviation
• 14 – 15 – 16 – 17 – 18 kg.

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Calculation for grouped data
• Determine the mid-point of each interval xj
• Find the product fjxj for each interval then find
the sum of these products ∑fjxj
• Find the product fjxj² by multiplying the mid
point xj by the corresponding product fjxj
• Find the sum of these product ∑fjxj²

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 Example 1
• The following table represents the weight of
20 persons
Weight (kg) Frequency
15 - 3
25 - 6
35 - 8
45 - 2
55 - 65 1
Total 20

• Compute the standard deviation

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 Advantages
• It is the preferred measure of dispersion
• It uses all of the measurements in the set

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 Disadvantages
• It is influenced by a few (or even only one)
extreme values

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 Exercise 1
• The following data represents the weights of 7
persons:
12 – 6 – 13 – 5 – 11 – 7 – 2 kg
Compute variance and standard deviation for
them

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 Exercise 2
• The following table shows distribution of 20
persons according to their age:
Age (year) Frequency
35 - 2
45 - 4
55 - 8
65 - 5
75 - 84 1
Total 20

• Compute variance and standard deviation for

them
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