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   · Any person who is a national or who is domiciled or has a
INTELLECTUAL PROPERY
-those property rights which results from the physical
manifestation of an original thought.
(Ballantine͛s Law Dictionary)
COVERAGE ʹ Intellectual property rights consists of:
a) Copyrights and related rights;
b) Trademarks and service marks;
c) Geographic indications;
d) Industrial designs;
e) Patents;
f) Layout-designs (Topographies) of Integrated Circuits;
and
g) Protection of Undisclosed Information. (Sec. 4)
STATE POLICY IN RESPECT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
RIGHTS (IPR)
-There is a declaration of State Policy that, among others,
the State recognizes that an effective intellectual and
industrial property system is vital to the development of
domestic and creative activity, facilitates transfer of
technology, attracts foreign investments and ensures
market access for our products, hence it shall protect and
secure exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists, and
other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and
creations. (Sec. 2)
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION AND RECIPROTICY
assignment or licensing of all forms of intellectual property
real and effective industrial establishment in a country
which
1) is a party to any convention, treaty, or agreement
relating to intellectual property rights or the repression of
unfair competition to which the Philippines is also a party,
or
2) extends reciprocal rights to nationals of the Philippines
by law, shall be entitled to benefits to the extent necessary
to give effect to any provision of such convention, treaty,
or reciprocal law, in addition to the rights to which any
owner of an intellectual property rights is otherwise
provided by law. (Sec. 3)
REVERSE RECIPROCITY OF FOREIGN LAWS
Section 231 ʹ making enforceable on nationals of a foreign
state all conditions, restrictions, limitations, diminutions,
requirements or penalties that may be imposed by such
foreign state on a Filipino national seeking intellectual
property protection.
v Reciprocal application is not automatic
Rather, the Phils. may apply to the foreign national those
restrictions that his country imposes on Filipino applicants
What are ͞TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER ARRANGEMENTS͟?
-contracts or agreements involving the transfer of
systematic knowledge for the manufacture of a product,
the application of a process, or rendering of a service
including management contracts; and the transfer,
rights, including licensing of computer software except
computer software developed for mass market. (Sec. 4)
PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD OF ACTIONS FOR DAMAGES UNDER
THE IPC
-No damages may be recovered after four (4) years from
the time the cause of action arose (Sec. 226)
JURISDICTION OVER DISPUTES UNDER IPC
A. Original Jurisdiction
1) Director General (IPO)
-has original jurisdiction to resolve disputes relating to the
terms of a license involving the author͛s right to public
performance or other communication of his work.
2) Bureau of Legal Affairs
-has jurisdiction over the ff:
i. Opposition to applications for registration of marks;
ii. Cancellation of trademarks;
iii. Cancellation of patents, utility models and industrial
designs;
iv. Petition for compulsory licensing of patents;
v. Administrative Complaints for violations of laws
involving IPR where the total damages claimed is not less
than P200,000.00
3) Documentation, Information and Technology Transfer
Bureau
-has jurisdiction to settle disputes involving technology
transfer payments
B. Appellate Jurisdiction
1) Director General
-over all decisions rendered by the ff:
· Dir. of Legal Affairs
· Dir. of Patents
· Dir. of Trademarks
· Dir. of the Documentation, Information and Technology
Transfer
2) Court of Appeals
-over decisions of the Director General in the exercise of
his appellate jurisdiction over the decisions of the:
· Dir. of Legal Affairs
· Dir. of Patents
· Dir. of Trademarks
3) Secretary of Trade and Industry
-over decisions of the Director General on the exercise of
his appellate jurisdiction of the Director of Documentation,
Information and Technology Transfer; AND
-over decisions of the Director General in the exercise of
his original jurisdiction relating to the terms of license
involving the author͛s right.
ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES IMPOSED FOR VIOLATIONS
OF LAWS INVOLVING IPR
-The Director for Legal Affairs may impose the ff:
a) Issuance of a cease and desist order (CDO);
b) Acceptance of voluntary assurance compliance (VAC) or
voluntary assurance of discontinuance (VAD);
c) Condemnation or seizure of products subject of the
offense;
d) Forfeiture of properties used in the commission of the
offense;
e) Imposition of administrative fines;
f) Cancellation of permit, license, authority or registration;
g) Withholding of permit, license, authority or registration;
h) Assessment of damages;
i) Censure;
j) Analogous penalties or sanctions (Sec. 10.2 [b])
LAW ON PATENTS
PATENT ʹ an exclusive right acquired over an invention, to
sell, use, and make the same whether for commerce or
industry.
PATENTABLE INVENTIONS
-any technical solution of a problem in any field of human
activity which is NEW, involves an INVENTIVE STEP and is
INDUSTRIALLY APPLICABLE shall be patentable. The
patentable invention may be, or may relate to, a product,
or process, or an improvement of any of the foregoing.
(Sec. 21)
Requirements:
1) Technical solution of a problem in any field of human
activity
2) Novelty ʹ that which does not form part of a prior art
consists of:
a) that which has been made available to the public
anywhere in the world before the filing date or the priority
date of the application
b) that which forms part of an application whether for
patent, utility or industrial design, effective in the
Philippines, provided that:
i. the inventors or applicants are not the same
ii. the contents of the application are published in
accordance with the requirements of patent application
rules.
iii. the filing date of the prior art is earlier.
3) Inventiveness/Inventive Step
-an invention involves an inventive step if, having regard to
prior art, it is not obvious to a person skilled in the art of
the time of the filing date or priority date of the
application claiming the invention. (Sec. 26)
4) Industrial Applicability
-an invention that can be produced and used in any
industry. (Sec. 27)
NON-PATENTABLE INVENTIONS
The following shall be excluded from patent protection:
a) Discoveries, Scientific Theories and Mathematical
Methods;
b) Schemes, rules and methods of performing mental acts,
playing games or doing business, and programs for
computer;
c) Methods for treatment of the human or animal body by
surgery or therapy and diagnostic methods practiced on
the human or animal body;
d) Plant varieties or animal breeds of essentially biological
process for the production of plants or animals;
e) Aesthetic creations;
f) Anything which is contrary to public order or morality
(Sec. 22)
RIGHT TO A PATENT
The right to a patent belongs:
a) to the inventor, his heirs, or assigns
b) when 2 or more persons have made the invention
separately and independently ʹ to them jointly
c) if two (2) or more persons have made the invention
separately and independently of each other ʹ to the
person who filed an application for such invention (FIRST
TO FILE RULE)
d) where 2 or more applications are filed for the same
invention ʹ to the applicant who has the earliest filing date
or the earliest priority date (FIRST TO FILE RULE) (Sec. 29)
e) in case of inventions created pursuant to a commission
ʹ to the person who commissions the work UNLESS agreed
otherwise.
f) in case an employee made the invention in the course of
his employment, the patent shall belong to:
· the employee ʹ if invention not part of his regular duties
even if he uses the time, facilities and materials of the
employer; OR
· the employer ʹ if the invention is the result of the
performance of his regularly assigned duties unless agreed
otherwise.
RIGHTS ACQUIRED BY THE PATENTEE
The patentee acquires the following rights under his
patent
a) Where the subject matter of a patent is a product, to
restrain, prohibit and prevent any unauthorized person or
entity from making, using, offering for sale, selling or
importing that product;
b) Where the subject matter of a patent is a process, to
restrain, prevent or prohibit any unauthorized person or
entity from using the process, and from manufacturing,
dealing in, using or offering for sale, or importing any
product obtained directly or indirectly from such process;
c) to assign, or transfer by succession the patent, and to
conclude licensing contracts for the same (Sec. 71)
CONTENTS OF PATENT APPLICATION
A patent application shall contain:
1) a request for the grant of patent;
2) a description of the invention;
-the disclosure of the invention must be in a manner
sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried out by a
skilled in the art.
3) Drawings necessary for the understanding of the
invention;
4) One or more claims
5) An abstract (Sec. 32)
v must contain relevant information as to the identity of
the person (no anonymous person)
v if the applicant is not the inventor; he must show proof
of authority to seek application for registration
UNITY OF INVENTION
-every application for patent registration must contain an
application over a simple invention or several inventions
but must form part of a single general inventive concept
PROCEDURE FOR THE GRANT OF PARENT
a) According a filing date to the application (Sec. 41);
b) Examination of compliance by applicant with the formal
requirements specified in Sec. 32, i.e., contents of
application (Sec. 42);
c) Classification of application and search for prior art (Sec.
43)
d) Publication of patent application in the IPO Gazette
(Sec. 44);
e) Inspection of the application documents by any
interested party and written observations by any third
party concerning the patentability of the invention (Secs.
44.2 and 47);
f) Written request by the applicant, within 6 months from
the date of publication of his patent application, for the
substantive examination by the IPO of his application. (Sec
48);
g) Grant of the patent (Sec. 50), or refusal of the examiner
to grant the patent (Sec. 51); in the latter case, the refusal
may be appealed to the Director of the Bureau of Patents;
h) Publication of the grant of patent in the IPO Gazette
(Sec. 52)
TERM OF A PATENT, UTILITY MODEL, INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
a) Patent ʹ 20 yrs from the filing date of application,
without renewal
b) Utility model ʹ 7 yrs, w/out renewal
c) Industrial design ʹ 5 yrs, renewable twice
UTILITY MODELS
-models of implement or tools of any industrial product
even if not possessed of the quality of invention but which
is of ͞practical utility͟
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
-any composition of lines or colors or any three-
dimensional form, whether or not associated with lines or
colors provided that such composition or form gives a
special appearance to and can serve as pattern for an
industrial product or handicraft.
CANCELLATION OF PATENTS
Who may file?
· any person
· IPO motu proprio
Grounds:
a) That the patent is invalid (Sec. 81);
b) That what is claimed as the invention is not new or
patentable;
c) That the patent does not disclose the invention in a
manner sufficiently clear and complete for it to be carried
out by any person skilled in the art; or
d) That the patent is contrary to public order or morality.
(Sec. 61)
e) failure to make payments of annual fees or dues
Where to file?
· BLA ʹ if in violation of IPC (administrative)
· RTC ʹ otherwise
INFRINGEMENT
-the making, using, offering for sale, selling or importing a
patented product or a product obtained directly or
indirectly from a patented process or the use of a
patented process without the authorization of the
patentee. (Sec. 76)
TEST OF PATENT INFRINGEMENT
1) Literal Infringement ʹ resort is had to the ͞words͟ of the
claim.
2) Doctrine of Equivalents ʹ if two devices do the same
work in substantially the same way, the same result, and
produce substantially the same result, they are the same
even though they differ in name, form, or shape.
REMEDIES IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT
A) File civil case for the following purposes:
1) To recover from the infringer such damages as the court
may award considering the circumstances of the case
provided it shall not exceed 3 times the amount of the
actual damages sustained plus attorney͛s fees and other
expenses of litigation;
2) To secure an injunction for the protection of his rights;
3) To receive a reasonable royalty, if the damages are
inadequate or cannot be readily ascertained with
reasonable certainty;
4) To have the infringing goods, materials and implements
predominantly used in the infringement disposed of
outside the channels of commerce, or destroyed without
compensation;
5) To hold the contributory infringer jointly and severally
liable with the infringer.
B) File criminal case within 3 years from date of
commission of the crime for repetition of infringement
(Sec. 84)
LAW ON TRADEMARKS
TRADEMARK ʹ anything which is adopted and used to
identify the source of origin of goods, and which is capable
of distinguishing them from goods emanating from a
competitor
SERVICE MARK ʹ distinguishes the services of an
enterprise from the service of other enterprises. It
performs for services what a trademark does for goods.
COLLECTIVE MARK - any visible sign designated as such in
the application for registration and capable of
distinguishing the origin or any other common
characteristic, including the quality of goods and services
of different enterprises which use the sign under the
control of the registered owner of the collective mark (Sec.
121.2)
TRADE NAMES ʹ the person (whether natural or juridical)
who does business and produces the goods or the services
is designated by a trade name.
-Under the law, there is no need to register trade names in
order to secure protection for them.
TRADE DRESS ʹ involves the total image of a product,
including such features as size, shape, color or color
combinations, texture, and/or graphics.
HOW MARKS ARE ACQUIRED
-Under RA 8293, the rights in a mark shall be acquired
through registration made validly in accordance with its
provisions. (Sec. 122)
-This proposition of law, however, may not be converted
for it is not true that where there is no registration, there
is no protection.
· Acquisition through use
-Whether or not a registered trademark is employed,
when a person has identified in the mind of the public the
goods he manufactures or deals in his business or services
from those of others, such a person has a property right in
the goodwill of said goods or services which will be
protected in the same manner as other property rights
(Sec. 168.1)
RIGHTS CONFERRED
-the owner of a registered mark shall have the exclusive
right to prevent all third parties not having the owner͛s
consent from using in the course of trade identical or
similar signs or containers for goods or services which are
identical or similar to those in respect of which the
trademark is registered where such use would result in a
likelihood of confusion. (Sec. 147)
DURATION
-the certificate of registration of a trademark shall be ten
(10) years from the filing date of application provided the
registrant shall file a declaration of actual use within a year
from the 5th anniversary of registration date (Sec. 145)
-renewable for another 10 yrs. (Sec. 146)
NON-REGISTRABLE TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND
SERVICE MARK
A mark cannot be registered if it:
a) Consists of immoral, deceptive or scandalous matter, or
matter which may disparage or falsely suggest a
connection with persons, living or dead, institutions,
beliefs, or national symbols, or bring them into contempt
or disrepute;
b) Consists of the flag or coat of arms or other insignia of
the Philippines or any of its political subdivisions, or of any
foreign nation, or any simulation thereof;
c) Consists of a name, portrait or signature identifying a
particular living individual except by his written consent, or
the name, signature, or portrait of a deceased President of
the Philippines, during the life of his widow, if any, except
by written consent of the window;
d) Is identical with a registered mark belonging to a
different proprietor or a mark with an earlier filing or
priority date, in respect of:
(i) The same gods or services, or
(ii) Closely related goods or services, or
(iii) If it nearly resembles such a mark as to be likely to
deceive or cause confusion;
e) Is identical with, or confusingly similar to, or constitutes
a translation of a mark which is considered by the
competent authority of the Philippines to be well-known
internationally and in the Philippines, whether or not it is
registered here, as being already the mark of a person
other than the applicant for registration, and used for
identical or similar goods or services: provided, that in
determining whether a mark is well-known, account shall
be taken of the knowledge of the relevant sector of the
public, rather than of the public at large, including
knowledge in the Philippines which has been obtained as a
result of the promotion of the mark;
f) Is identical with, or confusingly similar to, or constitutes
a translation of a mark considered well-known in
accordance with the preceding paragraph, which is
registered in the Philippines with respect to goods or
services which are not similar to those with respect to
which registration is applied for: provided, that use of the
mark in relation to those goods or services would indicate
a connection between those goods or services, and the
owner of the registered trademark: Provided further that
the interests of the owner of the registered mark are likely
to be damaged by such use;
g) Is likely to mislead the public, particularly as to the
nature, quality, characteristics or geographical origin of
the goods or services;
h) Consists exclusively of signs that are generic for the
goods or services that they seek to identify;
i) Consists exclusively of signs or of indications that have
become customary or usual to designate the goods or
services in everyday language or in a bonafide and
established trade practice;
j) Consists exclusively of signs or indications that may serve
in trade to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended
purpose, value, geographical origin, time or production of
the goods or rendering of the services, or other
characteristics of the goods or services;
k) Consists of shapes that may be necessitated by technical
factors or by the nature of the goods themselves or factors
that affect their intrinsic value;
l) Consists of color alone, unless defined by a given form;
or
m) Is contrary to public order or morality (Sec. 123)
FILING DATE OF AN APPLICATION
-The filing date of an application shall be the date on
which the office received the following indications and
elements in English or Filipino:
a) An express or implicit indication that the registration of
a mark is sought;
b) Indications sufficient to contact the applicant or his
representative, if any;
c) Indications sufficient to contact the applicant or his
representative, if any;
d) A reproduction of the mark where registration is
sought; and
e) The list of the goods or services for which the
registration is sought. (Sec. 127.1)
v NO filing date shall be accorded until the required fee is
paid (Sec. 127.2)
PROCEDURE FOR REGISTRATION
a) Examination to determine whether the application
satisfies the requirements for the grant of a filing date.
b) Examination to determine whether the application
meets the requirements of Sec. 124 and the mark is
registrable under Sec. 123.
c) Denial of the application or amendment thereof or
publication of the application;
d) Opposition to the application; notice; hearing; decision
by examiner; appeal to the Director of Bureau of
Trademarks; appeal to the IPO Director General; appeal to
the CA;
e) Issuance of Certificate of registration
f) Publication in the IPO Gazette of the fact of registration
CANCELLATION OF TRADEMARK OR TRADENAME
Who may file?
· any person who believes that he is and will be damaged
by the registration of a mark
Where to file?
· BLA
Grounds:
a) Mark becomes generic for goods for which it is
registered;
b) Abandonment of the mark;
c) Registration obtained fraudulently or contrary to
provisions of RA 8293;
d) Mark used by, or with permission, or, registrant;
e) Failure to use the mark within the Philippines for 3
uninterrupted years or longer.
EFFECTS OF NON-USE
· may be excused if caused by circumstances arising
independently of the will of the trademark owner, such as
military coup, or political changes that impede commerce
· Registration is an administrative act declaratory of a pre-
existing right that does not, of itself, perfect a trademark,
for what does is actual use
· Non-use is a ground for removing a mark from the
register
DOCTRINE OF SECONDARY MEANING
-While a generic, indicative or descriptive mark will, as a
general rule, be denied registration, there is a
circumstance that will allow it to be registered. Under the
doctrine of secondary meaning, when a mark has become
distinctive of the applicant͛s gods in commerce and, in the
mind of the public, indicates a single source of consumers,
it may be registered.
WHAT CONSTITUTES AN INFRINGEMENT
-Under RA 8293, any person shall, without the consent of
the owner of the registered mark:
1) Use in commerce any reproduction, counterfeit, copy,
or colorable imitation of a registered mark or the same
container or a dominant feature thereof in connection
with the sale, offering for sale, distribution, advertising any
goods or services including other preparatory steps
necessary to carry out the sale of any goods or services on
or in connection with which such use is likely to cause
confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive; or
2) Reproduce, counterfeit, copy or colorably imitate a
registered mark or a dominant feature thereof and apply
such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or colorable
imitation to labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers,
receptacles, or advertisements intended to be used in
commerce upon or in connection with the sale, offering
for sale, distribution, or advertising of goods or services
on, or in connection with which such use is likely to cause
confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive, shall be
liable for infringement. (Sec. 155)
TEST OF TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT
1) Dominancy Test ʹ consists in seeking out the main,
essential or dominant features of a mark.
2) Holistic Test ʹ takes stock of the other features of a
mark, taking into consideration the entirety of the marks.
DIFFERENTIATED FROM UNFAIR COMPETITION
1) Cause of action: in infringement, the cause of action is
the unauthorized use of a registered trademark; in unfair
competition, it is the passing off of one͛s goods as those of
another merchant.
2) Fraudulent intent is not necessary in infringement, but
necessary in UC.
3) Registration of trademarks: in infringement, it is a pre-
requisite; in UC, it is not required.
4) Class of goods involved: in infringement, the goods must
be of similar class; in UC, the goods need not be of the
same class.
v infringement is a form of unfair competition
REMEDIES AVAILABLE IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT OF A
REGISTERED MARK
a) Sue for damages (Sec. 156.1);
b) Have the infringing goods impounded (Sec. 156.2);
c) Ask for double damages (Sec. 156.3)
d) Ask for injunction (156.4)
e) Have the infringing goods disposed of outside the
channels of commerce (Sec. 157.1)
f) Have the infringing goods destroyed (Sec. 157.1)
g) File criminal action (Sec. 170);
h) Administrative Sanctions
UNFAIR COMPETITION
-any person who shall employ deception or any other
means contrary to good faith by which he shall pass off the
goods manufactured by him or in which he deals, or his
business, or services for those of the one having
established such goodwill, or who shall commit any acts
calculated to produce said result, shall be guilty of unfair
competition.
How Committed
a) Making one͛s goods appear as the goods of another;
b) Use of artifice or device to induce the false belief that
one͛s goods are those of another;
c) False statements in the course of trade; or
d) Any act contrary to good faith calculated to discredit
another͛s goods
TEST OF UNFAIR COMPETITION
-The test is whether certain goods have been clothed with
an appearance likely to deceive the ordinary purchaser
exercising ordinary care.
REMEDIES AGAINST UNFAIR COMPETITION
a) Damages which may either be:
· reasonable profit which would have realized, or
· actual profits collected by the defendant, or
· a certain percentage over the gross sales of defendant in
case of the measure of damages cannot be readily
ascertained;
b) Damages may be doubled in cases where actual intent
to mislead the public or to defraud the complaint is
shown;
c) Impounding of sales invoices and other documents
evidencing sales;
d) Injunction
e) Destruction of goods found to be infringing, and all
paraphernalia.
LAW ON COPYRIGHT
COPYRIGHT ʹ system of legal protection an author enjoys
in the form of expression of ideas
BASIC PRINCIPLES
· Works are protected by the sole fact of their creation,
irrespective of their mode or form of expression, as well as
their content, quality or purpose (Sec. 172.2)
· Protection extends only to the expression of the idea, not
to the idea itself or to any procedure, system, method or
operation, concept or principle, discovery or mere data.
CREATION OF A WORK
A copyright work is created when the two(2) requirements
are met:
1) Originality ʹ does not mean novelty or ingenuity,
neither uniqueness nor creativity. It simply means that the
work ͞owes its origin to the author͟
2) Expression ʹ there must be ͞fixation͟ To be ͞fixed͟, a
work must be embodied in a medium sufficiently:
· permanent; or
· stable
to permit it to be perceived, reproduced, or otherwise
communicated for a period of more than transitory
duration.
-if it is not required that the medium be visible as long as
there is a possibility of retrieval, then there is fixation
-it is fixation that defines the time from when copyright
subsists. Before fixation, there can be no infringement.
WORKS PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT
A. Original Work - Literary and artistic works are original
intellectual creations in the literary and artistic domain
protected from the moment of their creation, irrespective
of their mode or form of expression, as well as of their
content, quality and purpose, and shall include in
particular:
a) Books, pamphlets, articles and other writings
b) Periodicals and newspapers
c) Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations prepared for
oral delivery, whether or not reduced in writing or other
material form
d) Letters
e) Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions;
choreographic works or entertainment in dumb shows
f) Musical compositions, with or without words
g) Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture,
engraving, lithography or other works of art; models or
designs for works of art
h) Original ornamental designs or models for articles of
manufacture, whether or not registrable as an industrial
design, and other works of applied art.
i) Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts and three-
dimensional works relative to geography, topography,
architecture or science
j) Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical
character
k) Photographic works including works produced by a
process analogous to photography; lantern slides
l) Audiovisual works and cinematographic or any process
for making audio-visual recordings
m) Pictorial illustrations and advertisements
n) Computer programs
o) Other literary, scholarly, scientific and artistic works
(Sec. 172)
B. Derivative Works ʹ the following derivative works shall
also be protected:
a) Dramatizations, translations, adaptations, abridgments,
arrangements, and other alterations of literary works
b) Collections of literary, scholarly or artistic works, and
compilations of data and other materials which are
original by reason of the selection or coordination or
arrangement of their contents. (Sec. 173)
WORKS NOT PROTECTED
-The following works are not protected:
1) Any idea, procedure, system, method or operation,
concept, principle, discovery or mere data as such, even if
expressed, explained, illustrated, or embodied in a work;
2) News of the day and other facts having the character of
mere items of press information;
3) Any official text of a legislative, administrative or legal
nature, as well as any official translation thereof. (Sec.
175)
4) Any work of the Government of the Philippines. (Sec.
176)
-however, prior approval of the government agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office,
may, among other things, impose as a condition the
payment of royalties
5) Pleadings;
6) Decisions of courts and tribunals.
-This pertains to the ͞original decisions͟ not to the SCRA
published in volumes since these are protected under
derivative works.
RIGHTS OF AN AUTHOR
(Author ʹ a natural person who has created the work.)
A. Economic Rights (Sec. 177)
1) Right to reproduce;
2) Right to create derivative works;
3) Right to first public distribution or first sale;
4) Right to rent out the original or a cop of an audiovisual
or cinematographic work;
5) Right to public performance;
6) Right to other communication of the work to the public.
B. Moral Rights (Sec. 193)
1) Right of attribution or paternity right;
2) Right of alteration or non-publication;
3) Right to preservation of integrity
4) Right not to be identified with work of others or with
distorted work.
Term of moral right
-lifetime of the author and 50 years after his death
Waiver of moral right
1) by a written instrument (Sec. 195)
2) by contribution to a collective work unless expressly
reserved (Sec. 196)
PRINCIPLE OF AUTOMATIC PROTECTION
Under the Berne Convention, the enjoyment and exercise
of copyright, including moral rights, shall not be the
subject of any formality.
OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT
1. Single creator ʹ copyright belongs to the author of the
work, his heirs or assigns.
2. Joint creation ʹ copyright belongs to the co-authors
jointly as co-owners. But if the work consists of identifiable
parts, the author of each part owns the part that he has
created.
3. Employee͛s creation ʹ copyright belongs to the
employee if the creation is not part of his regular duties
even if he uses the time, facilities and materials of the
employer; otherwise it belongs to the employer
4. Commissioned work ʹ the work belongs to the person
commissioning but the copyright remains with the creator
unless there is a written stipulation to the contrary.
5. Cinematographic works ʹ the producer has copyright for
purposes of exhibition; for all other purposes, the
producer, the author of the scenario, the composer, the
film director, the author of the work are the creators.
6. Anonymous and pseudonymous works ʹ the publishers
shall be deemed the representative of the author unless:
a. the contrary appears
b. the pseudonyms or adopted name leaves no doubt as to
the author͛s identity or
c. if the author discloses his identity (Sec. 179).
7. Collective works ʹ the contributor is deemed to have
waived his right unless he expressly reserves it. (Sec. 196)
Collective work ʹ a work created by two or more persons
at the initiative and under the direction of another with
the understanding that it will be disclosed by the latter
under his own name and that the contributions of natural
persons will not be identified. (Sec. 171.2)
8. In case of transfers, the transferee shall own one or
more or all the economic rights transferred provided:
a. the assignment, if inter vivos, be in writing (Sec. 180.2)
b. the assignment be filed with the National Library upon
payment of the prescribed fee. (Sec. 182)
DURATION OF COPYRIGHT
· Literary artistic works and derivative works of a SINGLE
CREATOR - lifetime of the creator and for 50 years after his
death
· Joint creation ʹ lifetime of last surviving co-creator and
for 50 years after his death.
· Anonymous or a work under a pseudonym not
identifiable with the true name of the creator ʹ 50 years
after the date of their first publication.
v Except where, before the expiration of said period, the
author's identity is revealed or is no longer in doubt, the
rule for single and joint creation shall apply
· Photographic works ʹ 50 years from the publication of
the work, or from making the same term is given to
audiovisual works produced by photography or analogous
processes.
· Work of Applied Art ʹ 25 years from the date of making
· Newspaper Article ʹ lifetime of the author and 50 years
after his death
v A pure news report will no longer find protection under
he new law, BUT a column or published comment will
· The work of performers not incorporated in RECORDING,
PRODUCTS OF SOUND IMAGE RECORDINGS, and
BROADCASTS, are protected for periods of 50 years, 50
years, and 20 years, respectively, counted from the end of
the year of performance, recording, or broadcasts,
respectively.
The term of protection shall be counted from the first day
of January of the year following the death or of last
publication (Sec. 214)
LIMITATIONS TO THE RIGHTS ON COPYRIGHT
1) Private performance, private and personal use ʹ
applicable only ͞when a work has been lawfully made
accessible to the public.͟
Personal Use
-making a single reproduction, adaptation, arrangement or
other transformation of another͛s work exclusively for
one͛s own individual use in such cases as personal
research, learning or amusement
Private Use
-making a reproduction, adaptation or other
transformation of it, in a single person as in the case of
͞personal use͟ but also for a common purpose by a
specific circle of persons only.
2) Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work
Fair Use - A privilege in persons other than the owner of
the copyright to use the copyrighted material in a
reasonable manner without its consent, notwithstanding
the monopoly granted to the owner by the copyright.
-the doctrine of fair use is meant to balance the
monopolies enjoyed by the copyright owner with interests
of the public and of society.
CRITERIA TO DETERMINE WHETHER USE IS FAIR OR NOT:
a) Purpose and the character of the use
b) Nature of the copyrighted work
c) Amount and substantially of the portions used
d) Effect of the use upon the potential market of the
copyrighted work (Sec. 185)
THE ͞FAIR-USES͟ OF PROTECTED MATERIAL ARE:
a) Criticizing, commenting, and news reporting;
b) Using for instructional purposes including producing
multiple copies of classroom use, for scholarship, research
and similar purposes (Sec. 185)
3) WORKING OF ARCHITECTURE (Sec. 186)
-include the right to control the erection of any building
which reproduces the whole or a substantial part of the
work either in its original or in any form recognizably
derived from the original; Provided, that the copyright in
any such work shall not include the right to control the
reconstruction, or rehabilitation in the same style as the
original of a building to which that copyright relates

4) REPRODUCTION OF PUBLISHED WORK
-exclusively for research and private study.
5) REPROGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION BY LIBRARIES
-any library or archive whose activities are not for profit
may, without the authorization of the author of copyright
owner, make a single copy of the work by reprographic
reproduction.
6) REPRODUCTION OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS
-allowed on the ff. conditions:
a) only one copy is made;
b) lawful owner made the copy;
c) purpose of which the reproduction is made is legal like:
· use to which the program is made and for which it was
purchased demand the reproduction of a copy; or
· the reproduction of a copy is necessary to guarantee
against loss or destruction (Sec. 189.1)
7) IMPORTATION FOR PERSONAL PURPOSES
-The importation of a copy of a work by an individual for
his personal purposes shall be permitted without the
authorization of the author of, or other owner of copyright
in, the work under the following circumstances:
a) Copies of the work are not available in the Philippines
and:
i. not more than one copy at one time is imported for strict
individual use;
ii. importation is by authority and for the use of Philippine
Government; or
iii. Religious, charitable, or educational society imported 2) Where Right Registered:
not more than 3 copies per title provided they are not for Copyright ʹ National Library
sale. Patent and Trademark ʹ IPO
b) Copies form part of libraries and personal baggage
belonging to persons or families arriving from foreign 3) Duration of Right:
countries and are not intended for sale: Provided, that Patent ʹ 20 years from filing or priority date
such copies do not exceed three (3). (Sec. 190) Trademark ʹ 10 yearsCopyright ʹ Generally up to 50 years
after the death of the author
REMEDIES IN CASE OF INFRINGEMENT:
1) Injunction to prevent infringement
2) Damages assessed on the basis of the proof alleged by
the plaintiff of sales made by the defendant of the
infringing work minus whatever costs the defendant may
be able to prove and appreciated by the court.
3) Delivery under oath of all implements employed in the
production of the infringing products themselves and the
infringing items, for impounding or destruction as the
court may order.
4) Payment of moral and exemplary damages in the
discretion of court.
5) Criminal Action
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COPYRIGHT, PATENT AND
TRADEMARK
1) Subject Matter of the Right:
Copyright ʹ literary, scientific or artistic work;
Patent ʹ new, useful, and industrially applicable
inventions;
Trademark ʹ goods manufactured or produced