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Instructions Pressure Recovery
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Look for opportunities for pressure recovery at centrifugal exhaust fan outlets.
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To determine the system resistance the With a correctly designed discharge diffuser the
discharge losses have to be added before pressure recovery in the diffuser will reduce the
selecting the fan. system total pressure.
Discharge losses are highest in this arrangement Included angle of diffuser to be 15o or less.
and are equivalent to one velocity head.
Discharge losses reduced by up to 75% in this
arrangement.
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Instructions Spinning of air at inlet connection
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Ensure unintentional spinning of air at fan inlet does not take place.
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Unintentional spinning of air caused by a poorly Splitters at the inlet help prevent spinning flow.
designed inlet box can reduce performance by Turning vanes, where R/W<1.0 improves
around 25%. uniformity of flow approaching the fan inlet.
Avoid small inlet boxes as they can cause Inlet boxes should be amply sized.
surging.
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Instructions Eccentric inlet flow
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Do ensure inlet air to the fan is evenly distributed.
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Eccentric air distribution at fan inlet diminishes Rated fan performance is only achieved when air
fan performance by up to 45% because the main flows evenly into the fan impeller.
flow is accelerated through an effectively smaller
duct area on one side while turbulence and high
intensity pressure fluctuations occur on the other.
Noise level is also increased
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Instructions Bends on fan discharge
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Bends near fan discharge should be in the direction of wheel rotation to prevent needless
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Air moves faster at the outside of the fan housing Improved discharge arrangement with radiused
and is not evened out before striking the abrupt bends and splitters or different fan mounting
bend. A very high pressure loss results. position will reduce system losses. Bends should
‘rotate’ in the same direction as the impeller.
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Instructions Inlet plenums
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Ensure eccentric flow is not caused by inlet plenum.
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With a single width fan the airflow takes a single Selection of a double inlet fan improves airflow.
turn to enter it; eccentric flow is created. Central positioning of the fan and plenum entry
grille will also assist.
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Instructions Motor position
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Position the motor of a belt-driven fan such that the belt leaving the motor pulley is
General Info uppermost as this will increase belt arc of contact.
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Belt leaving motor pulley is less taut than upper Arrangement with the maximum arc of contact of
length and the slight sag will reduce arc of the drive pulley where energy is applied, reduces
contact on the drive pulley. belt squeal at start-up and improves efficiency.
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Instructions The correct fan for the application
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Don’t use a centrifugal blower if space is at a Do consider the space saving advantages of an
premium and avoid unnecessary bends. in-line fan. It can be centrifugal or axial, the
selection being governed by the fan duty and
noise level required.
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Instructions Inlet cones
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Use inlet cones for axial fan free air intakes to improve performance and
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An abrupt entry will generate turbulence at the By fitting a correctly designed inlet cone the air
impeller. Note blade tips will be starved of air flow to the impeller will be uniform resulting in the
which reduces pressure development capability, optimum performance being achieved and
induce stall and increase the noise level minimum noise level.
generated by the fan.
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Instructions Flexible connection to fan
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Flexible connections must be taut or else turbulence at the fan inlet, noise level and
General Info pressure loss are all increased.
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Slack or misaligned flexible connectors reduce If flexible connectors are fitted they should be
the effective duct area. This generates turbulence remote from the fan and ensure they are taut.
and the blade tips are starved of air. Fan The air to the impeller tips is then not obstructed
performance is reduced and noise levels allowing the fan to operate to its optimum and
increased. minimises noise generation.
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Installation Duct restrictions
Instructions
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Ducts significantly smaller than the fan diameter create turbulence if transitions connect
General Info directly to fan.
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An abrupt duct expansion at fan inlet causes air Duct expansions on the inlet to axial flow fans
separation from the duct, starves the impeller should be avoided where at all possible.
tips, creates turbulence, reduces performance
and generates increased noise.
If essential the transition should have an included
angle of not more than 15o.
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Instructions Turning vanes at sharp bends
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Fit turning vanes in elbows adjacent to axial fans
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Eccentric flow conditions at both inlet and outlet Square-to-round transitions and turning vanes in
will result in part of the impeller being starved of elbows assists uniform airflow; this is a
air and the fan not operating satisfactorily. compromise only and by no means ideal.
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Instructions Isolating vibrating fans
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Vibration transmission through building structures is a frequent problem
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Do not bolt fan directly to the building structure as Isolate fan and duct from the building structure
noise and vibration can be transmitted directly in with fan on neoprene or spring isolators and
to the building fabric. suitable flexible connectors.
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Instructions Guards
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Safety of personnel around rotating machinery is crucial.
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Don’t leave open fan inlets unguarded. This is Ensure open fan inlets are fitted with suitable
unsafe to personnel and machinery. In addition it guards. These should be designed to comply with
may be illegal and leave the building owner or local regulations and not only protect against
installer open to prosecution. injury but lessen the risk of a foreign object
entering the fan and causing damage.
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Instructions Obstructions at fan inlet
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Don’t obstruct fan inlet
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The impeller can be starved of air when the inlet Allow a gap at least equal to 1 fan diameter
to the fan is obstructed. This effectively increases between the fan intake and nearby obstructions,
the system resistance thereby reducing the air even then fan performance can be less than
flow being handled by the fan. rated.
Always fit an inlet cone on open intakes.
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Instructions Obstructions at fan outlet
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Don’t obstruct fan outlet.
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When the discharge is too close to a wall the Allow a gap of at least one fan diameter between
obstruction generates noise and increases fan outlet and obstruction and fit a diffuser on the
discharge losses. discharge.
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Instructions Transitions
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Ensure symmetrical transitions from duct equipment to fan inlet.
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Poor airflow - little or no airflow through top of Centralise the fan to ensure uniform airflow
coil. through the coil
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Instructions Air flow dead zones
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Unducted air extract fans require careful location to obtain an even airflow across the room
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Part of room is starved of ventilation air Because of cross-flow ventilation air circulation and
quality of ventilation is optimised.
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Instructions Roof ventilator short-circuiting of air
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Ensure the roof ventilator base has an airtight seal.
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If the unit does not have an airtight seal between An airtight seal between the upstand and fan
the base and the upstand, short-circuiting of base prevents short-circuiting of outside air
outside air can occur thereby reducing the ensuring the fan is exhausting from the
amount of air being exhausted from the building. designated space.
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Instructions Prevailing winds
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Mechanical roof ventilator units perform best if influence of prevailing wind is minimal.
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Unit above ridge is exposed to crosswinds. Roof unit relatively sheltered from prevailing
Exhaust capacity may be reduced due to back- winds suffers less from back-pressure effects.
pressure effects.
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Instructions Back-draft shutters
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Butterfly back-draft shutters on a roof unit should be installed so gravitational effect on
General Info each leaf is the same.
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Don’t have shutters at 90o to roof fall. The lower Each leaf has the same gravitational effect when
shutter must overcome a greater gravitational shutters are parallel with roof fall.
effect for even air flow. Also the top damper may
go over top dead centre and not close.
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Instructions Mounting of Roof Units to ductwork
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Don’t connect to the ‘eye’ of the base as this Size inlet duct to fit roof unit overflashing.
increases pressure losses on the intake.
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Abrupt transitions immediately adjacent to an Ensure transitions close to attenuators are

attenuator will cause attenuator pressure drop to gradual or, better still, remote.
increase.
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Abrupt transitions immediately adjacent to an Ensure transitions close to attenuators are

attenuator will cause attenuator pressure drop to gradual or, better still, remote.
increase.
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Instructions Volume control dampers
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Don't site volume control dampers or fittings too Allow for a setting duct between volume control
close to attenuators as they can cause a dramatic dampers and attenuators.
increase in attenuator pressure drop.
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Installation Attenuators in
Instructions
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Don't use attenuator splitters when sited close to Do ensure attenuator splitters are in the plane of
a bend. the bend as shown.
Fit turning vanes only if R/W<1.0
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Instructions Attenuator position relative to axial fans
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Don't site a rectangular attenuator close to an Allow adequate distance between attenuator and
axial fan intake or discharge. Air is accelerated fans
through an attenuator and fan discharge air is
uneven and swirling.
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Instructions Attenuator position relative to axial fans
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Don't site pod attenuators immediately upstream Allow 1 diameter of straight duct between pod
of fan as the attenuator pod will block air flow to attenuator and fan inlet to ensure impeller obtains
fan impeller. However, if the pod is the same size even flow.
or smaller than the impeller hub bolting directly to
the fan is acceptable.
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Instructions Flanking transmission
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If attenuator is installed as shown, noise from the Installing the attenuator through or against the
fan can bypass the attenuator and enter the wall minimised the chance of flanking
conditioned space. This is known as flanking transmission via the duct system.
transmission and can seriously denigrate the
attenuator performance.
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Instructions Louvres on Silencer Discharge
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Don’t place a silencer immediately in front of a Do ensure that the splitter orientation is at 90° to
louvre. the louvre orientation and place a spacer
between the silencer and discharge louvre.
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Instructions Louvres on Silencer Inlet
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Don’t place a silencer immediately downstream of Do place a spacer between the louvre and the
a louvre. silencer and ensure that the splitter orientation is
at 90° to the louvre orientation.
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Instructions Airflow generated noise from silencers
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Don’t select a silencer with high attenuation and Do check silencer airflow generated noise levels
low percentage open area without checking the when these conditions occur. If airflow generated
airflow generated noise level. noise is too high, try using a longer silencer with a
larger open area to get the same attenuation at a
lesser airflow generated noise, or acoustically
treat the duct after the silencer.
As a general rule of thumb, a pressure drop of 30

Pa should limit the airflow generated noise of a
silencer to an acceptable amount in normal office
areas.
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Instructions Isolated walls
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Don’t bridge the isolated wall to the non-isolated Do fix the silencer to one wall only, and place a
wall with the silencer fixings. flexible or resilient seal on the isolated wall.
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Installation Acoustic sealing of silencers to achieve
Instructions
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Don’t: When trying to achieve very high Do: Place a concrete sleeve around the silencer
attenuation or very low noise levels (eg. NR20) to increase the acoustic seal between rooms. For
do not use an inadequate seal between the less stringent requirements, pack around the
silencer and wall opening. silencer with a resilient material to affect a
complete seal between the attenuator and the
opening.
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Instructions Silencer position relative to centrifugal fans
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Don’t place a rectangular silencer hard against Do place a spacer between the fan and the
the discharge of a centrifugal fan. Note the splitter silencer, and rotate the splitter orientation by 90°.
orientation.
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Installation Fan position relative to noise sensitive
Instructions
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Better: Do place fans in ceiling spaces away from

noise sensitive areas.
Do not place fans in ceiling spaces directly above Best: If fan cannot be relocated, wrap fan and
noise sensitive areas. surrounding ductwork with a noise barrier material
(When wrapping fans pay particular attention to
ensuring there are no holes at the joins). Allow
sufficient overlap in the wrap to ensure adequate
coverage. Remember that flexible connections
will be the weakest link.
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Instructions Correct sizing of spring mounts
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Don't overload spring mounts. Ensure that spring mounts are sized correctly for the
job. Be careful to include the weight of ductwork (and
any other piece of equipment) if they are going to be
supported by the vibration isolators. Also ensure
spring mounts incorporate neoprene or rubber pads
to eliminate noise which can travel through a steel
spring.
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Instructions Short circuiting of vibration mounts
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Don't allow short circuiting of vibration mounts. Do ensure vibration mounts are free from short
circuiting by making sure that the hanger rods are
central and not in contact with the hanger cage.
Ensure no debris, or other connection is creating
another path through which the vibration could
transmit.
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Instructions Isolation of roof mounted fans
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Do not hard mount roof mounted fans to Do isolate roof mounted fans from the duct work, and
upstands. upstand by using a foam tape between the top of the
upstand and the fan. Where the fan is fixed to the
upstand with bolts or screws use rubber / neoprene
grommets.
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Installation Reduction of external noise generated from
Instructions
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Better: Replace windband of fan with silencer.
When generated noise could be a problem, and a Best: Change to an inline fan running parallel to
quieter fan cannot be selected. the roof, and place a rectangular silencer on the
outdoor side. Direct the duct opening away from
noise sensitive areas.
Caution: No acoustic treatment.
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Installation When noise generated by grilles could
Instructions
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Don't allow high velocity air to pass through grilles. Do ensure velocities through supply and exhaust
air grilles are low by increasing the grille size or
number of grilles.
Size ductwork for constant static pressure to each

grille, thus eliminating or minimising the need for
balancing damper adjustment (which could can
generate excessive noise).
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Instructions Changing direction of airflow
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Don't use sharp bends or takeoffs. Do use sweeping bends and takeoffs. Use long
chord turning vanes where possible. Keep velocities
low to reduce airflow generated noise levels.

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Always fit an inlet cone on open intakes.

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Abrupt transitions immediately adjacent to an Ensure transitions close to attenuators are

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Fit turning vanes only if R/W<1.0

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