ANALYTICAL, FORECASTING AND ASSESSMENT METHODS

What are the different analytical, forecasting and assessment techniques?

Types Description Applications

Statistical
• Mean Weighted sum of the Measure of central location
random variables. or a measure of central
tendency.
• Variance Deviation from the mean Measure of variation
• Linear Programming Mathematical modeling Land allocation
technique designed to Trip generation
optimize the use of limited
resources
Forecasting Model
 Moving average Based on time series Crop forecasting
analysis in which the most
recent observation are used
in estimating a parameter.
 Regression Determine a relationship Time series
between a dependent and an
independent variable.
Graphical
 Thematic mapping, eg. Indicating the various Identification of all risks in
risk mapping hazards by type, intensity order to designate the
and frequency appropriate land use
 Scalogram Presence and absence of Hierarchy of settlements and
social and economic services and levels of
functions of highest and development
lowest orders in a
settlement
 Sieve mapping / Overlaying various thematic Land suitability
Overlay mapping maps representing the Site suitability
constraints and potentials to
come up with a composite
map including: soil and
slope characteristics, the
climate conditions, flood
plains, geological hazard
areas, urban centers,
vegetative cover, etc.
 Types Description Applications
 Graphs Show the changes (or Comparisons of male/
patterns of change) of one female as in bar charts trends
of several variables over a analysis as in line charts
period of time. Several composition of variable as in
variables may be presented pie charts
in the same graph to show
comparisons.
 Network analysis A set of nodes linked by Analyzes shortest route
arcs or branches through between 2 points
which there is some type of
flow
Modeling
 Gravity model Determines the relative Identifies hierarchy of
“pull” of a particular area settlements
based on the comparative
value of each
Area and the distance or
travel time/cost between
two zones.
 Supply-demand models Infrastructure and utilities
planning
Housing
 Decision support
 Scenario
 Gaming/simulation SIM city

Process Models
 Stakeholder Analysis Analyzes the needs and
aspirations or expected
outcomes and results by the
different actors, together
with the significance of
their influence on a
plan/project and the means
of obtaining their support.
 Logical framework A summary of project
goals, inputs, outputs
activities and performance
indicators used for ensuring
consistency of project
design
 Cause-effect diagram, Used for ensuring
fishbone consistency of project
design. Identifies the
causes and effects of a
Formulation of goals,
objectives by stakeholders
and strategies for obtaining
their support
Hierarchical presentation of
goals, objectives, targets and
identification of measures to
verify the attainment or
accomplishment of these
goals, objectives and targets
Problem identification and
solution
 Types
 SWOT
 Checklist
 Decision-tree/Problem
tree
Assessment Tools
 Environmental Impact
Assessment
 Strategic Environmental
Assessment
 Cost-Benefit Analysis
 Scenario Analysis
 Risk analysis
 Conflict resolution
 Life Cycle Assessment
Description Applications
problem
Assesses the strengths Strategy formulation
(resources), weaknesses
(constraints), opportunities
(external positive events
and trends), and threats
(external negative factors)
Lists factors and parameters Evaluation of project
for each proposals
An organization of Problem identification
problems and their causes
which can be converted into
a decision-tree by indicating
solutions to the problem
causes.

What is the means?

What is moving average?

What is a variance?

What is linear programming?

• Aims to find maximum profit or minimum cost.

• Steps include (1) set up a function that represents cost, profit, or some other quantity
to be maximized or minimized subject to the constraints of the problem;. (2) define
the constraints with a system of linear inequalities. The solution of these systems of
inequalities is called the feasible region; (3) graph the inequalities to determine the
coordinates of the vertices of the region; (4) evaluate the function at each vertex. The
largest and smallest of those values are the maximum and minimum values of the
function, respectively.

What is regression analysis?

 • Any techniques for modeling and analyzing several variables, when the focus is on
the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

• Aims to show how the typical value of the dependent variable changes when any one
of the independent variables is varied, while the other independent variables are held
fixed and to explore the forms of these relationships. In restricted circumstances,
infers causal relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

• Estimates the conditional expectation of the dependent variable given the independent
variables — that is, the average value of the dependent variable when the independent
variables are held fixed.

• Some times, focuses on a quantile, or other location parameter of the conditional

distribution of the dependent variable given the independent variables.

• In all cases, the estimation target is a function of the independent variables called the
regression function. In regression analysis, it is also of interest to characterize the
variation of the dependent variable around the regression function, which can be
described by a probability distribution.
• Used for prediction and forecasting
• Methods include linear regression and ordinary least squares regression are
parametric, in that the regression function is defined in terms of a finite number of
unknown parameters that are estimated from the data. Nonparametric regression
refers to techniques that allow the regression function to lie in a specified set of
functions, which may be infinite-dimensional.

What is thematic mapping?

A mapping process that displays the spatial pattern of a social or physical

phenomenon, such as population density, life expectancy, climate change.

RISK MAPPING

What is risk mapping?

It is the preparation of disaster vulnerability maps indicating the distribution of

hazards by type, intensity and frequency.

What are the possible types of hazards?

1. Earthquake risks, such as fault lines

2. Flood plains, coastal areas subject to tsunamis and low lying areas with poor
drainage
3. Location of active volcanoes
4. Areas prone to erosion, because of the soil type and slope and vegetation
Why is risk mapping important?

It identifies areas exposed to violent and sudden natural phenomena, such as

earthquakes, floods and tropical storms as basis for identifying the best land use and
basis for imposing development controls.

SCALOGRAM OR GUTTMAN SCALING

What is scalogram?

This technique is useful in the study of settlements. It ranks settlements (barangays,

municipalities and cities) by their functional complexity based on the number and
types of functions that are located within them.

How is scalogram done?

1. Prepare a blank matrix

2. List all settlements by population size in descending order as rows.
3. List all the functions (establishments and institutions) by total number in
descending order as columns.

Settlements Functions (from the least to the most occurring functions)

(ranked by
population
size, 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
highest to
lowest)
A
B
C
D
E
Total

4. Indicate by check marks in the cell, if the settlement has the social and economic
function indicated.
5. Reorder the rows and columns in order to properly sort the blanks cells in
decreasing order.
6. The final order identifies the ranking of settlements as well as the type of services.

What are the outputs of scalogram?

The results of the Scalogram or Guttman scaling shall be a classification and ranking
of settlements into levels of functions (services, facilities, infrastructure and
 productive activities) they offer. The scalogram provides planners information about
the geographical distribution and helps them compare the spatial distribution of
functions of the population.

Compute the centrality of each settlement as follows:

1. Compute totals for each row and column, using the total number of functional
attributes in the entire system has a combined centrality value of 100.
2. Determine the weight or locational coefficient of the functional attribute by
applying the following:

C = t/T where C= the weight of the functional attribute

T = combined centrality value of 100
T = total number of attributes in the system

3. Add one block to the table and enter weights computed.

4. Reproduce another table similar to that in step 2 and enter the computed weights
and the total centrality values;
5. Total the weights of each to produce the indices of centrality of a settlement.

What are the types of mapping analysis?

• Reclassifying maps – repackaging of existing information on a new map
• Overlaying maps- creation of a new map where new boundaries are delineated from
the features of two or more maps
• Measuring distance and connectivity – generation of new maps by characterizing the
relative positions of map features
• Neighborhood operations: summarizes the conditions in the general vicintiy of a
location.

What is sieve mapping?

• A constraints and opportunities mapping process that builds up a number of geographical

layers to produce a visual representation of areas that show less (or more) potential for future
settlement growth.

What are the steps for sieve mapping?

1. List constraints and opportunities for development

� Slope instability hazards

� Protected Trees
� Historic flooding hazard
� Slopes that receive the least (or most*) sun
� Waterways
� Historic buildings, sites objects and areas
� Landscape protection areas
� Sacred sites
� Areas of lesser landscape value*
� Archaeological sites
 � Roads, including Highway setbacks
� Community water supply protection zones
� Recommended Areas for Protection
� Setbacks from waste water treatment plants
� Areas within 250m of a piped water supply*

2. Assign a score for each layer depending on the degree to which the constraint or
opportunity is likely to limit (or benefit) built development.

3. Overlay all constraints

4. Map and compare constraints and opportunities

5. Compare constraints and opportunities maps with existing land use and identify areas
for:
a. Infill
b. Expansion
c. Least potential

What is network analysis?

• A method which determines the shortest routes between two areas to save time and money in order to plan and
optimize the delivery of goods and services.

• A network is a set of linear features that are interconnected in GIS. Common examples of networks include
highways, railways, city streets, rivers, transportation routes (e.g., transit, school buses, garbage collection, and
mail delivery), and utility distribution systems (e.g., electricity, telephone, water supply, and sewage).

They provide the means for the movement of people and goods, the delivery of services, the flow of resources and
energy, as well as the communication of information.

What are the types of network analysis?

• network tracing
• network routing
• network allocation

Network Tracing determines a particular path through the network. This path is based on criteria provided by the
user.
Network Routing determines the optimal path along a linear network. The selection of the path can be based on
numerous criteria, such as “shortest distance,” “fastest route,” “no left turns” and “minimum cost.” The path can
pass between two points or through several selected points.
Network Allocation analyzes geographical entities and determines a point of the optimum center.

What is stakeholder analysis?

• A technique for identifying and assessing the importance of key people, group of
people or institutions that may significantly influence the success of a project.

Who is a stakeholder?

• Actors (persons or organizations) with a vested interest in the policy being promoted.
• interested parties, such as, international/donors, national political (legislators,
governors), public (national government agencies), labor (unions, associations),
 commercial/private for-profit, nonprofit (nongovernmental organizations [NGOs],
foundations), civil society, and users/consumers.

What are the steps for stakeholders analysis?

• Identify people, groups and institutions that will influence the success of your
proposal.
• Anticipate the kind of influence, positive or negative, and the magnitude of that
influence and likelihood
• Develop strategies that will get the most effective support possible and reduce
obstacles to successful implementation

Stakeholder Analysis: Housing Project

STAKEHOLDERS
HOUSEHOLD BENEFICIARIES

ESTATE MANAGER

LAND OWNER

COMMUNITY

MAYOR
COMMUNITY

FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
HOST

OUTCOME

OUTPUTS:
DESIRED BY
STAKEHOLDERS:
DESIRED BY
PROCESS

PROCESS

Measures of
Performance

Level of influence
Desired participation/
proposed action

What is a LogFRAME approach?

 • An analytical and management tool used to design, monitoring and evaluation of
development projects. It is also widely known as Goal Oriented Project Planning
(GOPP) or Objectives Oriented Project Planning (OOPP).

What are the OTHER uses of LogFRAME, aside from designing, monitoring and evaluating?

• Communicates a project's objectives clearly and simply on a single page. Communicates

what the project attempts to accomplish, and how likely it is to succeed-- in terms of
programmatic (goal-level) as well as project (purpose-level) objective
• Incorporates the full range of views of all stakeholders of a project.

• articulates a common interpretation of the objectives of a project and how they will be
achieved.
• Provides a clear basis for monitoring progess; verifying purpose and goal level progress then
simplifies evaluation.

• Summarizes the key features of a project design at the time of project identification (what is
it?) during definition (what should we do?) and appraisal (should we do it?).
• Provides essential planning information for the development of project plans.

What are the applications of LogFRAME?

• Definition and design of soft projects, such as

Strategic Planning
Business Improvement Projects
Quality Implementation Projects
Business Planning
Marketing Planning
Cultural Change Projects
Commercialization Projects

• Hard projects, such as:

Heavy Engineering Projects (eg Ship Building)

Building Construction
Installation of Computer Hardware
Road and Bridge Construction

How is the LogFRAME constructed?

Example of Logical Framework for a Project

I
Intervention Logic Objectively verifiable Sources and Assumptions
indicators of means of
achievement verification
Overall What is the overall What are the key What are the
objectives
broader objective to indicators related sources of
which the project to the overall information for
 will contribute? objective? these
indicators?
Project What are the What are the What are the What are the factors
Purpose
specific objectives quantitative or sources of and
which the project qualitative indicators information that conditions not under the
shall achieve? showing whether exist or can be direct control of the
and to what extent collected? project which are
the What are the necessary to achieve
project’s specific methods these
objectives are required to get objectives?What risks
achieved? this have
information? to be considered?
Expected What are the What are the What are the What external factors
Results
concrete outputs indicators to sources of and
envisaged to measure whether information for conditions must be
achieve the specific and to what extent these realized to obtain the
objectives? What are the project indicators? expected
the envisaged effects achieves the outputs and results on
and benefits of the envisaged results schedule?
project? and effects?
What improvements
and changes will be
produced by the
project?
Activities What are the key Means: What are the What conditions
activities to be What are the means sources of outside of the project’s
carried out and in required to information direct control have to
what sequence in implement these about project be present for the
order to produce activities, eg progress? implementation
the expected personnel, of the planned
results? equipment, activities?
training, studies,
supplies,
operational
facilities, etc
(source: The European Commission’s Delegation to India, Bhutan, Nepal and the Maldives
http://www.delind.cec.eu.int/en/csn/civil_society/eccp/eccp-logical_framework.xls)

What is gravity model?

• A model that predicts of people, information and goods between two places (Reilly's
law of retail gravitation, 1931). It is obtained by computing the following formula:

(Population 1 x Population 2 )/ Distance 2

What is a supply demand model?

• An economic model that analyzes a competitive market for a single good or service.
Supply generally depicts producers' outputs rising as price increase, which motivates
increased outputs. As price rises, consumers shift to cheaper goods and their
 purchasing power falls. If the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied,
shortages allow producers to raise prices. When the quantity supplied exceeds the
quantity demanded, surpluses lead producers to reduce prices. Equilibrium occurs at
the price where the quantities demanded and supplied are exactly equal. Changes in
other relevant variables cause shifts in the supply or demand functions.

What is a cause-effect model?

• The cause effect diagram also known as the “fishbone” (by Kaoru Ishikawa)
systematically lists all the possible different causes that can be attributed to a
particular effect or problem. A cause and effect diagram can help address the causes
rather than the symptoms of a problem.
• Root cause analysis is a class of problem solving methods aimed at identifying the
basic causes of problems or events. It is an iterative process and is a tool for
continuous quality improvement.

What is SWOT?

SWOT analysis (Albert Humphrey, 1960-1970) is a strategic planning method used to

evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats involved in a project, program or
plan proposal.

STRENGTHS (S) WEAKNESSES (W)

OPPORTUNITIES (O) SO Strategies OW Strategies

(Use strengths to take (Take advantage of
advantage of opportunities) opportunities to overcome
weaknesses)
THREATS (T) ST Strategies WT Strategies
(Use strengths to reduce Minimize weaknesses and
threats) reduce threats

What is a checklist?

In the most commonly used approach land use planners, alternative proposals are
ranked on an ordinal basis using a set of criteria. The preferred alternative is that plan
which satisfies best the given set of criteria.

What criteria should development proposal meet ?

1. It is reflective of the desires and aspirations of the community

 2. It is consistent with the provincial, regional and national goals and objectives;
3. It is reasonable and attainable; and
4. It generates sufficient public support that will spur its implementation

(See also Environmental Assessment.pdf)

What is decision/problem tree analysis?

• A planning method used to inventory of all problems, establishing a cause-effect

hierarchy between problems. After the problem analysis, problems are converted to
objectives which are then analyzed and clustered to determine the appropriate
intervention strategy.

 Environmental Impact Assessment

See Environmental impact assessment

 Strategic Environmental Assessment

See Environmental impact assessment

 Cost-Benefit Analysis

Cost effectiveness of different alternatives and involves monetary value of initial and
operating expenses versus expected returns. Costs are adjusted for its time value. Related
techniques include cost-effectiveness analysis, economic impact analysis, fiscal impact
analysis and social cost-benefit analysis.

 Scenario Analysis, Gaming or Simulation

A process of analyzing future events by considering possible outcomes. In simulation (also,

system dynamics) Jay Forrester, the project, program or plan is detailed into its systems
components (input-process-output), at current and future situations, identifying if the outputs
are directly (positive) or inversely affected (negative). Gaming simulation, the closed system
game (American Forum for Global Education) involves role playing of various stakeholders
in assessing quality of life, using development strategies. A similar computer game is SIM
city.

 Risk analysis

Process of defining and analyzing possible threats to projects, programs and plans posed by
natural and human-caused adverse events. This can be quantified, by numerically
determining the probability or likelihood that the adverse event can occur. The results can be
used to devise counter measures or redesign the projects, programs or plans.
 Conflict resolution

Area development may pose conflicts between different stakeholders who may have different
goals.

Steps are 1) set the scene through active listening, (2) gather information, (3) agree on the
problem, (4) brainstorm on the possible solutions and (5) negotiate a solution.

 Life Cycle Assessment

It is a compilation and evaluation of inputs, outputs and potential impacts of a project aor
program throughout its life cycle. Environmental performance is generally measured in
terms of: fossil fuel depletion, non-renewable resource use, water use, global warming
potential, stratospheric ozone depletion, ground level ozone creation, nutrification/
eutorphication of water bodies, acidification and acid deposition and toxic realses to air,
water and land.

Traffic impact analysis

A study which assesses the effects that a particular development's traffic will have on
transportation network in the community. This can be detailed or complex depending on the
type, size and location of development. It will evaluate whether the development is
appropriate for a site and what type of transportation improvements will be needed.

What is Chart?

Chart is used to graphically show relationships. The duplicate presentation of the

same sets of data in both the graphical and tabulated forms should be avoided.
Charts present relationships more clearly especially when it is desired to show the
pattern through time. Charts can also be made sophisticated or artistic, but artistry
should be used only to achieve clarity of presentation.

What are the types of chart?

Pie Chart – This shows the parts or components of a whole, usually in percentages.
Thus, the total of the individual figures must add up to 100 percent.
Bar Chart - This is effective in presenting a comparison of several items at one
period of time, or to show the change of one specific item over an interval of time. A
vertical bar chart is called a column chart and the columns of this kind of chart form a
step graph when connected. Sometimes, bar charts are sub-divided to show the
change of the whole and their parts; or to make a comparison of several wholes and
their components. This is the main advantage of a bar chart over a pie chart.

Surface Chart - Its use is best suited in showing the changes of a whole over time
and the relative changes among its components.

Flow Chart - This is used to show the sequential or step-wise progression of a

process.
 Appendix. Data Requirements and Sources of Data
Data Requirements Source/s of Data
A. Demography National Statistics Office
A.1 Historical growth of population, growth rate, by
Municipality, Province
A.2 Population density by Municipality National Statistics Office
A.3 Population by age/sex distribution, by Municipality National Statistics Office
A.4 Population projection, by Municipality National Statistics Office
A.5 Urban-rural population, by Municipality National Statistics Office
A.6 Current and projected population by Municipality National Statistics Office/
National Economic and
Development Authority
A.7 In and out-migration, by Municipality National Statistics Office
A.8 Population fifteen years old and over by type of economic National Statistics Office
activity, by Municipality
A.9 Comparative age and economic dependency ratio by National Statistics Office
Municipality

partment of Agriculture/ Department of Agrarian

Reform/National Irrigation Administration
B.3 Area of Farms, by land use and municipality Department of Agriculture/
National Statistics Office
B.4 Cost and return analysis of major commodities (1991 Department of Agriculture /
prices) per ha./annum National Statistics Office
B.5 Area, location and production of fishing ground, by Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Municipality Resources / National Statistics
Office
B.6 Change/shift in crop planted, by Municipality Department of Agriculture /
Bureau of Plan Industry /
Provincial Agriculturist
B.7 Irrigated and non-irrigated cropland, by Municipality Department of Agriculture /
Department of Agrarian
Reform / National Irrigation
Administration
B.8 Agricultural Facilities and other related services, by Department of Agriculture
Municipality Bureau of Plant Industry /
Provincial Agriculturist
B.9 Present and future production (MT/Annum) Department of Agriculture /
National Statistics Office /
Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board
B.10 Present and future surplus (deficit) in food supply Department of Agriculture
(MT/Annum)
B.11 Food balance sheet Department of Agriculture
B.12 Commodity specialization, by Municipality Department of Agriculture /
Provincial Agriculturist
B.13 Area planted, yield and value of production of crops by Department of Agriculture /
Municipality National Statistics Office /
 Data Requirements Source/s of Data
Provincial Agriculturist
B.14 Quantity and value of poultry and livestock products, by Bureau of Animal Industry /
Municipality (in peso value per ton) National Statistics Office
C. Tourism
C.1 Tourist Zones / Areas Department of Tourism/Local
Government Units
D. Industry
D.1 Regional/Provincial Industrial Centers and Special Department of Trade and
Export Processing Zones / Peoples Industrial Estate Industry
D.2 Mineral Resources – Mining Quarrying (Metallic and non- Mines and Geo-Sciences and
metallic resources) Bureau/ National Statistics
Office
D.3 Manufacturing Industries Department of Trade and
Industry / National Statistics
Office / Local Government Units
D.4 Non-manufacturing industries:
a. Housing Housing and Land Use
- Construction Regulatory Board/National
Housing Authority
b. Commerce:
- Wholesale and retail, real estate insurance, National Statistics Office
banks and other financial institutions, shopping Department of Trade and
centers, super markets / public markets, Industry / National Statistics
appliance stores, funeral parlor warehouses, Office / Treasurer’s Office
specialized shops, drug-stores, lodging houses & (To be used in Scalogram
groceries analysis)
E. Settlements (To be used in Scalogram
E.1 Educational Institutions: analysis)
a. Elementary Schools (Public & Private) Department of Education,
Culture and Sports
b. Secondary Schools (Public & Private) Department of Education,
Culture and Sports
c. Tertiary Schools (Public & Private) Department of Education,
Culture and Sports
d. Agricultural Schools (Public & Private) Department of Education,
Culture and Sports

e. Research Institution Department of Education,

Culture and Sports
f. Special Schools (Deaf, Mute, Blind, Retardate) Department of Education,
Culture and Sports
g. Training Schools Department of Education,
Culture and Sports
h. Vocational Schools Department of Education,
Culture and Sports
E.2 Institutional Facilities (To be used in Scalogram
analysis)
a. Health Facilities
 Data Requirements Source/s of Data
- Private Hospitals / Medical Centers Department of Health
- Provincial Hospitals Department of Health
- Community Hospitals Department of Health
- Rural Health Centers Department of Health
- Private Clinics Department of Health / Local
Government Units
b. Social Welfare Facilities
- Social Welfare Centers Department of Social Welfare
and Development
- Orphanages Department of Social Welfare
and Development
- Rehabilitation Centers Department of Social Welfare
and Development
- Day Care Centers Units Department of Social Welfare
and Development / Local
Government
F. Infrastructure and Utilities
F.1 Transportation: Department of Transportation
and Communications
a. Land Transportation
- Number of land Transportation companies/
franchise holders
- Number and type of transport vehicles
- Origin-destination data
- Inventory of roads Department of Public Works and
- by type of administration Highways
(National, Provincial, Municipal and City)
- by type of construction (concrete,
asphalt, gravel and dirt roads)
- Inventory of Bridges
- by type of administration and
location
- by type of construction
(concrete, wooden and others)
b. Railway System (if applicable) Philippine National Railway
c. Air Transportation (if applicable) Air Transportation Office
d. See Transportation (if applicable) Philippine Port Authority
F.2 Waterworks and Sewerage System Local Waterworks and Utilities
a. Source of Water Supply Administration / Manila
- Water Systems (wells, Waterworks and Sewerage
springs, artesian wells, centralized, etc. System
- Main pipelines, size and
capacity of water systems
b. Population served and consumption data of water
per capita per day, and per establishment
(commercial, industrial, institutional) per day
c. Rate of water service per consumer type
d. Sewerage lines (if applicable)
 Data Requirements Source/s of Data
e. Irrigation systems (dams and dikes) National Irrigation
Administration
F3. Power National Power Corporation/
a. Number, ownership, type of capitalization National Electrification
employment and wage of power companies Administration / Local Electric
b. Power generation by source of electric power Cooperatives / Manila Electric
- Total capacity (hydro, thermal, diesel) Company
- Kilowatt generation (hydro, thermal, diesel)
c. Power consumption by user of electricity
- Number of customers (residential, industrial,
institutional, commercial
- Electric energy consumption (residential,
industrial, institutional, commercial)
- Electric rates (residential, commercial,
institutional, industrial)
d. Power distribution
- Service coverage (areas and population served)
- Maximum demand (kw) and duration of service
- Status of electrification
- Communications Bureau of Telecommunications/
National Telecommunication
e. Number and location of wireless system Communications / Local
(if applicable) Stations
- radio station
- television station
- telegraph station
- telex station
f. Mail services Bureau of Posts
g. Telephone systems (if applicable) Local Companies
- Other facilities
h. Storage and warehousing facilities for: National Statistics Office
- crops
- livestock and poultry
- fishes
i. Drainage and flood control systems Department of Public Works and
j. Garbage and waste disposal systems Highways
G. Land Use
G.1 Climate Philippine Atmospheric Geo-
Physical and Astronomical
Services Administration
G.2 Topography Bureau of Soils and Water
Management / National Mapping
and Resource Information
Administration
G.3 Geology Bureau of Soils and Water
Management / National Mapping
and Resource Information
Agency
G.4 Soils / Soils Erosion Bureau of Soils and Water
 Data Requirements Source/s of Data
Management / National Mapping
and Resource Information
Agency
G.5 Hydrology Bureau of Soils and Water
Management / National Mapping
and Resource Information
Agency
G.6 Land Cover and Vegetation Bureau of Soils and Water
Management / National Mapping
and Resource Information
Agency
G.7 Existing Land Use Housing and Land Use
Regulatory Board / Bureau of
Soils and Water Management /
National Mapping and Resource
Information Agency / Planning
Team
G.8 Land Classification Bureau of Soils and Water
Management / National Mapping
and Resource Information
Agency
G.9 Environmentally Critical Areas
a. National parks, watershed, reserves and sanctuaries Department of Environment and
Natural Resources / National
Mapping and Resource
Information Agency
b. Aesthetic potential tourist spots Department of Tourism
c. Areas which constitute the habitat for any Department of Environment and
endangered or threatened species of indigenous Natural Resources
Philippine Wildlife (flora and fauna)
d. Areas of unique historical, archeological or National Historical Commission
scientific interests
e. Areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural Office of the Cultural
communities or tribes Communities / Local
Government Units
f. Areas frequently visited and/or hard hit by natural Philippine Atmospheric Geo-
calamities (geologic hazard, flood typhoon, volcanic physical and Astronomical
activity, etc.) Services Administration /
Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology /
Department of Public Works and
Highways
g. Areas with critical slopes Bureau of Soils and Water
Management
h. Ares classified as prime agricultural lands Department of Agriculture
i. Recharge areas of aquifers Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
j. Water bodies characterized by one or
any combination of the following conditions:
 Data Requirements Source/s of Data
- tapped for domestic purposes Bureau of Soils and Water
Management / Mines and Geo-
Sciences Bureau/ National Water
Resources Board
- within the controlled and/or Department of Environment and
protected areas declared by appropriate Natural Resources
authorities Department of Environment and
- which support wildlife and Natural Resources
fish activity
k.Mangroves areas Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
l. Coral reef Department of Environment and
Natural Resources
Source: Guidelines on the Preparation of the Provincial Physical
Framework Plan

References

http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/project-planning-step-by-step.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_framework_approach
http://www.isnar.cgiar.org/gender/hambly.htm - International Service for Agricultural Research –
“Engendering the Logical Framework – Helen Hambly Odame, Research Officer, ISNAR, August 2001
 APPENDIX 2. AREAS/SPACE REQUIREMENTS

Location
Services and Facilities Area/Space Requirements
Requirements
- Low density, less Example:
than 150 persons per
hectare of residential Res. Density = 100,000 population Within buidable
area ----------------------- areas, away from
- Medium density, 500 ha. disaster/vulnerable
151-250 persons per areas
hectare of residential = 200 persons per hectare
area of residential area
- High density, more
than 250 persons per House
hectare of residential hold Density = 200 persons per ha. of 25 m buffer between
area res. area memorial park
--------------------------- industrial areas
6 (average h.h size)

= 33.3 households per

ha. of R.A

Average lot
size per household = 10,000
---------
33.3
= 300 square meter per h.h
Health

Standard Area per

Hospital/Clinic

Municipal Hospital 1.5 has. Quiet zones

Provincial Hospital 1.5 has.
Regional Hospital 2.5 has.
Medical Center 3.5 has
Solid Waste Disposal In the fill and 20% cover, one hectare- At least 2 kms. from
Area meter per year of dumping ground will developed areas
Per capita generation provide for a population of about clear from aquifer
= 0.32 kg/day 30,000. recharge zones
Average in M.M.A
= 0.40 kg/day
Range = 0.23 to
0.60 kg/day
 Services and Facilities Area/Space Requirements Location Requirements
Location - 50 meter from
criteria/guidelines for waterways or any
cemeteries surface water resources,
aquifer or ground water
reservoir, and not be
located within a
watershed area.
- Shall not be located
closer than 25 meters
from any dwelling house
or unit, commercial
establishment, any
recreational area or
institution
- at least twenty (20)
meters distance from
any dwelling unit, and
no house shall be
constructed within the
same distance from any
burial ground.
Schools:
a. Elementary Within walking distance of
1 or 2 classes and no 0.5 ha population served.
grade above Gr.IV
b. Secondary Within one-hour community
12 sections 0.5 ha distance
12 to 25 sections 1.0 ha
26 to 50 sections 1.5 has.
51 to 75 sections 2.0 has.
c. Colleges and - do -
Universities
500 or less students 0.50 ha.
501 to 1,000 1.0 ha
1,001 to 2,000 2.0 has.
2,001 to 3,000 3.0 has.

Larger colleges and

Universities
Minimum number of 7.0 has.
student
10,000
 Services and Facilities Area/Space Requirements Location Requirements
a. Pre- School
(Kindergarten Level) 500 sq.m Within walking distance of
Minimum lot area 1 ½ sq.m/child population served
Classroom size
b. Elementary School
- Barrio School 1 to 2 ½ ha.
classes and no grade
above Grade IV.
- Central School 6
classes for non- 1 ha.
central schools
- For Schools 7 classes
- For Schools 10-12 2 ha.
classes 3 has.
- For Schools more 4 has.
than 12 classes
For Rural Areas
For central school ½ ha. Within walking distance of
– 6 classes population served
- Schools 7-10 classes 1 ½ ha.
- Schools - more than 2 has.
10 classes
For Urban Areas
- For 6 to 10 classes ½ ha.
- 11 to 12 classes ¾ ha.
Elementary Schools
Classroom 1.40 sq.m. per place
Elementary school shop 2.50 sq.m. per place
Administrative Office 5.00 sq.m. per place

Library/LRC 2.40 sq.m per place

(10% of total enrolment)
Medical /Dental Clinic 28.00 sq.m. gross
Guidance Room 28.00 sq.m. gross
Corridor Above ground level,
Minimum clear width is
2.0 m. provided that the
the provisions of the
National Building Code &
Fire Codes of the Phils. and
other regulations are
observed.
 Services and Facilities Area/Space Requirements Location requirements

Secondary Schools
Classroom 1.40 sq.m. per place Within one hour community
Science laboratory 2.10 sq.m per place distance

Secondary Schools Shops

Practical 2.50 sq.m per place
Arts/Technology
and Economics 2.50 sq.m per place
Girls 5.00 sq.m per place
Trades/Homemaking 5.00 sq.m per place
Wood Trades 7.00 sq.m per place
Metal Trades 4.00 sq.m per place
Mechanical Trades 2.50 sq.m per place
Electrical Trades 5.00 sq.m per place
Drafting/Drawing 6.50 sq.m per place
Farm Mechanics 2.50 sq.m per place
Farm Machinery
Fish/Capture/Culture/ 5.00 sq.m per place
Prevention 28.00 sq.m per place
28.00 sq.m per place
Administrative and
Services Spaces
Administrative Office
Medical/Dental
Clinics 0.50 ha.
Guidance Room 1.0 ha.
2.0 has.
3.0 has.
D. College and
Universities Within one hour community
500 or less students distance
501 to 1,000
1,001 to 2,000
2,001 to 3,000
 APPENDIX 3. ANALYTICAL FORECASTING AND ASSESSMENT METHODS
Parameters
Physical character of the
barangay/municipality of
city (whether agricultural,
forested or urbanized)
Direction of physical
land/land use change
(agricultural development,
stagnation, retrogression,
increased urbanization
Adequacy of infrastructure
(roads, water works, power,
flood control, sewerage)
Land use related problems
such as, deforestation,
conversion of prime
agricultural lands, land
speculation, blight
congestion, incompatible
uses
Constraints in development,
typhoon, risk of earthquake,
volcanic eruptions, lava
flows, lahar
Development potential
(agricultural, mining, urban
development
Indicators
- Dominant land use/s
- Intensity if urban use
(for highly urbanized areas)
- Types of land changes
- Intensity of new
development
- Manner of
transformation (rapid or low)
Inventory of available facilities -
and rate of use
- Length and condition
of roads, bridges, streets
- Types of waterworks,
percentage of population
served
- Available power
facilities, percentage of
population served
- Types of conditions of
sewerage, drainage, liquid
and waste disposal systems
- Presence or conditions of
indication problems
- ISO resistivity water
- Water table
- Elevation
- Contour
- Flood prone areas
- Location of volcanoes
- Steep slopes
- Soil characteristics
- Erosion potential
- Vegetation
- Accessibility to support
infrastructures
- Market, resources
Method of Determination
Compute ratios of land use
category areas to total
municipal area
- Urban land use
intensity map scaled or by
number of units.
- Analyze past and
present land uses through
map overlays, interview with
long time residents; and
determines areas with
significant
Demand supply
analysis
- Network analyze for
shorter routes
- Drainage
Waste management, solid
and liquid
Identify areas with flooding
incidence, conduct structural
and environmental quality
study, land use analysis,
from reports of other
agencies, and interviews with
residents.
Obtain Geologic data, climate
and, slope. Determine areas
affected by typhoon serge
volcanoes eruption,
earthquake faults
Overlay or sieve mapping
 Parameters
Social Character (types and
characteristics of social
institutions/ systems in the
planning area)
Social problems
Economic Structure (structure
and functioning of local
economy, vitality of
economy)
Economic Problems
Social and economic
potentials
Indicators
Population characteristics (size,
age/sex distribution, income
distribution)
Types extent and quality of
social services and facilities
(adequacy/inadequacy)
Social service (health,
nutrition, housing,
enrollment, crime rate,
income distribution, etc.)
ratio below national/
provincial average
Identified, recognized social
problems by officials and
citizens alike
Economic base enrollment,
sectoral and solving
contribution to local
economy, types of industries:
commercial activities,
tourism oriented industries,
manufacturing/ mining and
quarrying.
Unemployment/
underemployment, low
productivity, exploitation of
fishery resource, pollution
caused by manufacturing
industries.
Identified and recognized
problems
Absorptive capacities for
services, facilities,
employment opportunities
Presence of potentially
productive resources (skilled
Method of Determination
Statistical forecasting
Sex, cohort analysis
Population mapping
Guttman/scalogram
Rates of distribution vis a vis
planning standards
Focus group discussion on
problem identification and
solving
Sectoral studies on
Employment value of
production, types of products
and services, market, etc. of
industry, commerce,
agriculture and tourism)
Unemployment/
underemployment rates
compared to labor force,
moderation per employee per
sector.
Overexploitation of un-
renewable resources
Interviews and focus group
discussions among business
persons a problem
identification and solutions
Projection of local demand and
markets compared to actual
production
Parameters Indicators Method of Determination
manpower, availability of
capital resources, locally
available
technologies/systems,
presence of raw materials,
etc.)