Unit 2 Assessment for Learning

Task 1 Knowledge and understanding

1. Simplify each of the following expressions. Express all answers in terms of positive
exponents. (10 marks)
a. (4a3)(−9a5)
= −36𝑎3+5
= −36𝑎8

𝟗𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟖 𝒛𝟏𝟕
b. −𝟑𝒙𝟓 𝒚𝟓 𝒛𝟏𝟎

= −3𝑥 3−5 𝑦 8−5 𝑧17−10

= −3𝑥 −2 𝑦 3 𝑧 7
1 3 7
=− 𝑦 𝑧
3𝑥 2

c. (−𝟕𝒌𝟖 )𝟑
= −343𝑘 8×3
= −343𝑘 24

(𝟐𝒂𝟑 𝒃𝟔 )𝟓
d. (−𝟑𝒂𝟒 𝒃𝟒 )𝟐

2𝑎3×5 𝑏6×5
=
−3𝑎4×2 𝑏4×2
2𝑎15 𝑏30
=
−3𝑎8 𝑏 8
2
= − 𝑎15−8 𝑏30−8
3
2
= − 𝑎7 𝑏 22
3
 (𝒃𝟐𝒂 )𝟐𝒂+𝟑
e. (𝒃𝟑𝒂 )𝒂−𝟔

𝑏 2𝑎×2𝑎+3
= 3𝑎×𝑎−6
𝑏
2 +6𝑎
𝑏 4𝑎
= 2 −18𝑎
𝑏 3𝑎
2 +6𝑎)−(3𝑎2 −18𝑎)
= 𝑏 (4𝑎
2 +24𝑎
= 𝑏𝑎

2. Solve for the unknown value in each of the following equations. Show your steps, and leave
your answers in exact form. (6 marks)
𝟏
a. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 = 𝒙
𝟖

−log 3 8 = 𝑥
−log 3 23 = 𝑥
−3log 3 2 = 𝑥

b. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟕 𝟏 = 𝒙
𝑥 = log 7 1
𝑥=0

c. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙) = −𝟐
3−2 = 𝑥
1
=𝑥
32
d. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓) = 𝟐
𝑥 2 = 0.0625
√𝑥 2 = √0.0625
1
𝑥=
4
e. 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟒𝟕 = 𝒙
2 log 4 16384 = 𝑥
log 4 163842 = 𝑥
4𝑥 = (47 )2
4𝑥 = 414  𝑥 = 14
 f. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟗 𝟗𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟑 = 𝒙
11 = 𝑥
𝑥=1
3. Evaluate each of the following expressions without using a calculator. (9 marks)
a. 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 𝟑 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟔 𝟒
log 6 32 + log 6 4 = 𝑥
log 6 32 + log 6 4 = log 6 (32 × 4)
log 6 32 + log 6 4 = log 6 36
log 6 36 = 𝑥
6𝑥 = 36
6 𝑥 = 62
𝑥=2
b. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟔 √𝟖
2𝑥 = 2√2 × 16
2𝑥 = √2 × 32
𝑥 = log 2 32 + log 2 √2
𝑥 = log 2 √2 + 5
1
𝑥 = log 2 (2)2 + 5
1
𝑥 = log 2 (2) + 5
2
11
𝑥=
2

c. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝟓𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝟐

log 8 1024 − log 8 512 + 2log 8 2 = 𝑥
log 8 1024 − log 8 512 + log 8 22 = 𝑥
log 8 210 − log 8 29 + log 8 22 = 𝑥
210
log 8 210 − log 8 29 + log 8 22 = log 8 ( )
29 × 22
log 8 210 − log 8 29 + log 8 22 = log 8 2−2
8𝑥 = 2−2
𝑥 = −2
4. Solve for the unknown value in each of the following equations without using a calculator. (10
marks)
a. 16(5a−1) × 2563a =128
16(5a−1) × 162 = 128
165a-1+2 = 128
165a+1 = 128
(24)5a+1 = 27
220a+4a = 27
20a+4a = 7
24a = 7
7
a=
24

b. 𝟑𝒙+𝟒 − 𝟓(𝟑𝒙 ) = 𝟔𝟖𝟒

(3𝑥 )(34 ) − 5(3𝑥 ) = 684
3𝑥 (34 − 5) = 684
(3𝑥 )(76) = 684
3𝑥 = 9
3 𝑥 = 32
𝑥=2
c. 𝟕(𝟒𝟐𝐱 ) = 𝟐𝟖(𝟒𝐱 )
28(4x )
42x =
7
42x = 4(4x )
42𝑥
=4
4𝑥
4𝑥 =4
𝑥=1
5. Determine the logarithmic equation in base 2 that has been compressed vertically by a factor
of 13, compressed horizontally by a factor of 18, reflected in the x-axis, and translated 4 units to
the left. List the values for a, k, c, and d. (4 marks)
𝐲 = −𝟏𝟑𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟖 (𝒙 + 𝟒)
a = -13
k = 18
c = -4
d=0
6. (12 marks)
a. Describe two methods that can be used to graph a function and its inverse. (2 marks)
a. Creating a table of values and substituting the x-values in to the equation to find the y-
values and then plotting those points. For the inverse function, flip the (x, y) values to (y, x)
and plot those points.
b. Plot the values of the equation and draw the graph, draw the line of y=x. Since the inverse
function is the reflection of the original function, the inverse function can be drawn by
reflecting on the y=x line. The coordinate equation can also be used.
1
b. Graph the equation 𝑦 = (3)𝑥 and its inverse on the same grid, along with the mirror

line, y=x. (2 marks)

 c. List the special features of the exponential function and its inverse. Include the domain,
range, intercepts, and asymptotes. (6 marks)
1 𝑦 −1 = log 1 𝑥
𝑦 = ( )𝑥 3
3
Domain {XER} {x>0, XEɌ}

Range {y>0,yϵɌ} {YER}

x-intercept Does not exist x=1

y-intercept y=1 Does not exist

Vertical asymptote Does not exist x=0

Horizontal asymptote y=0 Does not exist

d. Is the inverse a function? Why or why not? (2 marks)

a. The inverse is a function because it passes the vertical line test.

7. (12 marks)
a.

… y=5x
… y=−5−x
b. Describe how the equation y=−5−x has been transformed from the parent function. (1
mark)
a. It reflects in the x-axis and the y-axis and is vertically stretched by a factor of 5.
c. Determine the inverse of y=5x. (1 mark)
y = 5x
 x = 5y
𝑦 −1 = log 5 𝑥
d. Graph y=5x and its inverse on the same grid. (2 marks)

… 𝑦 −1 = log 5 𝑥 … y=5x
e. Describe how the transformed graph in part (a) of this question differs from the graph of
the inverse in part (c) by comparing the major features. Include the domain, range,
intercepts, and asymptotes in your discussion. (6 marks)

y=−5−x 𝑦 −1 = log 5 𝑥

Domain {XER} {x>0, XEɌ}

Range {y<0,yϵɌ} {YER}

x-intercept Does not exist (1, 0)

y-intercept (0, 1) Does not exist

Vertical asymptote Does not exist x=0

Horizontal asymptote y=0 Does not exist

1
8. Simplify the equation 𝑦 = 4 log 2 (8𝑥 − 56)16 − 12 by applying the laws of logarithms. How are

the original equation and the simplified equation related? (5 marks)

1
𝑦 = 4 log 2 (8𝑥 − 56)16 − 12
1
𝑦 = log 2 [(8𝑥 − 56)16 ]4 − 12
𝑦 = log 2 (8𝑥 − 56)4 − 12
𝑦 = log 2 [8(𝑥 − 7)]4 − 12
 𝑦 = 4[log 2 8 + log 2 (𝑥 − 7)] − 12
𝑦 = 4[3 + log 2 (𝑥 − 7)] − 12
𝑦 = 12 + 4log 2 (𝑥 − 7) − 12
𝑦 = 4log 2 (𝑥 − 7)
𝑦 = log 2 (𝑥 − 7)4

The original equation and the simplified equations are related because they both represent the
same function but the original equation is a transformed (more) by greater values compared to
the simplified equation.

9. List the values for a, k, c, and d in the equation𝑦 = −4 log 3 (3𝑥 + 6) + 7, and describe the
transformations that apply. Graph the parent function and the transformed function. (10
marks)
a = -4  reflected in the x-axis and vertical stretch by a factor of 4
k = 3  horizontal compression by a factor of 3
c = 6  translated 6 units to the left
d = 7  translated 7 units upwards

…. y=log3x
…. 𝑦 = −4 log 3(3𝑥 + 6) + 7
10. A fellow classmate is having difficulty solving the following equation involving logarithms. List
the steps (algebraically, and in words) that you would use to solve for the unknown value in the
equation log 7 (9) + 2 log 7(𝑥) = 4log 7 3. (6 marks)
Step 1: using the logarithm law power, make the ‘2’ in front of log the exponent of ‘x’
[2 log 7 (𝑥)] and use the log law for multiplication to calculate log 7(9) + log 7 (𝑥)2
 log 7 (9 ∙ 𝑥 2 ) = 4log 7 3
log 7 (9𝑥 2 ) = log 7 34
Step 2: since the bases are the same on the logs, the equation can be written as:
9𝑥 2 = 34
Step 3: use algebra to solve for x; divide 9 from both sides, and then square root both sides
to find the value of x.

𝑥 2 = 81/9
√𝑥 2 = √9
𝑥 = ±3 Therefore, the valid answer is x = 3 because the x = -3 is an extraneous root.

11. Explain why there is no solution for log3 (−4). Use a graph to justify your answer. (4 marks)
 There is no solution for log3 (−4) because in the equation logab, the value of b cannot be 0
or less than 0. The log of this value can’t be calculated and thus, the equation is undefined.
As a result, the graph of this equation can’t be formed.

12. Define a function. How can you tell whether a relation is a function? Include an example of a
function and a non-function, and explain how you can tell which one is a function. (6 marks)
a. A function is an expression that has one or more variable with an input (x or independent
value) and an output (y or dependent value). For example, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , is a function and
b. 𝑥 = 𝑦 2 is not a function.
c. In order to determine whether a relation is a function or not, ordered pairs of x and y-values
have to be examined to satisfy the rule that one x value has to have its own unique y-value.
If one x-value has two y-values, the relation is not a function.
 d. Another way to check whether the relation is a function or not, is to graph the relation and
use the vertical line test; draw (or imagine) vertical lines throughout the graph, if the line
intersects more than one point on the function than it’s not a function.

13. In your own words, define the following terms. (5 marks)

a. Domain
 The ‘input’ or the x-values of a function that generate range (y-values) of the function,,
b. Asymptote
 The line that the curve of a function follows or approaches going towards infinity but
never touches.

c. parent function
 The simplest form of a function satisfying the type of function it is.
d. inverse functions
The inverse of a function undoes the function or goes the other way. If a function is y=5x
then the inverse is x = 5y or 𝑦 −1 = log 5 𝑥
e. logarithm
 Another way of writing powers or exponents as an inverse function; a quantity which
represents the power to a fixed base which results in a given value.

14. Calculate the time it would take for an investment of $1750 to double in size at an interest rate
of 4.8%, compounded annually. Round your answer to one decimal place. (5 marks)
A= 1750 x 2 = 3500
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖)𝑡
3500 = 1750(1 + 0.048)𝑡
3500/1750 = (1.048)𝑡
2 = (1.048)𝑡
log1.048 2 = 𝑡
𝑡 = 14.8 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
Therefore, it would take approximately 15 years for the investment to double in size at an
interest rate of 4.8%, compounded annually.
15. A culture of E. coli bacteria doubles every 40 minutes. If there are 50 bacteria initially, how
many will there be after 12 hours? Round your answer to the nearest whole number. (4 marks)

12 hours has 720 minutes and the bacteria doubles every 40 minutes so t = 720/40
720
𝐴 = 50(2) 40
𝐴 = 50(2)18
𝐴 = 13,107,200
Therefore, there will be 13,107,200 E. coli bacteria in the culture after 12 hours if it double
every 40 minutes.

16. A computer depreciates at a rate of 15% per year. If the computer is worth $324.50 when it is 5
years old, how much was it worth when it was new? Round your answer to two decimal
places. (4 marks)
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑖)𝑡
324.50 = 𝑃(1 − 0.15)5
324.50
=𝑃
(0.85)5
𝑃 = 731.34
Therefore the computer was worth $731.34 when it was new (5 years ago).

17. Determine the amount of water that must be added to a 2-litre solution of Sulphuric acid to
dilute it from a pH of 2.7 to a pH of 3. (4 marks)

𝐻 + = 10−2.7 = 0.0019953

𝐻 + = 10−3 = 0.0010000

0.0019953
= 0.5
0.0010000

Therefore, the solution with the pH of 2.7 is half of the strength compared to the original
solution. In order to dilute the solution from a pH of 2.7 to 3, there must be equal parts of both
things added. Thus, 2-litres of water needs to be added to the 2-litre solution to achieve a pH of
3.
18. An earthquake with a magnitude of 6.3 is 25 times as intense as an aftershock that occurs 8
hours later. What is the magnitude of the aftershock? Round your answer to one decimal
place. (5 marks)
𝐼
𝑀 = log ( )
𝐼0
𝐼
6.3 = log25 ( )
𝐼0
𝐼
6.3 = log25 + log ( )
𝐼0
6.3 = log25 + 𝑥
log 25
6.3 − 𝑥 =
log10
𝑥 = 4.9
Therefore, the magnitude of the aftershock is 4.9
19. People tend to speak more quietly in restaurants than they do when they are having an
ordinary conversation. Restaurant conversation is about 45 dB. If ordinary conversation is 100
times greater than restaurant conversation, how loud is ordinary conversation? (6 marks)
𝐼
𝐿 = 10 log ( )
𝐼0
𝐼
4.5 = 10 log ( )
𝐼0
𝐼
104.5 = ( )
𝐼0
𝐼 = 𝐼0 × 104.5
𝐼2 = 10𝑥
𝐼 𝐼0 × 104.5
= = 100
𝐼0 10𝑥

log 100 = 2
104.5 + 102 = 106.5
106.5 = 65
Therefore, ordinary conversations are 65dB.
20. A population of rabbits triples every 2 months. If there are 2 rabbits initially, how long will it
take for the population to increase to 500 rabbits? Round your answer to the nearest whole
number. (5 marks)
500 = 2(3) t/2
250 = (3) 𝑡/2
log 3 250 = 𝑡/2
2log250
𝑡=
log3
𝑡 = 10.0

Therefore, it will take the population 10 months to increase to 500 rabbits.