EDWARD JENNER
Discovered the cowpox vaccine as a safe vaccine
1. THUCYDIDES for smallpox
Plague of Athens of 430 BC Observed that those milkmaids with cowpox were
“Those who have plague were not able to contract the not infected with smallpox
disease for the second time” 1st to use the method: Benjamin Jesty, a farmer,
Resistance to plague inoculated his wife with vaccinia virus
recorded that individuals who had previously Inoculated James Phipps (8-year old boy) with
contracted the disease recovered and recognized their cowpox
“immune” status Failed to provide a plausible explanation
Why is cowpox a vaccine for smallpox?
2. VARIOLATION BY CHINESE & Due to cross immunity
Protection one gets on exposure to one antigen
ARABS may be applicable to another antigen provided
Variola or smallpox that these antigens are related to each other
involved exposing healthy people to material from the Both share same antigen (antigenic
lesions caused by the disease, either by putting it relationship)
under the skin, or, more often, inserting powdered Same antibody site for antigen yet smallpox is
scabs from smallpox pustules into the nose. not a perfect fit as that of the cowpox
Family Pox viridae (family of DNA viruses) Antibody may vary
Most complicated structure Both belong to Family Poxviridae (family of
With complex symmetry DNA virus)
“Naked” viruses Memory cells can be antibodies
Lesions cover the entire body Even if minimal infection, it can still have an
Cause pustules (elevation with pus cells) effect
Cause macules (reddish, hot le)
Unfortunately, because there was no standardization of
the inoculum, the variolation occasionally resulted in
5. LOUIS PASTEUR
death or disfigurement from smallpox, thus limiting its “Father of Immunology”
acceptance. Development of better and safer vaccine
PRACTICES: Cultured chicken cholera (Pasteurella multocida)
1. Chinese pulverized the scabs then blew it and rabies during summertime
into the nose Therapeutic vaccination
2. Indians use of pustular fluid then cut skin left a flask of the bacillus on the bench over the
running the thread with fluid onto the wound summer and inoculated 8 chickens with this “old but
3. Cut skin then put the scabs viable” stock of chicken cholera bacillus.
4. Arabs store scabs in books for a year then He found that not only did the chickens not die, but
scratch the skin to produce an opening for the they did not even appear ill
scabs Also discovered anthrax vaccine
“CONCEPT OF ATTENUATION”
Pasteur said that the virulent chicken cholera
3. LADY MARY WORTLEY bacillus had become attenuated by sitting on
the bench over the summer months.
MONTAGUE Weaken antigenicity / immunogenicity /
Brought variolation in England virulence / pathogenicity
Wife of Lord Edward Wortley Montague, British Do not reduce the stimulation of the immune
Ambassador of Constantinople (Istanbul) system so there is still antibody production
Practiced on her 4-year old son and 5-year old Not enough to cause disease
daughter The longer the culture, the weaker the
Worked together with Charles Maitland (surgeon) who antigenicity
made the Royal Experiment to prisoners who survived Can also be caused by varying the temperature
6. FRANCIS HOME
Always carried a pocket book with cotton pledgets
that covered measles & stored them for a year
Protected individuals by rubbing cotton pledgets
on infected skin
With Solomon Berson: how thyroid glands and
7. EMILE ADOLPH VON BEHRING & kidneys remove iodine from blood
SHIBASABURO KITASATO Used to screen blood for Hepatitis virus
Diphtheria and Tetanus (Clostridium tetani) vaccine Used to determine effective dosage levels of drugs
Pathogenicity from toxins Detect foreign substances in blood
Small doses are enough just to stimulate immune Treat dwarfed children with growth hormones
response Test and correct hormones of infertile couples
Diphtheria anti-toxin & Anti-tetanus (antibodies)
Roux: Diphtheria toxin with yersin 15. BARUJ BENACERRAF
“Passive Serum Therapy” or “Serotherapy” Discovery of immune response gene or Major
Also called “Passive Aggressive Therapy” Histocompatibility gene
Passive: body does not produce immune factors Development of MHC restriction
but antibodies are supplied from external source Governing rule on how T-cells recognized
Active: supplied by the body; lifelong protection antigens
Antitoxins = antibodies Worked with George Snell & Jean Dausset