INTRODUCTION
As of 2012, the total paper and board demand in the Philippines is projected to
surpass 2 million tons within five years with the total annual demand growing at 2.5% per
year according to Department of Trade and Industry. As the demand for paper products
increases, researchers at the Department of Science and Technology are looking for
internationally referred to as the Mindanao gum. The wood pulp derived from the tree is
the primary ingredient in white paper (D. Xu, June 2010). However, it is considered as a
threatened species in its native habitat (Good Shepherd Sisters, 2013). Shorea
negrosensis, also known as Red Lauan, can be found in Luzon, Samar, Negros, Cebu,
Leyte, and Mindanao. Its trunk is used for furniture and cabinet-making, veneer and
plywood, pulp and paper-making (FEED, Inc., 2016). This tree is classified as critically
endangered (CR) on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red
than 10 million hectares. Indonesia, Philippines and India account for almost 75% of
world coconut production. The coconut fruit yields 40% coconut husks containing 30%
fiber, with dust making up the rest. The chemical composition of coconut husks consists
of cellulose, lignin, pyroligneous acid, gas, charcoal, tar, tannin, and potassium. (Salman
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Zafar, December 2015). The cellulose content in old coconuts is 41.7% (Fatmawati et al.,
2013). However, a study about the cellulose and lignin content of young coconuts has not
yet been conducted. Furthermore, mature coir fibres contain more lignin, a complex
woody chemical, and less cellulose than fibres such as flax or cotton (FAO, 2018). Since
young coconuts have less lignin content than old ones, the study used young coconuts,
components of CoCoPel.
Corn (Zea mays) is the second-largest agricultural crop in the world. According to
the Department of Agriculture, corn production in Philippines was at 2.5 million metric
tons as of May 2018, gaining some 4.2% year-on-year. Corn husk fibres have a high
content of cellulose about 80-87% and low content of lignin of about 6-8% (Chaudhary et
al. 2017).
The product is an alternative paper from young coconut and corn husks which is
called CoCoPel. The components of the said product is coconut husk of young coconuts
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c. 50g coconut husk, 20g corn husk
2. Is there a significant relationship between the different ratios of coconut husk and
terms of :
a. surface texture
b. visibility of writings
Objectives
General
To determine the feasibility of coconut (Cocos nucifera) husk and corn (Zea
Specific
1. To determine the quantity of components that will yield the best paper
Hypothesis
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Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of the following:
favorable to the researchers of Department of Science and Technology since it will make
use alternative raw materials like coconut husk and corn husk in producing paper pulp.
to this department since it lessens the cutting of trees for paper production by making use
Students. This study will be beneficial to the students since it will use coconut husk
and corn husk as an alternative to paper which is not costly and will help them save huge
amount of money.
who work in offices. For one department alone, 2.5 million sheets of paper are being used
(Manila times, 2016). With this study, the professional will be able to save money for the
usage of paper.
Researchers. The study will help them find another way to solve and prevent the
extinction of trees due to deforestation that many researchers were not able to explore.
Even though it is made out of coconut husk and corn husk, this alternative way of paper
production can still make positive changes in the environment. Hence, a new substitute
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Scope and Limitations
The study will mainly focus on the feasibility of coconut husk and corn husk as an
alternative to paper.
The study will first limit to the components of the product. It is only limited to the
use of coconut and corn husk in making the product. Many variables are needed in
considering a quality paper; however, only the variables, surface texture and visibility of
writings are tested in the study. Also, the writing tools used in testing the product are only
black-inked marker and ballpen. The main source of gathering the data in the visibility of
writings and surface texture is only through the use of survey questionnaire which is
prepared by the researchers based on the Likert Scale and the results will be obtained
through the different statistical tools. The respondents of the survey will only be limited
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Definition of Terms
that is the main part of the cell walls of plants and that is used in making various products
(such as paper).
Coconut husk. The fibrous husk from the coconut seed which is found between
the outer and inner shells of the coconut. (Urban Organic Yield, 2018)
Corn husk. The outer covering of an ear of corn. (Specialty Produce, 2018)
paper.
together with cellulose forms the woody cell walls of plants and the cementing material
that has no color, taste, or smell, that falls from clouds as rain, that forms streams, lakes,
Water is used in boiling the the fibers of the coconut and corn husks.
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Likert Scale. According to Statistics How To (2019), it is a type of rating scale
Likert Scale is where the researchers based their survey questionnaire for data
gathering.
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CHAPTER II
Materials
1 piece basin
1 piece beaker
1 piece blender
1 piece caserole
1 yard cloth
1 piece ruler
1 piece scissors
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Quantity Unit Ingredients
10 gallons water
Procedure
b. Make sure that the fibers are not sticking with each other.
b. Fill the caserole with water until it is full and add the soda ash. Boil the strips
Set-up 1
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d. Blend the corn husk in 240 ml of water. Set aside.
f. Combine the blended coconut and corn husk and glue mixture in a
mixing bowl.
Set-up 2
f. Combine the blended coconut and corn husk and glue mixture in a
mixing bowl.
Set-up 3
f. Combine the blended coconut and corn husk and glue mixture in a mixing
bowl.
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b. Place the mould and deckle in the water.
e. Remove the cover of the mould and deckle and flip it in a cloth.
f. Using the sponge, pat the back of the mould and deckle to remove the excess
water.
Procedure A: Determining the surface texture and the readability of writings of the
CoCoPel.
1. Using Likert Scale, conduct a survey regarding the CoCoPel and commercial
paper.
2. Gather the responses and compute for the average of each trial.
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CHAPTER III
Table 1.1
1 4 3 2 3
2 4 4 4 4
3 4 3 3 3
4 3 3 2 3
5 2 2 3 2
6 3 3 3 3
7 2 3 4 3
Table 1.1 shows the surface texture of Setup A, which is composed of 35 grams
of coconut husk and 35 grams of corn husk based on the responses of 7 respondents. It
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Table 1.2
1 4 4 5 4
2 3 4 3 3
3 5 5 5 5
4 5 4 4 4
5 5 5 4 5
6 4 4 5 4
7 4 5 5 5
Table 1.2 shows the surface texture of Setup A, which is composed of 40 grams
of coconut husk and 30 grams of corn husk based on the responses of 7 respondents. It
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Table 1.3
1 4 3 2 3
2 4 4 4 4
3 4 3 3 3
4 3 3 2 3
5 2 2 3 2
6 3 3 3 3
7 2 3 4 3
Table 1.3 shows the surface texture of Setup A, which is composed of 50 grams
of coconut husk and 20 grams of corn husk based on the responses of 7 respondents. It
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Table 1.4
1 4 4 5 4
2 5 5 5 5
3 5 5 5 5
4 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5
6 5 5 5 5
7 5 5 5 5
Table 1.4 shows the surface texture of commercial paper based on the responses
commercial paper.
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Table 1.5
Paper
1 3 4 3 4
2 4 3 4 5
3 3 5 3 5
4 3 4 3 5
5 2 5 2 5
6 3 4 3 5
7 3 5 3 5
Average 3 4 3 5
Table 1.5 depicts the average rating of the 3 Setups of each respondent and is
compared to the average ratings of the commercially available paper. As shown in the
table, Setup B was ranked higher compared to the other 2 Setups and the closest rating to
the commercially available one. Therefore, given the data, Setup B, which is composed
of 40g of coconut husk and 30g of corn husk, is the most effective in making paper in
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Table 1.6
1 3 3 2 3
2 4 4 3 4
3 4 4 5 4
4 3 2 4 3
5 4 3 4 4
6 3 3 2 3
7 4 5 5 5
grams of coconut husk and 35 grams of corn husk based on the responses of 7
respondents. It also shows the average responses of each respondent in setup A in terms
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Table 1.7
1 4 4 5 4
2 5 4 5 5
3 3 2 4 3
4 4 3 4 4
5 4 2 5 4
6 4 3 5 4
7 4 2 5 4
grams of coconut husk and 30 grams of corn husk based on the responses of 7
respondents. It also shows the average responses of each respondent in setup B in terms
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Table 1.8
1 3 3 4 3
2 3 4 3 3
3 2 3 2 2
4 3 3 4 3
5 3 3 4 3
6 3 4 4 4
7 3 3 3 3
grams of coconut husk and 20 grams of corn husk based on the responses of 7
respondents. It also shows the average responses of each respondent in setup C in terms
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Table 1.9
1 5 5 5 5
2 5 5 5 5
3 5 5 5 5
4 5 5 5 5
5 5 5 5 5
6 5 5 5 5
7 5 5 5 5
Table 1.9 shows the visibility of writings in the commercial paper based on the
responses of 7 respondents. It also shows the average responses of each respondent in the
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Table 1.10
Paper
1 3 4 3 5
2 4 5 3 5
3 4 3 2 5
4 3 4 3 5
5 4 4 3 5
6 3 4 4 5
7 5 4 3 5
Average 4 4 3 5
SD 0.76 0.58
Table 1.10 depicts the average rating of the 3 Setups of each respondent and was
compared to the average rating of the commercially available paper in terms of the
visibility of writings.
As shown in the table, Setup A has the same average rank with setup B. To
determine which one ranked higher, the researchers solved for the standard deviation of
the 2 Setups and found out that the ratings of Setup B are closer to the average.
Therefore, given the data, Setup B, which is composed of 40g of coconut husk and 30g of
corn husk, is the most effective in making paper in terms of the visibility of writings.
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In conclusion, 40g of coconut husk and 30g of corn husk is the ratio of the
Table 2.1
Significant Relationship between the Amount of Coconut Husk and Ratings of CoCoPel
A 35g 3
B 40g 4
C 50g 3
rxy -0.19
relationship between the amount of coconut husk and the ratings of CoCoPel in terms of
surface texture. The result further implies that the increase of the amount of the coconut
husk will somehow lead to the increase of the rating of the CoCoPel in terms of surface
texture.
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Table 2.2
Significant Relationship between the Amount of Corn Husk and Ratings of CoCoPel in
A 35g 3
B 30g 4
C 20g 3
rxy 0.19
relationship between the amount corn husk and the ratings CoCoPel in terms of surface
texture. The result further implies that the increase of the amount of the corn husk will
somehow lead to the increase of the rating of the CoCoPel in terms of surface texture.
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Table 2.3
Significant Relationship between the Amount of Coconut Husk and Ratings of CoCoPel
A 35g 4
B 40g 4
C 50g 3
rxy -0.94
between the amount coconut husk and the CoCoPel rating in terms of visibility of
writings. The result further implies that the increase of the amount of the coconut husk
will somehow lead to the decrease of the rating of the CoCoPel in terms of writings.
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Table 2.4
Significant Relationship between the Amount of Corn Husk and Ratings of CoCoPel in
A 35g 4
B 30g 4
C 20g 3
rxy 0.94
between the amount of corn husk and the CoCoPel rating in terms of visibility of
writings. The result further implies that the increase of the amount of the corn husk will
somehow lead to the increase of the rating of the CoCoPel in terms of visibility of
writings.
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Table 3.1
Significant Difference between the CoCoPel and the Commercially Available Paper in
Sd 0.76 0.34
n 7
df 12
P value 0.05
Table 3.1 shows the mean, standard deviation, variance, number of respondents,
degrees of freedom and p value of the data. P value is equal to 0.05, given the
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Table 3.2
Significant Difference between the CoCoPel and the Commercially Available Paper in
Mean 4 5
Sd 0.58 0
Variance 0.33 0
n 7
Df 12
P value 0.000315
Table 3.2 shows the mean, standard deviation, variance, number of respondents,
degrees of freedom, and p value of the data. P value is less than 0.05, given the
significance level of 5%. Therefore, there is a significant difference between the CoCoPel
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CHAPTER IV
Summary
Southeast Asia has the highest deforestation rates in the world, with 14.5% of
regional forest cover lost in the last 15 years. Philippines has already removed 93% of its
original forest cover caused by cutting trees for paper production, infrastructure
Due to this, the researchers of the study have come up with the idea to use an
alternative material in making paper such as corn husk and coconut husk. To know the
different set-ups. Each set-up consists of three trials. Setup A consists of 35 g of coconut
Based on the results of the survey conducted, Setup A has an average rating of 3
husk and 30 grams of corn husk. It has an average of 4 in surface texture and visibility of
average rating of 3 in surface texture and visibility of writings. The results show that
Setup B is the closest to the commercial paper in terms of surface texture and visibility of
writings.
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Conclusion
Based on the results of the surveys conducted, the researchers found out that setup
B with 40g of coconut husk and 30g of corn husk got the highest rating among 3 setups.
Thus, setup B is the best ratio of the components that will be effective in making paper
The relationship between the ratio of components and the quality of paper was also
determined. In terms of surface texture, it was found out that there is a negligible
relationship between the ratio of components and the quality of paper. In terms of
difference between the cocopel and the commercially available paper. Using QI Macros,
it was identified that there is no significant difference between the cocopel and
commercial paper in terms of surface texture therefore accepting the first hypothesis.
However, there is a significant difference between the cocopel and commercial paper in
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Recommendation
Knowing that the CoCoPel has not able to achieve the quality of a commercial
paper, it is recommended for the future researchers to make some improvements to the
CoCoPel. The future researchers should find a more efficient method to powderize the
corn husk and coconut husk. Also, the researchers propose to use hydraulic press in
flattening the CoCoPel. Moreover, bleaching the paper to obtain a whiter outcome is also
highly recommended. With this, the writings will be more visible. As for the experiment,
the future researchers can use other paper qualities and use appropriate equipment in
testing the paper. It is also recommended to test the product using different writing tools
like ballpens and pencils. Lastly, the CoCoPel can also be compared with other types of
paper.
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