Anda di halaman 1dari 5

ENGLISH PAPER INFECTION DISEASE IN PUBLIC

GROUP VI

1.1 Definition of TBC

Tuberculosis (TBC) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria Mikobakterium


tuberculosis. This bacterium is a very strong bacillus bacteria that it takes a long time
to treat it. These bacteria more often infect the lung organ than other parts of the human
body.

TBC disease can affect anyone (old, young, male, female, poor, or rich) and
anywhere. Each year, Indonesia increases by a quarter million new cases of TBC and
about 140,000 deaths occur annually due to tuberculosis. In fact, Indonesia is the third
largest country with TBC problems in the world. TBC prevalence surveys conducted in
six provinces in 1983-1993 showed that the prevalence of TB in Indonesia ranged from
0.2 to 0.65%. Meanwhile, according to the WHO TBC Control report released by
WHO in 2004, the incidence of TBC in 2002 reached 555,000 cases (256 cases /
100,000 inhabitants), and 46% of them were thought to be new cases.

2. The cause of TBC

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TBC) disease is caused by TBC (Mycobacterium


tuberculosis) bacteria that some TBC germs attack the lungs, but can also affect other
organs. These germs are rod-shaped, have special properties that are resistant to acid
in staining. Therefore it is also referred to as Acid Resistant Basil (BTA). TBC germs
quickly die with direct sunlight, but can survive for several hours in a dark and humid
place. In body tissue these germs can be dormant, falling asleep for a few years.

A. Primary Infection

Primary infection occurs when a person is first exposed to TBC germs. Sputum
sputter is inhaled very small in size, so it can pass through the mucosilierbronkus
defense system, and keep walking until it reaches the alveoli and settles there.
Infection begins when TBC germs successfully multiply by splitting in the lungs,
resulting in inflammation in the lungs. Lymph channels will carry TBC germs to the
lymph glands around the lung hilum and this is called the primary complex. The time
between infection to formation of the primary complex is about 4-6 weeks.

The presence of infection can be proven by the change of tuberculin reaction


from negative to positive. Continuation after primary infection depends on the
amount of germs that enter and the amount of immune response (immunocular). In
general, the immune reaction can stop the development of TBC germs. Nevertheless
there are some germs will settle as a germ of persister or dormant (sleep). Sometimes
the body's power can not stop the development of germs, consequently in a few
months, the person will become tuberculosis patients

B. Post Primary Tuberculosis

Primary post-tuberculosis usually occurs after a few months or years after


primary infection, for example because the immune system decreases as a result of
HIV infection or malnutrition status. The hallmark of post-primary tuberculosis is
extensive lung damage with cavity or pleural effusion.

3. Transmission of TBC

TBC disease is usually transmitted through air contaminated with tuberculosis


microbacteria bacteria which is released at the time the TBC sufferer coughs, and in
children the source of infection generally comes from adult tuberculosis patients.
These bacteria when frequently entered and collected in the lungs will multiply into
many (especially in people with low body resistance), and can spread through blood
vessels or lymph nodes.

That's why TBC infection can infect almost all the organs of the body such as:
lungs, brain, kidneys, digestive tract, bone, lymph nodes, etc., however the body
organs most often affected are the lungs. When Mikobakterium tuberkulosa
successfully infect the lungs, it will soon grow a colony of bacteria in the form of
globular (round). Usually through a series of immunological reactions these TBC
bacteria will try to be inhibited through the formation of walls around the bacteria by
lung cells.

The mechanism of wall formation that makes the surrounding tissue into scar
tissue and TBC bacteria will be a dormant (rest). These dormant forms are actually
seen as tubercles in the examination of photorontgens

4. Symptoms of TBC

Symptoms of TBC disease can be divided into 2, namely the common symptoms
and specific symptoms that arise in accordance with the organs involved. Clinical
features are not particularly characteristic, especially in new cases, making it difficult
to diagnose clinically.

1. Systemic Symptoms / Main

The fever is not too high that lasts longer, usually felt at night with night sweats.

a. Sometimes fever attacks such as influenza and disappear are present.

b. Decreased appetite and weight.

c. Cough for more than 3 weeks (may be accompanied by blood).

d. Feeling uneasy (malaise), weak.

2. Special Symptoms

a. Depending on which organs are affected, if there is a partial blockage of the


bronchus (the channel leading to the lungs) due to enlarged lymph node
suppression, will cause voice "wheeze", the sound of weak breath accompanied
by shortness.

b. If there is fluid in the pleura cavity (lung wrapping), may be accompanied by


chest pain complaints.

c. When the bone, there will be symptoms such as bone infection that at one time
can form a channel and empties into the skin above it, the estuary will discharge t
he pus.
d. In children can affect the brain (the layer of the brain wrap) and referred to as
meningitis (symptoms of brain membrane), the symptoms are high fever, the
presence of decreased awareness and convulsions

5. How To Prevent TBC

The goal of prevention of tuberculosis, namely;

a. Heal the patient.

b. Prevent death.

c. Prevent recurrence.

d. Reduces transmission rate.

* TBC prevention measures as follows;

a) When coughing should cover his mouth, and if coughing for more than 3
weeks, feeling pain in the chest and difficulty breathing immediately brought to
the health center or to the hospital.

b) When coughing turned to avoid others.

c) Throwing spit in a closed place, and if the saliva mixed with blood
immediately brought kepuskesmas or to the hospital.

d) Washing the cutlery and drink until clean after use by the patient.

e) Newborns and young children should be immunized with BCG vaccine.


Because the vaccine will provide excellent protection.

6. Treatment of TBC

1. Type of Drug

 Isoniasid

 Rifampicin

 Pyasinamide
 Streptomycin

2. Drug Factor

TBC drugs are given in the form of a combination of several types, in sufficient
quantities and the right dose for 6-8 months, can all germs can be killed. Dose
intensive stage and advanced dosage, it is up on an empty stomach. If you want a
drug that is not used adequately, TBC germs will develop into immune germs. TBC
treatment is given in 2 phases:

a) Intensive stage

In the intensive stage the patient gets the drug (taking medicine) every day for 2 - 3
months.

b) Advance stage

At the advanced stage of medication for 3 - 5 months.

3. Drug Side Effects

Some of the side effects that may arise from taking TBC drugs vary from mild to
severe. A mild side effect can be a change in urine color to redness caused by
rifampicin.

Other side effects can be joint pain, no appetite, nausea, tingling and burning in
the liver, itching and redness in the skin disorders balance to yellow (jaundice). If the
patient feels these things, the patient should immediately consult a doctor to obtain
further, go further. In some cases treatment may last up to eight months.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai