Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Chapter 03: Trigonometric Functions

03  Trigonometric Functions
1. sin 3x = 3 sin x − 4 sin3x π 3π 9π 11π
1 ∴ x= , , ,
⇒ sin3x = (3sin x − sin 3 x) 8 8 8 8
4 But cos x > 0 (x must be in 1st or 4th Quadrant)
cos 3x = 4 cos3x − 3 cos x π 3π
1 ∴ the possible values are , .
⇒ cos3x = (cos3 x + 3cos x) 8 8
4 Case II:
Given, cos 3x cos3x + sin 3x sin3 x = 0
If cos x < 0,
1
⇒ cos 3x⋅ (cos 3x + 3 cos x) 1 1
4 sin x(−cos x) = ⇒ sin 2x = −
1 2 2 2
+ sin 3x⋅ (3 sin x − sin 3x) = 0 5π 7 π
4 ∴ 2x = ,
1 4 4
⇒ ⎡⎣cos 2 3x+3cos x cos3x +3sin x sin 3x − sin 2 3x ⎤⎦ = 0
4 5π 7 π
⇒ cos2 3x − sin2 3x + 3(cos 3x cos x ∴ x= ,
8 8
+ sin 3x sin x) = 0
∴ The values of x satisfying the given equation
⇒ cos 6x + 3 cos 2x = 0 π 3π 5π 7 π
⇒ 4 cos3 2x − 3 cos 2x + 3 cos 2x = 0 between 0 and 2π are , , , .
8 8 8 8
⇒ 4 cos3 2x = 0
⇒ cos 2x = 0 π
These are in A.P. with common difference .
π 4
⇒ 2x = (2n + 1)
2 2 2x

π 3. 16sin x + 16cos = 10
⇒ x = (2n + 1) sin 2 x 2
4 ⇒ 16 + 161− sin x = 10

2. sin x 8cos 2 x = 1
2 16
⇒ 16sin x + 2x
= 10
16sin
∴ sin x 2 2 cos x = 1 …. ⎡⎣∵ 8 = 2 2 ⎤⎦ 2
Let t = 16sin x
1
∴ sin x |cos x| = 16
2 2 ⇒t+ = 10
t
Case I:
1 ⇒ t2 + 16 = 10t
If cos x > 0, sin x cos x = ⇒ t2 − 10t + 16 = 0
2 2
1 1 ⇒ (t − 2) (t − 8) = 0
∴ sin 2x = ⇒ t = 2 or t = 8
2 2 2
2 2
1 ⇒ 16sin x = 2 or 16sin x = 8
∴ sin 2x = 2 2
2 ⇒ 24sin x = 21 or 24sin x = 23
π 3π 9π 11π ⇒ 4 sin2x = 1 or 4 sin2x = 3
∴ 2x = , , ,
4 4 4 4 1 3
⇒ sin2 x = or sin2 x =
….[∵ x ∈ (0, 2π), ∴ 2x ∈ (0, 4π)] 4 4
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Maths

⎛π⎞ ⎛π⎞ 7. We have, 2

1+ cos x + cos x 2 + cos x 3 +....to ∞
=4
⇒ sin2x = sin2 ⎜ ⎟ or sin2x = sin2 ⎜ ⎟
6
⎝ ⎠ ⎝3⎠ 1
1 − cos x
π π ⇒ 2 = 22 ….[since, infinite G.P.]
⇒ x = nπ ± or x = nπ ± 1
6 3 ⇒ =2
π 7 π 5π 11π π 4 π 2 π 5π 1 − cos x
⇒x= , , , or x = , , ,
6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 1
⇒ = 1 – | cos x |
∴ There are 8 solutions in [0, 2π]. 2
1 1
4. sin θ, cos θ, tan θ are in G.P. ⇒ cos x =
6 2
1 Squaring on both sides, we get
∴ cos2 θ = sin θ ⋅ tan θ 2
6 ⎛1⎞
cos2 x = ⎜ ⎟
1 sin θ ⎝2⎠
⇒ cos2 θ = .sin θ ⋅
6 cos θ π
⇒ cos2 x = cos2
1 3
⇒ cos3 θ = (1 − cos 2 θ)
6 π ⎡ If cos 2 θ = cos 2 α ⎤
⇒ x = nπ ± …. ⎢ ⎥
⇒ 6 cos3θ + cos2θ − 1 = 0 3 ⎣⇒ θ = nπ ± α ⎦
⇒ (2 cos θ − 1) (3 cos2 θ + 2 cos θ + 1) = 0
⇒ 2 cos θ − 1 = 0 8. The maximum value of a sin x + b cos x is
….[∵ The equation 3 cos2θ + 2 cos θ + 1 = 0 a 2 + b2 .
has no real root] ∴ Maximum value of sin x + cos x is 2 and the
1 π maximum value of 1 + sin 2x is 2.
∴ cos θ = = cos
2 3 ∴ The given equation will be true only when
π sin x + cos x = 2 and 1 + sin 2x = 2
∴ θ = 2nπ ±
3 If sin x + cos x = 2
5. 50 50
sin x − cos x = 1 1 1
⇒ cos x ⋅ + sin x ⋅ =1
⇒ sin50 x = 1 + cos50 x 2 2
Two sides are equal only if sin x = 1 and π π
cos x = 0. ⇒ cos x cos + sin x sin = 1
4 4
π
∴ x = nπ + ⎛ π⎞
2 ⇒ cos ⎜ x − ⎟ = 1
⎝ 4⎠
6. Given, 2 cos x, | cos x | and 1 – 3 cos2 x are in π
G.P. ⇒ x − = 2nπ,
4
⇒ cos2 x = 2 cos x (1 – 3 cos2 x)
π
⇒ cos2 x – 2 cos x + 6 cos3 x = 0 ⇒ x = 2nπ + ….(i)
⇒ cos x (6 cos2 x + cos x – 2) = 0 4
⇒ cos x = 0 or 6 cos2 x + cos x − 2 = 0 1 + sin 2x = 2 ⇒ sin 2x = 1
⇒ cos x = 0 or 6 cos2 x+ 4 cos x– 3 cos x– 2 = 0 π
⇒ sin 2x = sin
⇒ cos x = 0 or (3 cos x + 2) (2 cos x – 1) = 0 2
1 2 π
∴ cos x = 0, , − ⇒ 2x = nπ + (−1)n.
2 3 2
The two smallest positive values of x are nπ π
⇒x= + (−1)n. ….(ii)
π π 2 4
and .
3 2 The value of x ∈[−π, π] which satisfies both
π π π π
∴ α −β = − = (i) and (ii) is .
2 3 6 4

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 03: Trigonometric Functions

9. sin4 x + cos4 x = sin x cos x 12. 3 cos x + 4 sin x = 5

⇒ (sin2x + cos2x)2 − 2 sin2x cos2x = sin x cos x ⎛ 2 x ⎞ ⎛ x ⎞
⎜ 1 − tan 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2 tan 2 ⎟
1 1 ∴ 3⎜ ⎟ + 4⎜ ⎟= 5
⇒ 1 − (2 sin x cos x)2 = .2sin x cos x
2 2 ⎜ 1 + tan 2 x ⎟ ⎜ 1 + tan 2 x ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
1 1
⇒ 1 − sin2 2x = sin 2 x x
2 2 Let tan = t
2
2
⇒ sin 2x + sin 2x − 2 = 0 ∴ 3 − 3t2 + 8t = 5 + 5t2
⇒ (sin 2x + 2) (sin 2x − 1) = 0 ⇒ 8t2 − 8t + 2 = 0
⇒ sin 2x = 1 ….[∵sin 2x ≠ −2] ⇒ 4t2 − 4t + 1 = 0
⇒ (2t − 1)2 = 0
π 1
⇒ sin 2x = sin ⇒t=
2 2
π x
⇒ 2x = nπ + (−1)n ⇒ tan = tan α
2 2
nπ π x
⇒x= + (−1)n ⇒ = nπ + α
2 4 2
⇒ x = 2nπ + 2α
π 5π
∴ The value of x in [0, 2π] are and . 13. The equations are
4 4
∴
1
⎛ 1 ⎞
There are 2 solutions. 4sin x + 3cos y = 11, 5 (16sin x ) − 2 ⎜ 3cos y ⎟ = 2
⎜ ⎟
10. tan4x − 2 sec2x + a2 = 0 ⎝ ⎠
1
⇒ tan4x − 2(1 + tan2x) + a2 = 0 sin x
Let 4 = a and 3 = b cos y

⇒ tan4x − 2 tan2x − 2 + a2 = 0 ∴ a + b = 11 ….(i)

2
⇒ tan4x − 2 tan2x + 1 − 3 + a2 = 0 and 5a − 2b = 2 ….(ii)
⇒ (tan2 x − 1)2 = 3 − a2 ∴ 5a2 − 2(11 − a) = 2 ….[From (i) and (ii)]
⇒ 5a2 − 22 + 2a − 2 = 0
⇒ 3 − a2 ≥ 0
⇒ 5a2 + 2a − 24 = 0
⇒ a2 ≤ 3 ⇒ (a − 2) (5a + 12) = 0
⇒ |a| ≤ 3 12
⇒ a = 2 or a = −
5
1 π 12
11. In ∆ABC, sin (2A + B) = = sin But 4sin x > 0, ∴ 4sin x ≠ −
2 6 5
π ∴ 4sin x = 2 ⇒ 22 sin x = 21
∴ 2A + B = nπ + (−1)n ⋅ ….(i)
6 1
⇒ 2 sin x = 1 ⇒ sin x =
A+B+C=π 2
π
and 2B = A + C ….[∵ A, B, C are in A.P.] ⇒x=
6
π If a = 2, then b = 9
∴ 3B = π ⇒ B = 1
3
∴ 3 cos y
=9
5π
From equation (i) if n = 1, 2A + B = 1

6 ⇒3 cos y
= 32
π 5π 1
∴ A= and C = ⇒ =2
4 12 cos y
π π 5π 1 π
∴ A= ,B= ,C= ⇒ cos y = ⇒y=
4 3 12 2 3
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Maths

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 2π ⎞ B C
14. tan θ + tan ⎜ θ + ⎟ + tan ⎜ θ + ⎟= 3 ∴ tan> tan
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 2 2
tan θ + 3 tan θ − 3 B C
⇒ tan θ + + =3 ⇒ >
1 − 3 tan θ 1 + 3 tan θ 2 2
⇒B>C
tan θ(1 − 3 tan 2 θ) + (tan θ + 3) (1 + 3 tan θ)
⇒A>B>C
+ (tan θ − 3) (1 − 3 tan θ)
⇒ =3 ⇒a>b>c
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
9 tan θ − 3tan 3 θ 9 3
⇒ =3 16. A(∆ABC) =
1 − 3tan 2 θ 2
1 9 3
⎛ 3tan θ − tan 3 θ ⎞ ⇒ bcsin A =
⇒ 3⎜ ⎟=3 2 2
⎝ 1 − 3tan θ ⎠
2

1 3 9 3
⇒ 3 tan 3θ = 3 ⇒ × bc × =
2 2 2
π
⇒ tan 3θ = 1 = tan ⎡ 2π 3⎤
4 …. ⎢∵ sin A = sin = ⎥
⎣ 3 2 ⎦
π
⇒ 3θ = nπ +
4 ⇒ bc = 18
π b2 + c2 − a 2
⇒ θ = (4n + 1) cos A =
12 2bc
2π (b − c) 2 + 2bc − a 2
5 20 ⇒ cos =
15. > 3 2bc
6 37
1 (3 3) 2 + 2 ×18 − a 2
A B ⇒− =
∴ tan > tan 2 2 ×18
2 2
⇒ − 18 = 27 + 36 − a2
A B
∴ > ⇒ a2 = 27 + 36 + 18 = 81
2 2 ⇒ a = 9 cm
∴ A>B
A B 17.
tan + tan B
⎛ A B⎞ 2 2
∴ tan ⎜ + ⎟ =
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 1 − tan A tan B 30°
3 +1
2 2
5 20
+
⎛ A+ B⎞ 6 37 105°
⇒ tan ⎜ ⎟ = A
45°
C
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 − 5 ⋅ 20
6 37 Let ∠B = 30°, ∠C = 45° ∴ ∠A = 105°
⎛ π − C ⎞ 185 + 120 sin A sin B sin C
⇒ tan ⎜ ⎟= = =
⎝ 2 ⎠ 222 − 100 a b c
⎛ π C ⎞ 305 sin105° sin 30° sin 45°
⇒ tan ⎜ − ⎟ = ∴ = =
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 122 3 +1 b c
C 305
⇒ cot =
2 122 ∴ b=
( )
3 +1 sin 30°
=
3 +1
C 122 sin105° 2sin105°
⇒ tan =
2
20
305
122 c=
( )
3 +1 sin 45°
=
3 +1
Since, > sin105° 2 sin105°
37 305
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 03: Trigonometric Functions

1 ⇒ sin C = sin(180° − 3B) = sin 3B

A(∆ABC) = bc sin A
2 sin A sin B sin C
⇒ = =
1 3 +1 3 +1 n+2 n n +1
= × × × sin105°
2 2sin105° 2 sin105° sin 2B sin B sin 3B
⇒ = =
n+2 n n +1
( )
2
3 +1
= 2sin Bcos B sin B 3sin B − 4sin 3 B
⇒ = =
4 2 sin (60° + 45°) n+2 n n +1
( ) 3 − 4sin B
2 2
3 +1 2cos B 1
⇒ = =
= n+2 n n +1
⎛ 3 1 1 1 ⎞
4 2⎜ ⋅ + ⋅ ⎟ n+2 n +1
∴ cos B = , 3 − 4 sin2B =
⎝ 2 2 2 2⎠ 2n n
( ) n + 1
2
3 +1 ∴ 3 − 4(1 − cos2 B) =
= n
⎛ 3 +1 ⎞ 2
4 2⎜ ⎟ ⎛n+2⎞ n +1
∴ 3 − 4 + 4⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2n ⎠ n
3 +1 n + 4n + 4
2
n +1
= ⇒−1+ =
2 n 2
n
b+c c+a a+b 2(a + b + c) ⇒ − n2 + n2 + 4n + 4 = n2 + n
18. Let = = =k = ⇒ n2 − 3n − 4 = 0
11 12 13 36
a+b+c ⇒ (n + 1) (n − 4) = 0
= ⇒ n = −1 or n = 4
18
….(By property of equal ratio) But n cannot be negative.
∴ b + c = 11k, c + a = 12k, a + b = 13k, ∴ n=4
a + b + c = 18 k ∴ The sides of the ∆ are 4, 5, 6.
∴ a = 7k, b = 6k, c = 5k 20. According to sine Rule,
b 2 + c2 − a 2 a b c
cos A = = = = 2R
2bc sin A sin B sin C
36k + 25k 2 − 49k 2
2
= ∴ a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C
2(6k)(5k)
b 2 − c 2 4R 2 sin 2 B − 4 R 2 sin 2 C
12k 2 1 Now, =
= = 2aR 2.2R sin A.R
2
60k 5
sin 2 B − sin 2 C
1 =
∴ cos A = sin A
5
1 ⎛ 1 − cos 2B 1 − cos 2C ⎞
19. A = ⎜ − ⎟
sin A ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
n+1 1 1
n = ⋅ (cos 2C − cos 2B)
sin A 2
B 1
C = 2 sin(B + C) sin(B − C)
n+2 2sin A
Let AC = n, AB = n + 1, BC = n + 2 sin(π − A)sin (B − C)
∴ Largest angle is A and smallest angle is B. =
sin A
∴ A = 2B
sin Asin (B − C)
Since, A + B + C = 180° =
∴ 3B + C = 180° sin A
⇒ C = 180° − 3B = sin(B − C)
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Maths

21. A b 2 + c2 − a 2
23. cos A =
2bc
E O B 4 + 3 − a2
⇒ cos 30° =
4 3
r 72° r
3 7 − a2
⇒ =
2 4 3
D C 2
360° ⇒7−a =6
In ∆ODC, OD = OC = r, ∠DOC = = 72° ⇒ a2 = 1
5
1 1 ⇒a=1 ….[∵ a ≠ −1]
∴ A(∆ODC) = r.r. sin 72° = r2 sin 72°
2 2 1 1
∆= bcsin A = × 2 × 3 × sin 30°
5 2 2 2
∴ A2 = Area of pentagon = r sin 72°
2 1 3
A1 = Area of circle = πr2 = 3× =
2 2
A1 πr 2 a + b + c 1+ 2 + 3 3 + 3
∴ = s = = =
A2 5 2
r sin 72° 2 2 2
2 ∆ = rs
2π 2π 2π π
= = sec 18° = sec ∆ 3 2
5cos18° 5 5 10 ∴ r = = ×
s 2 3+ 3
22. Let a = 4k, b = 5k, c = 6k 3(3 − 3) 3 3 −3 3 −1
a+b+c 4k + 5k + 6k 15k = = =
Now, s = = = 9−3 6 2
2 2 2
∆ = s(s − a) (s − b) (s − c) 24. Let ABC be the triangle in which A < B < C
∴ A + C = 2B ….[∵ A, B, C are in A.P.]
15k ⎛ 15k ⎞⎛ 15k ⎞⎛ 15k ⎞
= ⎜ − 4k ⎟⎜ − 5k ⎟⎜ − 6k ⎟ Also, A + B + C = 180°
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ∴ 3B = 180° ∴ ∠B = 60°
15k 7k 5k 3k 15 7 2 c = 10, b = 9 (given)
= × × × = k
2 2 2 2 4 c2 + a 2 − b2
cos B =
a a 2ca
By sine Rule, = 2R ∴ sin A =
sin A 2R 100 + a 2 − 81
∴ cos 60° =
1 20a
∆ = b csin A
2 1 19 + a 2
∴ =
1 a abc 2 20a
⇒ ∆ = bc⋅ =
2 2R 4R ∴ 19 + a2 = 10a
abc 4k.5k.6k 8 ∴ a2 − 10a + 19 = 0
∴ R= = = k
4∆ 15 7k 2
7 10 ± 100 − 76 10 ± 2 6
∴ a= = =5± 6
Also ∆ = rs, where r = Radius of incircle of 2 2
∆ABC 25. a4 + b4 + c4 = 2a2(b2 + c2)
15 7 2 ∴ a4 + b4 + c4 − 2a2b2 − 2a2c2 = 0
⋅k
∆ 4 7 ∴ a4 + b4 + c4 − 2a2b2 + 2b2c2 − 2a2c2 = 2b2c2
∴ r= = = k
15k
(b + c2 − a 2 ) = ( )
2 2
s 2 ∴ 2
2bc
2
R 8 2 16 ∴ b2 + c2 − a2 = 2bc
∴ = k× =
r 7 7k 7 b 2 + c2 − a 2 2bc 1
∴ cos A = = =
R 16 2bc 2bc 2
∴ =
r 7 ∴ ∠A = 45°

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 03: Trigonometric Functions

26. π A a ⎡ π 3π ⎤
4 = ⎢ cos − cos ⎥
2 ⎣ 2 4⎦
p a ⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
π = ⎢0 − ⎜ − ⎟⎥
2⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
8
B a C a
∴ P=
5π 2
8
Let length of altitude = p A B
27. tan and tan are the roots of the quadratic
Since, A + B + C = π 2 2
2
equation 6x − 5x + 1 = 0
π 5π
∴ A+ + =π A B 5 A B 1
8 8 ∴ tan + tan = , tan . tan =
π 5π π 2 2 6 2 2 6
∴ A=π− − =
8 8 4 A B 5 5
tan + tan
⎛ A Β ⎞ 2 2 = 6 = 6 =1
1 1 ∴ tan ⎜ + ⎟ =
Area of ∆ = ap = bc sin A ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 1 − tan tan B 1 − 1
A 5
2 2
2 2 6 6
π
∴ ap = bc sin ⎛ A+ B⎞
4 ∴ tan ⎜ ⎟ =1
1 ⎝ 2 ⎠
∴ ap = bc ×
2 A+B π
∴ =
bc 2 4
∴ p= ….(i)
2a π π
∴ A+B= ∴ ∠C=
2 2
By sine rule,
∴ ∆ABC is a right angled triangle.
a b c
= =
π π 5π
sin sin sin 28. Let ABC be the triangle and a and b be the
4 8 8 roots of the quadratic equation
π
a sin x2 − 2 3x + 2 = 0.
8 = π
∴ b= 2a sin π
1 8 ∴ a + b = 2 3 , ab = 2, ∠C =
2 3
5π a 2 + b2 − c2
a sin ∴ cos C =
8 = 5π 2ab
c= 2 a sin
1 8 π (a + b) 2 − 2ab − c 2
2 ∴ cos =
3 2ab
∴ From (i),
1 (2 3) 2 − 2 × 2 − c 2
π 5π ∴ =
2a sin . 2a sin 2 2× 2
8 8 = 5π π
p= 2a sin sin
2a 8 8 1 12 − 4 − c 2
∴ =
5π π⎞ 2 4
2a ⎛
= ⎜ 2sin sin ⎟ ∴ 2 = 8 − c2
2 ⎝ 8 8⎠
a ⎡ ⎛ 5π π ⎞ ⎛ 5π π ⎞ ⎤ ∴ c2 = 6, ∴ c= 6
= ⎢ cos ⎜ 8 − 8 ⎟ − cos ⎜ 8 + 8 ⎟ ⎥
2 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ∴ Perimeter = a + b + c = 2 3 + 6
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Maths

29. By sine Rule, 31. ∠A = 55°, ∠B = 15°, ∠C = 110°

a b c a b c
= = = 2R ∴ = = =k
sin A sin B sin C sin 55° sin15° sin110°
∴ a = 2 R sin A, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C
∴ a = k sin 55°, b = k sin 15°, c = k sin 110°
a cos A + b cos B + c cos C
∴ ∴ c2 − a2 = k2 sin2 110° − k2 sin2 55°
a +b+ c
= k2(sin 110° + sin 55°) (sin 110° − sin 55°)
2 R sin A cos A + 2 R sin Bcos B + 2R sin C cos C
= ⎛ 165° 55° ⎞ ⎛ 55° 165° ⎞
a+b+c = k2 ⎜ 2sin cos ⎟ ⎜ 2sin cos ⎟
R ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
= (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)
2s = k2 sin 165° sin 55°
R = k2 sin 15° sin 55°
= [ 2sin(A + B)cos(A − B) + 2sin Ccos C]
2s = (k sin 55°) (k sin 15°)
R
= [ 2sin(π − C) cos(A − B) + 2sin Ccos C] = ab
2s
R 32. A, B, C are in A.P.
= [ 2sin Ccos(A − B) + 2sin C cos C] ∴ A + C = 2B
2s
Also, A + B + C = 180°
R
= ⋅ 2sin C [ cos(A − B) + cos(π − (A + B)) ] ∴ ∠B = 60°
2s
sin A sin B sin C
R = = =k
= .sin C[cos (A − B) − cos(A + B)] a b c
s
∴ sin A = ak, sin B = bk, sin C = ck
R
= . sin C. 2 sin A sin B a c
s ∴ sin 2C + sin 2A
c a
2R a b c
= . . . a c
s 2R 2R 2R = (2 sin C cos C) + (2sin A cos A)
abc c a
= a c
4sR 2 = (2 ck cos C) + (2ak cos A)
1 1 a abc c a
∆ = bc sin A = bc. = = 2ka cos C + 2kc cos A
2 2 2R 4R
= 2k(a cos C + c cos A)
∆
∴ abc = 4R∆, ∆ = sr, ∴ s= = 2kb ….[∵ b = a cos C + c cos A]
r
4R∆ r = 2 sin B
∴ required value = = 3
∆ 2 R =2× ….[∵ ∠B = 60°]
4. R
r 2
1 = 3
acsin B
∆ ac
30. r= = 2 = 33.
⎛1⎞ 1
2 cot−1 3 = 2 tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan−1 + tan−1
1
s 1 a+b+c
(a + b + c) ⎝ 3⎠ 3 3
2
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
….[∵ sin B = sin 90° = 1] ⎜ 3+3 ⎟
ac a+c−b = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
∴ r = × ⎜1− 1 ⋅ 1 ⎟
a+c+b a+c−b ⎝ 3 3⎠
ac(a + c − b) ac(a + c − b)
= = 2 ⎛ 3+3⎞
(a + c) − b
2 2
a + c 2 + 2ac − b 2 = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9 −1 ⎠
a+c−b
= ….[∵ a2 + c2 = b2] ⎛6⎞ 3
2 = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan−1
∴ Diameter = a + c − b ⎝8⎠ 4

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 03: Trigonometric Functions

⎛π ⎞ 1 ∴ cot θn = n2 + n + 1
∴ cot ⎜ − 2cot −1 3 ⎟ =
⎝4 ⎠ ⎛ π 3⎞ 1
tan ⎜ − tan −1 ⎟ ⇒ tan θn = 2
⎝4 4⎠ n + n +1
π ⎛ 1 ⎞
⎛ 3⎞
1 + tan tan ⎜ tan −1 ⎟ ⇒ θn = tan−1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
4 4⎠ ⎝ n + n + 1 ⎠
= ⎝
π ⎛ −1 3 ⎞ ⎡ n +1− n ⎤
tan − tan ⎜ tan ⎟ = tan−1 ⎢ ⎥
4 ⎝ 4⎠ ⎢⎣1 + ( n + 1) ⋅ n ⎥⎦
3 = tan−1 (n + 1) − tan−1 n
1 + 1⋅
4 = 4+3 = 7
=
3 4−3
∴ cosec−1 (n 2
+ 1)( n 2 + 2n + 2 )
1−
4 = tan−1 (n + 1) − tan−1 n
∴ Given series
34. Let cosec−1 10 = θ1 = tan−1 2 − tan−1 1 + tan−1 3 − tan−1 2 + …. + ….
∴ cosec θ1 = 10 + tan−1 (n + 1) − tan−1 n
−1 −1
= tan (n + 1) − tan 1
∴ cot2 θ1 = cosec2 θ1 − 1 = 10 – 1 = 9
π
1 = tan−1 (n + 1) −
∴ cot θ1 = 3, tan θ1 = 4
3
⎛1⎞
1 ⎛a⎞
∴ cosec−1 10 = θ1 = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ 35. Let cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ = θ
2 ⎝b⎠
⎝ 3⎠
⎛a⎞
⎛ 2 −1 ⎞ ∴ cos−1 ⎜ ⎟ = 2θ
= tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝b⎠
⎝ 1 + 2(1) ⎠
a
= tan−1 2 − tan−1 1 ∴ cos 2θ =
b
Let cosec−1 50 = θ2 ⎡π 1 ⎛ a ⎞⎤ ⎡π 1 ⎛ a ⎞⎤
∴ tan ⎢ + cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ + tan ⎢ − cos −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
∴ cosec θ2 = 50 ⎣4 2 ⎝ b ⎠⎦ ⎣4 2 ⎝ b ⎠⎦
cot2 θ2 = cosec2 θ2 – 1 = 50 – 1 = 49 ⎛π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
= tan ⎜ + θ ⎟ + tan ⎜ − θ ⎟
1 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
∴ cot θ2 = 7, tan θ2 =
7 1 + tan θ 1 − tan θ
= +
⎛1⎞ 1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ
∴ cosec−1 50 = θ2 = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
(1 + tan θ ) + (1 − tan θ )
2 2
⎝7⎠
=
−1 ⎛ 3− 2 ⎞ 1 − tan 2 θ
= tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1 + 3(2) ⎠ 2 (1 + tan 2 θ )
=
= tan−1 3 – tan−1 2 1 − tan 2 θ
2 2 2 2b
Let cosec−1 (n 2
+ 1)( n 2 + 2n + 2 ) = θn = =
1 − tan θ cos 2θ
2
=
a
=
a
1 + tan θ
2
b
∴ cosec θn = (n 2
+ 1)( n 2 + 2n + 2 )

∴ cot2 θn = cosec2 θn – 1 36. cos−1 α − cos−1 β = cos−1 ⎡αβ + 1 − α 2 1 − β2 ⎤

⎣ ⎦
= (n2 + 1) (n2 + 2n + 2) −1 y
Given, cos−1 x – cos−1 =α
= (n2 + 1) (n2 + 1 + 2n + 1) − 1 2
= (n2 + 1)2 + 2n (n2 + 1) + n2 + 1 – 1 ⎡ xy ⎛ y2 ⎞ ⎤
= (n2 + 1)2 + 2n (n2 + 1) + n2 ∴ cos−1 ⎢ + (1 − x 2 ) ⎜1 − ⎟ ⎥ = α
⎢⎣ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠⎥
⎦
= (n2 + n + 1)2
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Maths

xy ⎛ 2
⎞ 3 1
∴ cos α =
2
+ (1 − x ) ⎜1 − y4 ⎟
2 ⇒ 2x =
2
cos (sin−1 x) − ⋅ x
2
…. (i)
⎝ ⎠
Let sin−1 x = θ
2 ⎛ y2 ⎞
∴ ( ) ⎜ 4 ⎟ = cos α − xy2
1 − x 1 − ∴ sin θ = x
⎝ ⎠ cos θ = 1 − x 2
⎛ 2
⎞
∴ 2 (1 − x ) ⎜1 − y4 ⎟
2
= 2 cos α − xy ∴ cos (sin−1 x) = 1 − x 2 ….(ii)
⎝ ⎠ From (i) and (ii), we get
Squaring on both sides, we get 3 1
2x = ⋅ 1 − x2 − x
⎛ y2 ⎞ 2 2
4(1 − x2) ⎜1 − ⎟ = 4 cos2 α − 4xy cos α + x2y2
⎝ 4 ⎠ ∴ 4x = 3 1 − x2 − x
∴ 4 − y2 − 4x2 + x2y2 = 4 cos2 α − 4xy cos α + x2y2
∴ 5x = 3 1 − x 2
∴ 4x2 + y2 − 4xy cos α = 4 − 4 cos2 α
∴ 25x2 = 3 − 3x2 (squaring both sides)
∴ 4x2 + y2 − 4xy cos α = 4 sin2 α
∴ 28x2 = 3
⎛ x 2 x3 ⎞ 3
37. sin−1 ⎜ x − + − .... ⎟ ∴ x2 =
⎝ 2 4 ⎠ 28
π ⎛ x4 x6 ⎞ 3 1 3 1 3
= − cos −1 ⎜ x 2 − + − .... ⎟ ∴ x= = ⋅ =
2 2 4 28 4 7 2 7
⎝ ⎠
(From the given relation it can be seen that x is
⎛ x 2 x3 ⎞ positive)
⇒ ⎜ x − + − .... ⎟
⎝ 2 4 ⎠
⎛ 33π ⎞ −1 ⎛ 46π ⎞
⎡π ⎛ ⎞⎤ 39. L.H.S. = sin−1 ⎜ sin ⎟ + cos ⎜ cos ⎟
x4 x6 ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
= sin ⎢ − cos −1 ⎜ x 2 − + − .... ⎟ ⎥
⎣2 ⎝ 2 4 ⎠⎦ ⎛ 13π ⎞ −1 ⎛ 19π ⎞
2 3 4 6 + tan−1 ⎜ − tan ⎟ + cot ⎜ − cot ⎟
x x x x ⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
⇒ x − + − .... = x 2 − + − ....
2 4 2 4 ⎡ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎤
⎡ ⎤ = sin−1 ⎢sin ⎜ 5π − ⎟ ⎥ + cos
−1
⎢ cos ⎜ 7π − 7 ⎟ ⎥
⎛π ⎞ ⎣ ⎝ 7 ⎠⎦ ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
…. ⎢∵ sin ⎜ − θ ⎟ = cos θ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎡ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎤
x x 2 + tan−1 ⎢ − tan ⎜ 2π − ⎟ ⎥
⇒ = …. ⎡⎣∵ 0 < | x | < 2 ⎤⎦ ⎣ ⎝ 8 ⎠⎦
x x 2
1+ 1+ ⎡ ⎛ 5π ⎞ ⎤
2 2 + cot−1 ⎢ − cot ⎜ 3π − ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 8 ⎠⎦
x x2
⇒ = ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎛ 3π ⎞
2 + x 2 + x2 = sin−1 ⎜ sin ⎟ + cos −1 ⎜ − cos ⎟
⇒ 2x + x3 = 2x2 + x3 ⇒ x = x2 ⎝ 7 ⎠ ⎝ 7 ⎠
⇒ x − x2 = 0 ⇒ x(1 − x) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 1 ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛ 5π ⎞
But x = 0 does not satisfy the given equation. + tan−1 ⎜ tan ⎟ + cot−1 ⎜ cot ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 8 ⎠
∴ x=1
2π 3π 3π 5π
= +π− + +
π 7 7 8 8
38. sin−1 x + sin−1 2x =
3 ….[∵ cos−1 (−x) = π − cos−1 x]
π π π 13π
∴ sin−1 2x = − sin−1 x =π− + π = 2π − =
3 7 7 7
⎛ π ⎞ 13π aπ
∴ 2x = sin ⎜ − sin −1 x ⎟ ∴ =
⎝ 3 ⎠ 7 b
π π ∴ a = 13, b = 7
= sin cos (sin−1 x) – cos sin (sin−1 x)
3 3 ∴ a + b = 13 + 7 = 20
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 03: Trigonometric Functions

4 5 16 3 1.732
40. sin−1 + sin−1 + sin−1 = = 0.866, 0.852 < 0.866
5 13 65 2 2
⎡4 ⎛5⎞
2
5 ⎛4⎞ ⎤
2
∴ sin−1 (0.852) < sin−1 (0.866)
= sin−1 ⎢ 1 − ⎜ ⎟ + 1− ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎢5 ⎝ 13 ⎠ 13 ⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ….[∵ sin−1 x is also an increasing function]
⎣
16 ⎛ 3⎞
⎛1⎞
+ sin−1 ∴ 3 sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ < sin−1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟
65 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎡ 4 12 5 3 ⎤ 16
= sin−1 ⎢ × + × ⎥ + sin−1
⎣ 5 13 13 5 ⎦ 65
⎛1⎞ π
⎛ 48 + 15 ⎞ −1 ⎛ 16 ⎞
∴ 3 sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ < ....(ii)
= sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ + sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 3⎠ 3
⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎛ 3⎞
⎛ 63 ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞ −1 ⎛3⎞ −1 −1 ⎜ ⎟
= sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ + sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ sin ⎜ ⎟ = sin (0.6) < sin ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎝5⎠
⎛ ⎛ 63 ⎞ ⎞
2
⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛3⎞ π
= cos−1 ⎜ 1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ + sin−1 ∴ sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ < ….(iii)
⎜ ⎟ ⎝5⎠ 3
⎜ ⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎟⎠ ⎝ 65 ⎠
⎝
From (ii) and (iii), we get
⎛ 16 ⎞ ⎛ 16 ⎞
= cos−1 ⎜ ⎟ + sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞ π π 2π
⎝ 65 ⎠ ⎝ 65 ⎠ B = 3 sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ + sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ < + =
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝5⎠ 3 3 3
π
= 2π
2 ∴ B< ….(iv)
3
41. 2 = 1.414 From (i) and (iv), A > B
∴ 2 2 − 1 = 2 × 1.414 − 1 = 2.828 − 1 = 1.828
π
∴ 2 2−1> 3 ….[∵ 3 = 1.732 ] 42. cot−1 x + cot−1 y + cot−1 z =
2
∴ tan−1 (2 2 − 1) > tan−1 ( 3) ∴
π
− tan−1 x +
π
− tan−1 y +
π
− tan−1 z =
π
….[∵ tan−1 x is an increasing function] 2 2 2 2
−1 −1 −1
∴ tan x + tan y + tan z = π
−1 π
∴ 2 tan (2 2 − 1) > 2 × ∴ tan (tan−1 x + tan−1 y + tan−1 z) = tan π = 0
3
2π Let A = tan−1 x, B = tan−1 y, C = tan−1 z
∴ A> ….(i)
3 tan ( A + B ) + tan C
∴ tan (A + B + C) =
sin 3 θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ 1 − tan (A + B) tan C
∴ 3θ = sin−1 (3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ) tan A + tan B
1 + tan C
Put sin θ = 1 − tan A tan B
3 =
tan A + tan B
1− ⋅ tan C
⎛1⎞ 1 − tan A tan B
∴ θ = sin−1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 3⎠ tan A + tan B + tan C − tan A tan B tan C
⎡ 1 =
⎛1⎞ ⎤
3
⎛1⎞ 1 − tan A tan B − tan B tan C − tan C tan A
∴ 3 sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin−1 ⎢ 3 ⋅ − 4 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝ 3⎠ ⎢⎣ 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ∴ tan (A + B + C) = 0
⎛ 4 ⎞ ⇒ tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
= sin−1 ⎜1 − ⎟
⎝ 27 ⎠ ∴ tan (tan−1 x) + tan(tan−1 y) + tan(tan−1z)
⎛ 23 ⎞ = tan(tan−1 x) tan(tan−1 y) tan(tan−1 z)
= sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ = sin−1 (0.852)
⎝ 27 ⎠ ∴ x + y + z = xyz
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Maths

43. Let I = (sec−1 x)2 + (cosec−1 x)2 ⎛ 2+3 ⎞

−1 −1 2 −1 −1 45. tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 = π + tan−1 ⎜ ⎟
= (sec x + cosec x) – 2sec x cosec x ⎝1− 2× 3 ⎠
π2 ⎛π ⎞ ….[∵ 2 × 3 > 1]
= − 2sec−1 x ⎜ − sec−1 x ⎟
4 ⎝2 ⎠ = π + tan−1 (−1)
π2 = π − tan−1 1
= + 2(sec−1 x)2 − π sec−1 x ∴ tan−1 1 + tan−1 2 + tan−1 3 = π
4
π2 ⎡ π −1 ⎛π⎞ ⎤
2
1 1 2
+ 2 ⎢( sec x ) − 2 ⋅ sec x + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2
= −1
46. tan−1 + tan−1 = tan−1 2
4 ⎢⎣ 4 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎥⎦ 1 + 2x 4x + 1 x
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎛π⎞
2
⎜ + ⎟ 2
−2 ⎜ ⎟ ∴ tan−1 ⎜ 1 + 2 x 4 x + 1 ⎟ = tan−1 2
⎝4⎠ ⎜1− 1 ⋅ 1 ⎟ x
2 ⎝ 1 + 2x 4x + 1 ⎠
π2 π2 ⎛ π⎞
= − + 2 ⎜ sec −1 x − ⎟ 4x + 1 + 2x + 1 2
4 8 ⎝ 4⎠ ∴ = 2
2
(1 + 2 x )( 4 x + 1) − 1 x
π2 ⎛ π⎞
= + 2 ⎜ sec −1 x − ⎟ 6x + 2 2
8 ⎝ 4⎠ ∴ = 2
4 x + 8x + 1 + 2 x − 1 x
2

π2 ⎡ ⎛ −1 π⎞
2
⎤ ∴ x2 (6x + 2) = 2(8x2 + 6x)
∴ I≥ …. ⎢∵ ⎜ sec x − ⎟ ≥ 0 ⎥ ∴ 6x3 + 2x2 – 16x2 − 12x = 0
8 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎥⎦ ∴ 6x3 − 14x2 − 12x = 0
∴ The minimum value of (sec−1 x)2 + (cosec−1 x)2 is ∴ 3x3 − 7x2 − 6x = 0
π2 ∴ x(3x2 − 7x − 6) = 0
. ∴ x(x − 3) (3x + 2) = 0
8
2
∴ x = 0, 3, −
−1 ⎧ 1 ⎛ 9π 9π ⎞ ⎫ 3
44. cos ⎨ ⎜ cos − sin ⎟ ⎬ But x > 0, ∴ x=3
⎩ 2⎝ 10 10 ⎠ ⎭
⎡ π 9π π 9π ⎤ 1 π
= cos−1 ⎢cos cos − sin sin ⎥ 47. cot−1 x + sin−1 =
⎣ 4 10 4 10 ⎦ 5 4
1
⎡ ⎛ π 9π ⎞ ⎤
= cos−1 ⎢ cos ⎜ + ⎟⎥ ∴ tan−1
1
+ tan−1 5 = π
⎣ ⎝ 4 10 ⎠ ⎦ x 1 4
1−
⎡ ⎛ 5π + 18π ⎞ ⎤ 5
= cos−1 ⎢cos ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎦ ⎡ x ⎤
…. ⎢∵ sin −1 x = tan −1 ⎥
⎡ ⎛ 23π ⎞ ⎤ ⎣ 1 − x2 ⎦
= cos−1 ⎢ cos ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎦ 1 1 π
∴ tan−1 + tan −1 =
x 2 4
⎡ ⎛ 23π ⎞ ⎤
= cos−1 ⎢ cos ⎜ 2π − ⎟ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
⎣ ⎝ 20 ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎜ + ⎟ π
∴ tan ⎜ x 2 ⎟ =
−1

⎡ ⎛ 17 π ⎞ ⎤ 17π ⎜1− 1 ⋅ 1 ⎟ 4
= cos−1 ⎢cos ⎜ 20 ⎟ ⎥ and 0 ≤ 20 ≤ π ⎝ x 2⎠
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
2+ x π
17π ∴ = tan = 1
= 2x −1 4
20 ∴ 2 + x = 2x – 1
17π ∴ x=3
∴ Principal value is .
20
12