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III. IMPLEMENTATION The propagation constant for the cable is calculated using
equation:
A pilot network is developed to analyze the high frequency
characteristics of a complete distribution network and the
effect of individual components which is shown in Figure 3. The characteristic impedance of the cable is calculated
The signal attenuation coefficient of the cabling is calculated using equation:
based on an experimentally acquired equation by:
0.6
1 § 1 ·
D ( f ) 0.5 10 6 ¨ f ¸ The parameters for the input impedance model of the
m © Hz ¹
electric motor and for the power cable are in table [6].
The motors were modeled using the input impedance model
The distributed capacitance of the cable is increased 40% in
introduced by Aloha et al. [8] which is shown in Figure 4. The
order to match the simulation with the measurement. For
parameters for both 15 kW motors in signal coupling (L1, PE)
simplicity, the input impedance for the distribution
are: Lhf = 159nH, Chf = 2.5nF and Rhf = 3ȍ. Transmission
transformer (France Transform, 50kVA) in signal coupling
matrix T1(f) is formed for the electric motor.
(L1, PE) is assumed to be equal to 60ȍ.
ª 1 0º
The total load impedance is given by
T( f ) « 1 »
« Z ( f ) 1» equation:
¬ M ,1 ¼
Where ZM,1(f) represents the input impedance of the electric
motor, which is calculated by using the equation.
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and N represent the signal and the noise power at the input of
the receiver. Shannon’s theorem is not directly applicable for
the capacity analysis of a power-line channel, because the
signal to noise ratio is frequency variant with practical
channels.
IV. SIMULATION The output voltage amplitude of the transmitter UTX(f) can
be presented with the output power of the transmitter Ptx(f )
The amplitude responses for power-line channel and for the
and the input impedance of the communications channel at the
frequency band 100 kHz – 20 MHz are calculated. In addition,
transmitter Zin,tx(f):
the gains of the simulated and measured channel behave
similarly. The effect of length to the signal voltage attenuation Ptx ( f )
| U tx ( f ) | Z in ,tx ( f )
is shown in Figure 5. The distance between receiver and cos I ( f )
transmitter is 50, and 100 respectively and the signal coupling
is (L1, PE). The effect of capacitance and inductance to the where cos ij(f) is the phase angle of the input impedance
signal voltage attenuation is shown in Figure 6. The Zin,tx(f). The voltage amplitude of the received signal at the
capacitance and inductance of MCCMK transmission line are receiver Urx(f) can be written as:
83nH and 313pF, and 41.5nH and 156.5pF, respectively. U rx ( f ) H ( f ) U tx ( f )
where H(f) is the transfer function of the communications
channel. The information capacity of the channel presented
with the signal voltage and noise voltage amplitudes is:
fh ª § Urx( f ) ·
2
º
C ³f 1log 2 ««1 ¨¨ U n ( f ) ¸
¸
» df
»
¬ © ¹ ¼
Fig. 5 Simulated amplitude response for the frequency band 100 kHz
where B = fh í f1 and | Un (f ) | is the amplitude of the noise
– 20 MHz voltage at the receiver. The noise voltage amplitude can be
calculated applying the noise current amplitude | In(f) | and the
input impedance at the receiver:
Un( f ) Z in , rx ( f ) I n ( f )
Shannon’s theorem gives the theoretical data transfer rate of
the communications channel that can be achieved at a low
probability of data transfer errors. Another quantity to
estimate the quality of the communications channel and the
Fig. 6 Simulated amplitude response for the frequency band 100 kHz receiver is the bit error ratio (BER). It describes the
– 20 MHz probability of error per received bit. Theoretically, the bit
error ratio is dependent on the signal to noise ratio at the
V. CHANNEL CAPACITY ANALYSIS AND BIT ERROR receiver and on the used modulation method. The bit error
POSSIBILITY ratio for binary FSK can be estimated using equation:
The information capacity of a communications channel 1 § J ·
describes the number of independent symbols that can be BER erfc¨¨ b ¸¸
transmitted through the channel in a given unit of time. The 2 © 2 ¹
basic symbol in digital communications is the bit. In where Ȗb is the signal to noise ratio per received bit and
communication, the transmitter injects a signal into the f
2
³e
channel. The channel filters the transmitted signal and at the t
erfc( x) dt
receiver noise is added to the transmitted signal. S x
The capacity of the channel is dependent on the signal to
noise ratio at the receiver and the bandwidth available for data VI. DISCUSSION
transfer. C.E. Shannon from Bell Telephone Laboratories
presented in 1948 the mathematical formula for the We simulate load impedance as a function of frequency
information capacity of a communications channel: from there we can see that load impedance plays an important
role in determining the location and amplitude of notches and
§ S·
C B log 2 ¨1 ¸ peaks in the signal voltage attenuation. If we increase the
© N¹ frequency, there is a very little effect of load impedance. We
where C represents the information capacity of the channel plot signal attenuation co-efficient as a function of frequency
(bits/second), B is the available bandwidth and the symbols S and the magnitude of signal attenuation will increase with the
increasing of frequency almost linearly. Furthermore, we
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simulate voltage attenuation with frequency after varying the The solution of equation (2) is
length of cable, where it shows if we increase the length of V(x) = A1eJx + A2e-Jx
wire then the signal will suffer a lot of its phase and Where J = Propagation constant
magnitude. At the end, we plot signal attenuation as a function
=D + jE = =
of frequency by varying the capacitance and inductance of
transmission line. We can see the values of the distributed Where D ĺ Attenuation constant and Eĺ Phase constant
inductance and capacitance of this transmission line is I(x) = (A1eJx - A2e-Jx)
reduced, the notches and peak still occurs at the same
frequency except that there will be less ripple on the signal I(x) =
attenuation and the magnitude of the signal attenuation is I(x) = 1/Zc(A1eJx - A2e-Jx)
reduced. However, the ripples in the voltage attenuation Where Zc = Characteristic impedance =
reduces as the value of inductance and capacitance is reduces,
To find the constants A1 and A2, consider when x = 0, V(x)
but the voltage attenuation will be more after reducing of that
= VR, and I(x) = IR. From above equation we can find
value of MCCMK transmission line at frequency band 100
A1 = (VR + ZCIR)/2
kHz – 20 MHz.
A2 = (VR - ZCIR)/2
The general expressions for voltage and current along any
VII. CONCLUSION
transmission line become
The amplitude responses of the power-line channels in the V(x) = (VR + ZCIR)/2* eJx + (VR - ZCIR)/2 * e-Jx
pilot distribution network can be modeled using two-port I(x) = (VR /ZC+ IR)/2* eJx - (VR/ZC - IR)/2 * e-Jx
models and simple high frequency models for the power The equations for voltage and current can be rearranged as
cables and electric motors. Similar models can be applied in follows
the power-line communications and electro-magnetic V(x) = (eJx + e-Jx)/2 * VR + Zc * ((eJx + e-Jx)/2)* IR
interference. Moreover, a proper noise model is required for I(x) = 1/ Zc * (eJx + e-Jx)/2* VR + (eJx + e-Jx)/2 * IR
the simulation of the power-line as a communication channel.
From the above model and simulation, we can see that load i.e.
impedance plays an important role in determining the location
V(x) = coshJxVR + Zc sinhJxIR
and amplitude of notches and peaks in the signal voltage
I(x) = 1/ZC sinhJxVR + coshJxIR
attenuation with frequency as well as changing the value of
We are particularly interested in the relation between the
load impedance will cause effect on attenuation.
sending end and the receiving end of the line. Setting x = l, V
(l) = Vs and I (l) = IS, the result is
APPENDIX
V (l) = coshJlVR + Zc sinhJlIR
The series impedance per unit length is shown by ‘z’ and I (l) = 1/ZC sinhJlVR + coshJlIR
the shunt admittance per phase is shown by ‘y’, where z = r + Rearranging the above equations in terms of the ABCD
jwL and y = g + jwc. Consider a small segment of line ¨x at a constant,
distance x from the receiving end of the line. From
Kirchhoff’s voltage law Vs A B VR
Is C D IR
V(x + ¨x) = V(x) + z¨xI(x) Where,
= zI(x) A = coshJl B = Zc sinhJl
C = 1/Zc sinh Jl D = coshJl
Taking the limit as ¨xĺ0, we have, It is now possible to find an accurate equivalent ɉ model,
Also, from Kirchhoff’s current law shown in figure below to replace the ABCD constants of the
two-port network.
I(x+¨x) = I(x) + y¨xV(x+¨x) VS = (1 + ZcYc/2) VR + ZcIR
= yV(x) IS = Y c(1 + ZcYc/4) VR + (1 + ZcYc/2) IR
The parameters of the equivalent ɉ model are obtained
So dI(x)/dx =yV(x) Zc = ZCsinhJl = Z sinhJl/Jl
Yc/2 = 1/ZCtanhJl/2 = Y/2 (tanhJl/2)/ (Jl/2)
Finally, we get
= zy V(x) REFERENCES
Let J = zy [1] A. G. Hudson, D. R. Beuerle, and H. J. Fiedler, “SSB carrier for utility
control and communication,” Proceedings of the IEEE National
The following second-order differential equation will result Telecommunication Conference, 2.1.1–2.1.7, 1976.
d2V(x)/dx2 - J 2V(x) = 0
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