See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/292607115

Applied Physics

Book · May 2015

CITATIONS READS

0 67,875

2 authors:

Rajendra R Aparnathi Sreenath Kashyap

C. U. Shah Univeristy Marwadi Education Foundation’s Group of Institutions
35 PUBLICATIONS   22 CITATIONS    37 PUBLICATIONS   58 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Design and Development of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Sensor View project

Planar Antennas for Terahertz Frequency Applications View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Rajendra R Aparnathi on 01 February 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 ` APPLIED PHYSICS
---A Simplified Approach

: Chief Editor :
Dr.Ved Vyas Jayprakash Narayan Dwivedi
Pro-Vice Chancellor
C. U. Shah University
Wadhwan City,
District: Surendranagar
Gujarat, INDIA

:Authors :

RajendraAparnathi S. Sreenath Kashyap

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of EE Department of EC
C. U. Shah University Marwadi Education Foundation’s
Wadhwan city Group of Institutions,
Surendranagar. Rajkot.
Gujarat, INDIA Gujarat, INDIA
UNIVERSITIES INCLUDED:-
 C.U., G.T.U., R.T.U., D.T.U., U.P.T.U., D.D.U., M.S.U.,
S.P.U. & Other Technological Universities.
Salient Features:-
 Specially prepared, composed, written, revised, &
published for the under graduated level students.
 Highly simplified language.
 A compendium of relevant information.
 Lots of graphical illustrations.
 Each chapter, at the end, contains a list of topics that are
most probable to be asked in University exams.
About the Chief Editor:
Dr.Ved Vyas Dwivedi is ‘Jewel-of-India and Gold
medal’ awardee, Pro.V.C. of C U Shah University,
Wadhwan city, Gujarat, India. He is a renowned
academician, administrator, research scholar and
human being. His research interests include EM-RF-
meta-material antennas, wireless satellite-mobile-
energy-sensor technology and Nano Electronic
sciences.

About the Authors:

RajendraAparnathi. received his B.E (Electrical
Engineering) degree from Bhavnagar University, M.E.
(Industrial Electronics) from the Faculty of Technology
and Engineering, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
and PhD*(Pursuing) from C U Shah University, Wadhwan
city, Surendranagar, Gujarat India.He serves as Faculty of
Technology Since 2009.

S.Sreenathkashyap, received the Bachelor degree in

Electronics and communication Engineering (ECE) from
JawaharLal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad,
India, Masters degree in VLSI from SRM University
Chennai India. He Serves as Assistant Professor in MEFGI
Rajkot Gujarat India. His current research interests are
VLSI, EM-RF Metamaterial Antennas.
This book is dedicated to all Our Students
 PREFACE

This book has been written with an objective of providing a text-book

which gives proper coverage of Science, Technology and Engineering
requirements for the subject “Advanced and Applied Physics”. This
book is intended for the students in B.Sc, M.Sc, B.Tech, Diploma
Engineering.

Each chapter has been properly subdivided in selections. Solved

examples have been included in each chapter which are typical
problems encountered by students. A summary has been provided at
the end of each chapter.

As regards theory attempt has been made to present the concepts in a

simple manners, without scarifying the depth. The present text is
culmination of experience of teaching the subject and understanding
of the problems faced by students. It is sincere expectation of the
authors that this book shall provide a foundation for further learning
of the subject.

Chapter 1 Discusses about basics of atomic theory. Chapter 2 mainly

focus on the PN junction diode and its applications. Chapter 3
discusses about the Bipolar Junction transistor Chapter 4 gives
detailed explanation about the Field Effect transistor and MOSFET.
Chapter 5 discusses about the Transistor Biasing and thermal
stability. Chapter 6 discusses about the Power amplifiers.

A reference has been provided at the end of the book, which by no

means is exhaustive. Despite the best efforts put in by us, it is
possible that some unintentional errors might have eluded us.
 Contents

Chapter 1

Atomic Properties of Matter 1-11

1.1 Atomic Number 1

1.2 Atomic Weight 1

1.3 Electric Field 1

1.4 Electric Field Intensity 1

1.5 Potential 2

1.6 Nature of Atom 2

1.7 Relation between Radius and Energy 3

1.8 Bohr’s Theory 4

1.9 Photo Ionization 5

1.10 Pauli’s Exclusion Principle 6

1.11 Energy Bands 6

1.12 Classification of Materials based on Energy Bands 7

Summary 10

Review Questions 11

Chapter 2

Diode Circuits 12-54

2.1 P-N Junction 12

2.2 P-N Junction Diode 15

2.3 Space Charge Capacitance of a Diode 16

2.4 Relation between Diode Current and Voltage 17

2.5 Temperature Effects 20

2.6 Applications of Diode 21

2.7 Rectifier Circuits 23

2.8 Clippers 27

2.9 Clampers 31

2.10 Voltage Doubler 34

2.11 Zener Diode 37

2.12 Light Emitting Diode 42

2.13 Photo Diode 43

2.14 Opto Coupler 44

Summary 45

Review Questions 48

Examples 49

Chapter 3

Bipolar Junction Transistor 55-128

3.1 Bipolar Junction Transistor 55

3.2 Relation between different Currents in a Transistor 57

3.3 Break Down Voltages 59

3.4 The Common Base Configuration 59

3.5 Common Base Amplifier 62

3.6 Common Emitter Configuration 66

3.7 Biasing Technique of CE Configuration 71

3.8 Emitter Feedback Bias 77

3.9 Collector Feedback Bias 79

3.10 Voltage Divider Bias 79

3.11 Emitter Bias 81

3.12 Moving Ground Around 82

3.13 Biasing a pnp Transistor 83

3.14 Small Signal CE Amplifier 83

3.15 Analysis of CE Amplifier 85

3.16 Phase Inversion 86

3.17 Common Collector Amplifier 90

3.18 Darlington Amplifier 93

3.19 Power Consideration 95

3.20 Cascade Amplifier 98

3.21 Types of Coupling 99

3.22 Frequency Response of Amplifier 103

3.23 One Supply Circuit 108

3.24 h-Parameters 109

3.25 Analysis of a Transformer Using h-Parameter 114

3.26 Simplified CE Hybrid Parameter Model 118

3.27 CE Amplifier with an Emitter Resistor 119

Summary 121

Review Questions 123

Examples 124

Chapter 4

Field Effect Transistor 129-167

4.1 Uni-Junction Transistor 129

4.2 UJT Relaxation Oscillator 132

4.3 Field Effect Transistor 136

4.4 Operation of FET 137

4.5 Trans-Conductance Curves 140

4.6 Biasing the FET 141

4.7 MOSFET 144

4.8 MOSFET Operation 146

4.9 MOSFET Structure and Channel Formation 147

4.10 Modes of Operation of MOSFET 149

4.11 Body Effect 154

4.12 MOSFET Construction 154

4.13 Insulator 156

4.14 Junction Design 157

4.15 Other MOSFET Types 158

Summary 160

Review Questions 161

Examples 162

Chapter 5

Transistor Biasing & Thermal Stability 168-208

5.1 Need for Biasing 168

5.2 Requirements of Transistor Biasing 169

5.3 The Operating Point 169

5.4 Bias Stability 173

5.5 Stabilization Techniques 175

5.6 Fixed Bias Configuration 175

5.7 Collector to Base Bias Circuit 178

5.8 Voltage Divider Bias 181

5.9 Bias Compensation 186

5.10 Thermal Runaway 192

5.11 Transistor as a Switch 194

5.12 Transistor Switching Times 197

Summary 200

Review Questions 201

 Examples 202

Chapter 6

Power Circuits & Systems 209-249

6.1 Basic Stages of an Amplifier 209

6.2 Classification of Amplifiers 210

6.3 Comparison of Different types of Power Amplifier 213

6.4 Series FED Class A Amplifier 214

6.5 Amplifier Distortion 220

6.6 Transformer- Coupled Class A Amplifier 226

6.7 Class B Amplifier Operation 233

6.8 Transformer Coupled Push Pull Circuits 237

6.9 Regulated Power Supply 237

6.10 Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator 238

6.11 Class A Current Drain 239

Summary 242

Review Questions 244

Examples 245

List of Symbols

List of Units

List of Abbreviations

Index

View publication stats