Proposed of DPI Method for CPG Modified Based

on BESS
1M. Kuncoro, 1,2Rudi Darussalam, 1Chandra B. Sukmono, 1Iwa Garniwa
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
2 Research Center For Electrical Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia

kuncoro2ui@gmail.com

Abstract—The solar energy is clean and future energy for

electricity generation. It’s energy has enormous potential but
don’t optimal to utilized caused by intermitten energy. The
intermittent irradiance and ambient temperature influence the
energy produced fluctuates and unstable. These power
fluctuations affect system stability and frequency. To overcome
this problem, several methods for PV power stabilization have
been developed. One of them is the Constant Power Generation
where PV output power is cutted to a certain power value. The
result of CPG method is reducing in PV power fluctuations but
still unstable. For reaching the stable condition of PV Power
output, the Dynamic Power Injection method is proposed which
is a modification of the CPG method with batteries energy
storage. DPI improve the CPG method and make PV power
stable with active power management with charge and
discharge action. The battery is using as energy storage when Figure 1. CPG concept
PPV>PSET. On the other hand battery as an energy source for Figure A is a portrait of PV power before CPG, while
active power injection when PPV <PSET. Thus the output power condition B is a portrait of PV power after CPG. With CPG
in each condition can be maintained as PPV = PSET. For test this the output power of PV is limited to its setting power and the
method, DPI modules are built on Arduino Mega and PV output power in condition B is more stable than the output
monitored with the thingspeak webserver. The experimental
power of the PV condition A.
results of DPI can stabilize PV power fluctuation at its setting
power with an error of 5%. In CPG Method, PV worked in the MPPT operating mode
Keywords—DPI, CPG, Stabilization, Thingspeak and setting power mode. PV power output will be Power from
MPPT (PMPPT) when PV Power greater than Setting Power
(PSET) and the other hand, PV power output will be P SET
I. INTRODUCTION smaller than PMPPT. Simple mathematically of CPG Method
[4],[6] can be expressed with
Indonesian has the enormous potential of solar energy for
the electrical energy generation which is equal to 207,898 𝑃𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑉 ≤ 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇
𝑃𝑃𝑉 = { (1)
MWp. But because of technical and economic issue, it’s only 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑉 > 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇
utilized at 0.04% or 78.5 MWp. The mainly technical issue is
Freede Blabjerg [4],[5],[6] explained that there are three
intermittent solar energy. The intermittent of solar energy
meke the PV output power be fluctuatively influenced by the methods of CPG, namely Power-CPG (P-CPG), Current-CPG
level of solar radiation and environment temperature. At one (I-CPG), and Perturb & Observe (P&O) CPG. P-CPG is
time the sun's energy can be maximal but can suddenly drop method with power-based regulation, I-CPG is method with
because of shading due to the movement of clouds[10]. current-based settings and P&O CPG is method by regulating
PV voltage and MPPT voltage on the P & O algorithm.
For energy intermittent problems and power instability,
efforts have been made to mitigate PV power fluctuations The experiment conducted by Freede Blabjerg [4],[6],[7]
is CPG method without using energy storage with result as
using the method of hybrid PV and Diesel Generator[10,11].
seen in Fig.1. The PV output power will be limited to setting
However, this method is less satisfying because in addition to
power. However, there is still a power fluctuation in area B
being expensive and causing greenhouse gas emissions, also
because the value is less than the power setting. To solve this
because of the ramp rate of the Genset it is not able to keep up
problem, then DPI method is proposed so that PV output
with the momentary ramp down of PV power. Other methods
power can be stable at setting power. In principle, DPI is
include Constant Power Generation (CPG), Energy Storage,
modified CPG with battery energy storage. Battery functions
Geographical Dispersion, Load Shaping and Power
as energy storage when PV Power (PPV) more than setting
Smoothing[10,11].
Power (Pset). On the other hand, battery function as energy
The Constant Power Generation method is a power source for active power injection at Ppv less than Pset. Thus the
curtailment method introduced by Freede Blabjerg. The main output power in each condition Ppv = Pset. DPI illustration as
purpose of the CPG method is to get a stable PV output with seen Fig.2. From compare Fig.1 and Fig.2 we can be analyze
a certain power limit value without energy storage. Illustration that CPG operation with “cut” the PV power but the DPI
of CPG as shown Fig.1. operation with “cut and stabilization” of PV power.

Figure 2. DPI concept
The DPI algorithm is modified CPG method with battery
energy storage and can be written with the following equation
[5].
𝑃 + 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑉 ≤ 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇
𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = { 𝑃𝑉 (2)
𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑉 > 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇
Where
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑉 ≤ 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇
𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑡 = { 𝑃𝑉 (3)
𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇 − 𝑃𝑃𝑉 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑃𝑉 > 𝑃𝑆𝐸𝑇
To test this method, a module is designed using Arduino
Mega and support by current, voltage and temperature
sensors. The results of DPI performance in stabilizing PV
power are monitored online at thingspeak web server using the
ESP 8266 device.
Based on the author's knowledge and observation, the DPI
is new method and design of the DPI module based on
Arduino 2560 has never been submitted by another researcher.
The results of DPI performance show that PV power
fluctuations can be overcome and PV power output can be
kept stable at it’s limit power.
The systematics of this paper consists of 4 parts. Part II
describes the structure and operation DPI. Part III about
Methodology and testing schemes and part IV analyzes the
results of testing and conclusions.
II. STRUCTURE AND OPERATION DPI
A. DPI Structure
DPI is a control module is designed to mitigate
intermittent effects and fluctuations in PV output power so
that PV output power can be stable to setting power. Figure 3
is a DPI configuration.
Figure 3 configures of DPI
By the fig.3, the DPI component consists of a controller
module, current, voltage, temperature, power MOSFET, and
battery sensors. DPI component equipment specifications are
explained in section III.
The description of the DPI controller referring to the
diagram above can be described as follows:
a. Current and voltage sensors installed in the PV panel
output will read the PV panel output voltage and current
values. From reading current and voltage PV output power
will be obtained.
b. The control algorithm will measure the output power of
PV and compare it with the setting power for PV output
power settings. If the PV power exceeds the setting power,
then the excess power will be saved to the battery. But if
the PV output power is less than the setting power, then
the active power stored in the battery will be injected into
the load.
c. With dynamic injection power control, PV power output
stabilizes and intermittent problems can be resolved.
d. DPI working parameter data and PV output power will be
sent wirelessly using the Wifi sensor module and done by
cloud computing using the Internet of Things (IoT)
application so that it can be monitored in realtime on
desktop PCs and Android phones.
B. DPI Algorithm
Based on the DPI concept in Fig 3, a DPI algorithm is
created by combining the CPG and battery methods with the
following flow chart figure 4.
Figure 4 Algorithm of DPI
Figure 5. DPI Control
 The DPI method based on the P-CPG concept uses PI III. METHODOLOGY
control as shown fig.5[4]. To test the performance of the DPI module in stabilize PV
Duty Cycle for PWM control is defined by a mathematic power output, testing scheme is done with methodology as
expression follow:
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 (𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑡 −𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ) a. 50 Wp PV generator is installed with DC DC Boost
𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥255 or 𝐷𝑢𝑡𝑦 = 𝑥255 converter, Battery, DPI module and DC Load as
𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑡
configuration as shown in Fig.3. Test conduct for long
III. DESIGN DPI time 4 hours, start from 10.00 AM until 14.00 AM. In this
The DPI module is built based on the Arduino Mega 2560 condition, PV power will increase gradually and reach the
microcontroller which is then embedded in this controller peak power at 12.00 AM. After that PV Power will reduce
programming algorithm to stabilize PV output power. The gradually.
DPI component is detailed in table 1. b. Simulate the shading condition at 10.30 AM and 13.00
Table 1 DPI module hardware specifications AM for long time 20 seconds with cover half the PV
No Tools Spesification surface with semi transparan plastic. The result is PV
1 Keypad Keypad 3 x 4 power drasticly drop caused the shading condition.
Atmega 2560, 16 MHz, 54 pins I/O, 5 c. DPI modul then stabilize the PV Power so that PPV = PSET
2 Arduino Mega
Volt, 256 KB
= 12 Watt test parameter. It’s DPI control with charge and
3 Temperature Sensor DHT 11, maks 50 C+ 2
4 Voltage Sensor Maks 25 Volt DC injection action off batery energy storage.
WCS 1800, Maks 35 Ampere, sensitivity d. Setup and connect the DPI test system to IoT Thingspeak
5 Current Sensor
60 mA/V webserver so that the result of the DPI test performance
IRF5305S, 22Amp, 5 -12 V DC, can be monitor in realtime in PC Dekstop or Android
6 Power MOSFET
Optocoupler
mobile phone.
7 LCD LCD cristal 4x 20, baud rate 9600
IEEE 802.11 b/g/n, BSS Station, 64 KB
instruction RAM, 96 KB data RAM, 64
IV. EXPERIMENT RESULT AND ANALYSIS
8 ESP 8266 v.1
KB ROM dan 1 MB Flash, TCP IP Stack, A. PV Monitoring Stabilization on Thingspeak
baud rate 115200
To find out the performance of the DPI module to stabilize
To conduct DPI performance testing additional tools are PV power and its monitoring in real-time based on the
shown in table 2 below. Thingspeak Webserver, the DPI was tested with P set = 12
Table 2. Additional tools for DPI testing Watt test parameters. In this test, two shading simulations
No Tools Spesification were carried out by covering a portion of the PV panel. As a
1 Modul PV Monokrstalin 50 Wp result of the shading simulation, the PV output power will
2 SCC SCC PWM 10 Ampere decrease. DPI will work to stabilize PV power by injecting
2 BatteryVLRA Battery Voz 42 Ah/12 Volt active power until setting power is reached. By using the WIFI
3 DC Load DC Lamp 20 Watt ESP 8266 module and the Thingspeak web server application,
Measuring Sanwa Clamp Ampere 40 A
4
Equipment
it can monitor the parameters of PV power fluctuations, DPI
performance, and battery status can be done wirelessly via PC
and Android. The performance parameters monitored through
In this proposed scheme, DPI using 3 power MOSFET that the Thingspeak web server include Temperature, Setting
connected to PV, battery, and load. Power mosfet#1 to charge Power, PV Power, Load Power, and Battery Power, as
action, power mosfet#3 as injection action and power follows.
mosfet#2 as bypass control.

Figure 10. monitoring test temperature

Figure 6. DPI charge and discharge scheme
Based on Fig. 10 above, the temperature increase
gradually from 29 C and reach the peak value at 40 C when
12 AM. Then, also reduce gradually to 32 C when 13.30.
 Figure 11. Setting Power
In this test, Power seting is define 12 watt and Fig.11 is
chapture of Power Setting in DPI.
Figure 12. Monitoring PV Power
Fig.12 is chapture of PV Power monitoring, as we seen
that PV Power is fluctuate. The value of PV Power is similar
with the temperature graph in Fig.10. The PV Power increase
gradually from 7 Watt at 10.00 Am and reach the peak value
at 15 Watt when 12 AM. Then, also reduce gradually to 7 Watt
when 14.00. At time 11.30 and 13.00 AM is simulated shading
condition so that the PV Power drastically reduce as shown in
A and B above.
Figure 13. Monitoring Load Power
Fig.13 above is Load Power result from stabilize control
of DPI. With comparing between Fig.11, Fig 12. and Fig 13.
so we can analyze that Load Power can be maintained stable
at setting power 12 Watt. To get stabilize, DPI work in active
power management including charge and injection from
battery energy storage with action is shown as Fig.14 below.
Figure 14. Monitoring Battery Power
B. Power Stabilization Analysis with DPI
To determine the performance of DPI in stabilizing PV
power, it is necessary to compare several graphs of monitoring
results including PV power charts, battery power graphs, and
load graphs (Fig.11, 12 and 13). Merging these 3 graphs as
below.
Figure 15 DPI Performance
Based on the Fig.15 above, it can be seen that the load
power is in the range of 12 Watts with a deviation of + 0.3
Watt. Thus the DPI error rate is as follows
Ʃ(𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑−𝑃𝑠𝑒𝑡)
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = = 5,052%
𝑁
The fluctuations in the decline in PV power especially at
points A and B are compensated by the DPI with the action of
injection of battery power. Conversely, when there is a
fluctuation in the increase in PV power, it is compensated by
the DPI with absorbing action. Thus there is a balance between
PV power and battery power so that a stable load power is
obtained according to the setting power. With the action of
absorbing and injection of the battery above, the rate is slim.
One important DPI performance parameter is the slender
response rate. the ramp rate is the response speed of adaptive
devices to mitigate the effects of disturbances to achieve ACKNOWLEDGMENT
setting values as soon as possible. The author thanks Dr. Ing Budi and Dr. Chairul Hudaya
for all valuable inputs and corrections in the preparation of this
paper.
This work described in the paper funded by Hibah
Publikasi Internasional Terindeks Untuk Tugas Akhir
Mahasiswa (HIBAH PITTA) Universitas Indonesia for the
year 2019 Under Contract No. NKB-0741/UI2.R3.1/
HKP.05.00/2019.
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Figure 17. Ramping rate B
From the graph above, theramp rate of battery and PV are
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Tabel 3. Ramping rate Battery and PV
Ramp Rate PV Baterai
A 1,25 Watt/s 1,4 Watt/s
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V. CONCLUSION
DPI is a prototype module to stabilize PV power according
to the setting power. DPI method is a development of the CPG
method combined with energy storage batteries. The DPI
Module works with scheme “cut” the PV Power and stabilize
with actio and injection action from battery. The DPI takes
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a. The DPI module error rate for stabilizing PV power is
around 5%. For the 12 Watt setting power, the DPI output
still fluctuates between 11.8 Watts and 12.3 Watts.
b. The DPI module works well with a ramp up battery that
is greater than the ramp down PV.
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