destination The tourism industry, especially in national parks and protected areas, is subject to the concept of carrying capacity

so as to determine the scale of

tourist activities which can be sustained at specific times in different places Various scholar over the years have developed several arguments developed about
the definition of carrying capacity Middleton and Hawkins defined carrying capacity as a measure of the tolerance of a site or building which is open to tourist
activities, and the limit beyond which an area may suffer from the adverse impacts of tourism (Middleton & Hawkins, 1998) Chamberlain defined it as the
level of human activity which an area can accommodate without either it deteriorating, the resident community being adversely affected or the quality of
visitors' experience declining (Chamberlain, 1997) Clark defined carrying capacity as a certain threshold (level) of tourism activity, beyond which there will be
damage to the environment and its natural inhabitants (Clark, 1997) The World Tourism Organisation argues that carrying capacity is the maximum number of
people who may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic and socio-cultural environment and or an
unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction ( ec europa eu environment iczm pdf tcca_material pdf Date assessed 08 03 07) In the publication,
„Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Venture: towards environmentally sustainable development‟, the Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization
As part of a planning system The definitions of carrying capacity need to be considered as processes within a planning process for tourism development which
involves: Setting capacity limits for sustaining tourism activities in an area This involves a vision about local development & decisions about managing tourism
Overall measuring of tourism carrying capacity does not have to lead to a single number, like the number of visitors ( ec europa eu environment iczm pdf
tcca_material pdf Date assessed 08 03 07) In addition, carrying capacity may contain various limits in respect to the three components (physical-ecological,
socio-demographic and political–economic) “Carrying capacity is not just a scientific concept or formula of obtaining a number beyond which development
should cease, but a process where the eventual limits must be considered as guidance They should be carefully assessed and monitored, complemented with
other standards, etc Carrying capacity is not fixed It develops with time and the growth of tourism and can be affected by management techniques and con-
trols” (Saveriades, 2000) The reason for considering carrying capacity as a process, rather than a means of protection of various areas is in spite of the fact that
carrying capacity was once a guiding concept in recreation and tourism management literature Because of its conceptual elusiveness, lack of management
utility and inconsistent effectiveness in minimising visitors' impacts, carrying capacity has been largely re-conceptualized into management by objectives
approaches, namely: the limits of acceptable change (LAC), and the visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) as the two planning and management
decision-making processes based on the new understanding of carrying capacity (Lindberg and McCool, 1998) These two have been deemed more appropriate
in the tourism planning processes of protected areas, especially in the United States, and have over the years been adapted and modified for use in sustainable
tourism and ecotourism contexts (Wallace, 1993; McCool, 1994; Harroun and Boo, 1995) Carrying capacity See also Arable land Lotka–Volterra equation
Over-consumption Overpopulation Population Population ecology Population growth Thomas Malthus Simon–Ehrlich wager Ecological footprint Environ-
mental space List of countries by fertility rate Overpopulation in wild animals Tourism carrying capacity Notes [1] Sayre, N F , "The Genesis, History, and
Limits of Carrying Capacity" ( informaworld com smpp content~content=a791001773&db=all), Annals of the Assoc of American Geo , 98(1), 120-134, (2008)
[2] Zimmerer, K S , "Human Geography and the "New Ecology": The Prospect of Promise and Integration" ( dusk geo orst edu prosem PDFs human_geog
pdf), Annals of the Assoc of American Geo , 84(1), 108-125, (1994) [3] isleroyalewolf org [4] Vucetich, J A , and Peterson R O , Long-term population and
predation dynamics of wolves on Isle Royale ( isleroyalewolf org techpubs techpubs ISROpubs_files V&P2004_oxford pdf), Biology and Conservation of
Wild Canids, Macdonald, D and Sillero-Zubiri, C (ed), OUP, 281-292, (2004) [5] Wilmers, C C , Post, E S , Peterson, R O and Vucetich, J A , "Disease
mediated switch from top-down to bottom-up control exacerbates climatic effects on moose population dynamics" ( isleroyalewolf org techpubs techpubs
ISROpubs_files Wilmers et al 2006 pdf), Ecology Letters, 9(4), 383-389, (2006) [6] kyhorsepark com imh bw chinco html [7] Pacific Magazine: Tarawa
Tackles Growing Waste Crisis ( pacificislands cc pm22001 pmdefault php?urlarticleid=0009) [8] Troost, J M , The Sex Lives of Cannibals: Adrift in the
Equitorial Pacific, Broadway, (2004) [9] Cliggett, L , "Carrying Capacity's New Guise: Folk Models for Public Debate and Longitudinal Study of Environ-
mental Change", Africa Today, 48(1), 2-19, (2001) [10] Ehrlich, P R , Holdren, J P , "Impact of Population Growth", Science, 171(3977), 1212–1217, (1971)
[11] Wackernagel, M , Schulz, N B , et al, “Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99(14), 9266-9271, (2002)
[12] Rees, W E and Wackernagel, M , Ecological Footprints and Appropriated Carrying Capacity: Measuring the Natural Capital Requirements of the Human
Economy, Jansson, A , Folke, C , Hammer, M and Costanza R (ed ), Island Press,(1994) [13] Economy, E , China vs Earth, The Nation, May 7, 2007 issue [14]
Nielsen, R , The Little Green Handbook, Picador, (2006) ISBN 0-312-42581-3 Carrying capacity References Gausset Q , M Whyte and T Birch-Thomsen
(eds ) (2005) Beyond territory and scarcity: Exploring conflicts over natural resource management Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute Tiffen, M, Mortimore, M,
Gichuki, F (1994) More people, less erosion: Environmental recovery in Kenya London: Longman Sayre, N F (2008) "The Genesis, History, and Limits of
Carrying Capacity" Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98(1), pp 120–134 Shelby, Bo and Thomas A Heberlein (1986) "Carrying capacity in
recreation settings " Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press Karl S Zimmer (1994) Human geography and the “new ecology”: the prospect and promise
of integration Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84, p XXX External links unfpa org public isleroyalewolf org optimumpopulation org
DieOff org hartford-hwp com archives 24 042 html carryingcapacity org atlas aaas org index php?part=1&sec=trends Census A census is the procedure of
systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular
population [1] [2] The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business,
and traffic censuses In the latter cases the elements of the 'population' are farms, businesses, and so forth, rather than people The United Nations defines the
essential features of population and housing censuses as "individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity",
and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every 10 years [3] The term itself comes from Latin: during the Roman Republic the census was a
list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service Census taker visits a family living in a caravan, Netherlands 1925 Census 93 The census can be
contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, sometimes as an Intercensal estimate Census data is commonly
used for research, business marketing, and planning, as well as a baseline for sampling surveys In some countries, census data are used to apportion electoral
representation (sometimes controversially -e g see Utah v Evans) Privacy Although the census provides a useful way of obtaining statistical information about
a population, such information can sometimes lead to abuses, political or otherwise, made possible by the linking of individuals' identities to anonymous census
data [4] This consideration is particularly important when individuals' census responses are made available in microdata form, but even aggregate-level data
can result in privacy breaches when dealing with small areas and or rare subpopulations For instance, when reporting data from a large city, it might be
appropriate to give the average income for black males aged between 50 and 60 However, doing this for a town that only has two black males in this age group
would be a breach of privacy because either of those persons, knowing his own income and the reported average, could determine the other man's income
Typically, census data are processed to obscure such individual information Some agencies do this by intentionally introducing small statistical errors to
prevent the identification of individuals in marginal populations;[5] others swap variables for similar respondents Whatever measures have been taken to
reduce the privacy risk in census data, new technology in the form of better electronic analysis of data poses increasing challenges to the protection of sensitive
individual information Another method is simply to release no data at all, except very large scale data directly to the central government Ancient and medieval
examples Egypt Censuses in Egypt are said to have been taken during the early Pharaonic period in 3340 BC and in 3050 BC Israel Census are mentioned in
the Bible: the Book of Numbers is named after the counting of the Isrealite population during the exodus from Egypt Later, it is reported that King David
performed a census China The world's oldest surviving census data comes from China According to The Canadian Encyclopedia, a census was recorded in
there over 4,000 years ago and counted some 16 million people [6] Another census comes from the Han Dynasty, in what is perhaps China's most well-known
ancient census [7] [8] Taken in the fall of 2 AD, it is considered by scholars to be quite accurate [9] By that time, there were 57 67 million people registered in
12 36 million households living in China [10] [11] [12] A third recorded census dates back to 144 AD, when only 49 73 million people living in 9 94 million
households were counted Rome The word 'census' originates in ancient Rome from the Latin word 'censere' (meaning „estimate‟) The census played a crucial
role in the administration of the Roman Empire, as it was used to determine taxes (see Censor (ancient Rome)) With few interruptions, it was usually carried
out every five years [13] It provided a register of citizens and their property from which their duties and privileges could be listed It is said to have been
instituted by the Roman king Servius Tullius in the 6th century BC [14] , at which time the number of arms-bearing citizens was counted at Census 94 eighty-
thousand [15] Umayyad Caliphate In the Middle Ages, the Caliphate began conducting regular censuses soon after its formation, beginning with the one
ordered by the second Rashidun caliph, Umar [16] Medieval Europe The most famous census in medieval Europe is the Domesday Book, undertaken in 1086
by William I of England so that he could properly tax the land he had recently conquered In 1183, a census was taken of the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, to
ascertain the number of men and amount of money that could possibly be raised against an invasion by Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria Inca Empire In the
15th century, the Inca Empire had a unique way to record census information The Incas did not have any written language but recorded information collected
during censuses and other numeric information as well as non-numeric data on quipus, strings from llama or alpaca hair or cotton cords with numeric and other
values encoded by knots in a base-10 positional system Modern implementation Afghanistan A partial and incomplete population census was taken in Afghani-
stan in 1980 A census was planned for 2007 [17] Albania The latest population census was conducted in Albania in April 2001 [18] [19] Prior to that, a census
was conducted in 1989 at the end of the communist regime Algeria Population and housing censuses have been carried out in Algeria in 1967, 1977, 1987,
1998, and 2008 The next census is in 2016 Antigua and Barbuda A Population & Housing Census was carried out in 2001 Argentina National population
census are carried out in Argentina roughly every ten years, the last one being in October 27, 2010 More about census, see: National Institute of Statistics and
Census of Argentina Australia The Australian census is operated by the Australian Bureau of Statistics It is currently conducted every five years, the last
occurrence being on August 8, 2006 Past Australian censuses were conducted in 1911, 1921, 1933, 1947, 1954, and 1961 - 2006 every five years In 2006, for
the first time, Australians were able to complete their

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have reported a longstanding illness or health problem The first analyses of the healthy life years values disclose
significant inequalities among the European countries[9] See also Disability-adjusted life years Quality-adjusted
life year References [1] epp eurostat ec europa eu portal page portal product_details dataset?
p_product_code=HLTH_HLYE [2] Glossary EHEMU website ( ehemu eu pdf Glossary_v4 pdf) [3] J -M Robine
Summarizing health status In: Pencheon D,Guest C,Melzer D,Gray JAM, editors Oxford Handbook of Public
Health Practice 2nd ed Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006 p 160-168 [4] B Cox, H Van Oyen, E Cambois, C
Jagger, S Le Roy, J-M Robine, I Romieu The reliability of the Minimum European Health Module International
Journal of Public Health 2009;(54):55-60 (DOI 10 1007 s00038-009-7104-y), p57 [5] Regulation (EC) No 1177
2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 June 2003 concerning Community statistics on income
and living conditions (EU-SILC) ( eur-lex europa eu LexUriServ LexUriServ do?
uri=CELEX:32003R1177:EN:NOT) [6] Health Life Years in the core of the Lisbon Strategy ( ec europa eu health
ph_information indicators lifeyears_en htm) [7] European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit (EHEMU)
( ehemu eu) [8] healthy-life-years eu ( healthy-life-years eu) [9] C Jagger, C Gillies, F Mascone, E Cambois, H
Van Oyen, W J Nusselder, J -M Robine, EHLEIS team Inequalities in healthy life years in the 25 countries of the
European Union in 2005: a cross-national meta-regression analysis The Lancet 2008;372(9656):2124-2131 (DOI
10 1016 S0140-6736(08)61594-9) Healthy Life Years 331 J -M Robine, C Jagger, Euro-REVES group Creating a
coherent set of indicators to monitor health across Europe: the Euro-REVES 2 project European Journal of Public
Health 2003;13(3):6-14 External links Healthy Life Years ( healthy-life-years eu ) European Health Expectancy
Monitoring Unit ( ehemu eu) European Task Force on Health Expectancies ( tf-he eu ) Europa - Public Health
( ec europa eu health index_en htm) REVES, the International Network on Health Expectancy and the Disability
Process ( reves site ined fr en ) US Healthy People ( healthypeople gov ) WHO | World Health Organization
( who int en ) Health-EU Portal ( ec europa eu health-eu ) the official public health portal of the European Union
Heihaizi Heihaizi (simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: hei hái zi) or "black children" is a term applied in China, denoting
children born outside the One child policy, or generally children who are not registered in the national household
registration system In Japanese the term becomes heihaizu ( ) or (literally: "black seed child") If a family that is
not allowed to have another child according to the policy, does give birth to one, then apart from the financial and
social penalties resulting from the disregard for the law, the second child is not entered in the family register and
lives their whole life as so Never entered in the family register, they do not legally exist, and as such, they are
unable to access most public services, such as education and heath care [1] [2] They also are not able to be hired
in a job or any activity that requires identification or verifiable registration Apart from illegal activities, such as
crime or mafia, they can either help their family in agriculture (in rural areas), or in case of girls sell their body In
some parts of China, children are conceived and born only to be sold to smugglers, usually hours after birth,[3]
who then sell them either to wealthier families inside China, or smuggle them abroad for the same reason They
may also end up working in factories, while pretty girls can be sold to underage brothels or as child brides [3] In
the 2000 Chinese census report, the number of persons not registering was up to 8,052,484, amounting to 0 65%
of the total population [4] Due to the aforementioned policy and the preference of male heirs over female ones in
families allowed only one child, if the woman becomes pregnant with a daughter, she sometimes gives birth to
her in secret and chooses not register her, so that later on she can try to have a son, and register him instead [5]
Heihaizi 332 See also One child policy Human rights in the People's Republic of China References [1] " ~ [Black
Children - The Failure of One Child Policy]" ( dadao kt fc2 com heihaizu htm) (in Japanese) Retrieved 10 July
2010 [2] "One Child Policy - Laogai Research Foundation (LRF)" ( laogai org our_work one-child-policy) Laogai
Research Foundation Retrieved 13 July 2010 [3] Xicheng, Hannah Beech (29 January 2001) "China's Infant Cash
Crop" ( time com time pacific magazine 20010129 china html) TIME Pacific Retrieved 13 July 2010 [4] Zhou,
Yingying (14 June 2005) "Uncovering Children in Marginalization: Explaining Unregistered Children in
China" ( iussp2005 princeton edu download aspx?submissionId=50479) (PDF) p 2 Retrieved 13 July 2010 [5]
"One Child Policy - Laogai Research Foundation" ( laogai org our_work one-child-policy) Laogai Research
Foundation (LRF) Retrieved 13 July 2010 External links Zhou, Yingying (14 June 2005) "Uncovering Children
in Marginalization: Explaining Unregistered Children in China" ( iussp2005 princeton edu download aspx?
submissionId=50479) (PDF) Retrieved 13 July 2010 "China: Treatment of "illegal," or "black," children born
outside the one-child family planning policy; whether unregistered children are denied access to education, health
care and other social services (2003 - 2007)" ( unhcr org refworld docid 46c403821f html) Immigration and
Refugee Board of Canada 26 June 2007 Retrieved 13 July 2010 "One Child Policy - Laogai Research Founda-
tion" ( laogai org our_work one-child-policy) Laogai Research Foundation (LRF) Retrieved 13 July 2010 Zhou,
Yingying; Lavely, William (2004) "Uncovering the "Black Children" -- an Analysis of Infant Household Regis-
tration Status in China" ( paa2004 princeton edu abstractViewer asp?submissionId=40524) Population Associa-
tion of America (PAA) Retrieved 13 July 2010 Historical migration Historical migration It is theorized that pre-
historical migration of human populations began with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eura-
sia about a million years ago Homo sapiens appears to have colonized all of Africa about 150 millennia ago,
moved out of Africa some 80 millennia ago, and spread across Eurasia and to Australia before 40 millennia ago
Migration to the Americas took place about 20 to 15 millennia ago, and by 1 millennium ago, all the Pacific
Islands were colonized Later population movements notably include the Neolithic revolution and Indo-European
expansion, part of which emerges in the earliest historic

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