Subjec Incharge:Mr.

Arshad Shaikh
Prepared by: M.Rizwan Akhtar $ M.Asif Bhutta

BIOLOGY
Chapter 2:-

Biological Molecules

*Answer these Questions:-

Q1:Define biochemistry:
Ans: Biochemistry is the study of chemical
compounds and chemical processes in the living
organisms.

Q2:Define metabolism:
Ans: All the reactions teking place in the cells
are collectively called metabolisms.

Q3:Define anabolism:
Ans: The reactions in which simple molecules
combine to form coplex substances is called
anabolism.

Q4:Define catabolism:
Ans: The reactions in which complex molecules
are broken into simple molecules is called
catabolism.

Q5:What is heat cpacity?

Ans: The number of calories required to raise
the temperature of 1g water from 15C to 16C is
called specific heat capacity of water.The
specific heat capacity of water is 1.0.

Q6:Define heat cpacity of vaporization:

Ans: The amount of heat required to change 1gm
of water into vapours is called heat cpacity of
vaporization.It is expressed in calories per
grams.The sepecific heat of vaporizaton of water
is 574Kcal/kg.

Q7:Define carbohydrates:
Ans: Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy
(with many OH) aldehydes or ketons or complex
substances which yield polyhydroxy aldehyde or
ketons subunits on hydrolysis.

Q8:What are monosaccharides?

Ans: 1:They are simple sugar.
2:They are sweet in taste.
3:They are easily soluble in watetr.

Q9:Draw structural formula of ribose:

Ans:
Q10:Draw structural formula of glucose:
Ans:

Q11:Write importance of glucose:

Ans: 1:Glucose is present in free state in
fruits like grapes and dates.
2:Our blood normally contains 0.08%
glucose.
3:It is chief source of energy.

Q12:Write characteristics of oligosaccharides:

Ans: These are comparatively less sweet in
taste.
These are less soluble in water.
They yield 2 to 10 monosaccharides on
hydrolysis.

Q13:What is glycosidic bond?

Ans: The covalent bond formed between two
monosaccahrides is called glycosidic bond.

Q14:What are disaccharides?

Ans: The oligosaccharides which give two
monosaccharides on hydrolysis are called
disaccharides.

Q15:Write characteristics of polysaccharides:

Ans: They are tasteless.
They are sparingly soluble in water.
They are usually branched or unbranched.

Q16:What is amylose starch?

Ans: Amylose has unbaranched chain of glucose.It
is soluble in hot water.

Q17:What is amylopectin?
Ans: It has branched chains.It is insoluble in
hot or cold water.

Q18:Write characteristics of cellulose:

Ans: 1:It is the most abundant carbohydrate in
nature.
2:Cotton is pure form of cellulose.
3:It is highly soluble in water.

Q19:What are lipids?

Ans: Lipids are heterogeneous (different
chemical nature) group of compounds related to
fatty acid.They are insoluble in water but
soluble in organic solvents.Like alcohol,ether
and benzene.

Q20:What are function of lipids?

Ans: Lipids are hydrophobic
compounds.Therefore,they form components of cell
membrane.
Lipids act as storage compounds like fats.
Some lipids like steroid
hormones,cholesterol performs important
functions in the bodies of animals.

Q21:What are acylglycerols (fats)?

Ans: Chemically,acylglycerols are defined as
esters of fatty acids and alcohols.

Q22:Draw the formation of triacylglycerol:

Ans:
Q23:Define fatty acid:
Ans: Fatty acids contain even number (2-30) of
carbon atoms in straight chain attached with
hydrogen and having an acidic group COOH
(carboxylic group).

Q24:Define waxes:
Ans: Chemically,waxes are mixture of long chain
alkanes (with odd number of carbon (from C25 to
C35),alcohols,ketons and esters of long chain
fatty acids.

Q25:What are phospholipids?

Ans: Phospholipids are derivative of
phosphotadic acid.Phosphotadic acid is composed
of glycerol,fatty acids and phosphoric
acid.Nitrogen base like cholin and ethanolamine
and serine are components of phospholipids.

Q26:Draw chemical structure of phosphotidycholine:

Ans:

Q27:Define terpenoids:
Ans: Terpenoids are made up of the simple
repeating units of isoprenoid.This unit
undergoes condensation by different ways and
form different compounds.Some of these compounds
are rubber carotenoids,steroids and terpenes.

Q28:What are proteins?

Ans: Proteins are polymers of amino acids
containing carbon,nitrogen,oxygen and
hydrogen.The number of amino acid is different
in different proteins.It may be from a few to
3000 or more.

Q29:What are amino acids?

Ans: All amino acids have an amino group (NH2)
and a carboxyl group (COOH),attached to the same
carbon atom, also known as alpha carbon.170
types of amino acids are present in cells and
tissues.Only 25 amino acids form protein.
Q30:What is peptide bond?
Ans: Amino acids are linked to form polypeptide
chain.The amine group of one amino acid reacts
with the carboxyl group of another amino acid
C-N bond is formed.This C-N bond is called
peptide bond.

Q31:What do you know about fibrous proteins?

Ans: 1:Their molecules are composed of one or
more polypeptide chain.These chains are present
in the form of fibrils.
2:Secondary structure is most important in
them.
3:They are insoluble in aqueous media.

Q32:What do you know about globular protein?

Ans: 1:They have multiple folding of
polypeptide. So their chains are spherical or
ellipsoidal.
2:Tertiary structure is the most important
in tmem.
3:They can be crystallized.

Q33:Write subunits of nucleotides:

Ans:Each nucleotide is made up of three
subunits:
(a)Pentose sugar
(b)Nitrogen base
(c)Phosphoric acid

Q34:Define nucleoside:
Ans: The compound formed by the nitrogeneous
base and pentose sugar is called nucleoside.

Q35:Define messenger RNA:

Ans: The mRNA brings genetic message from
nucleus to ribosomes.Ribosomes are present in
cytoplasm.

Q36:Write difference between DNA and RNA:

Ans: DNA:-
It is double stranded.
Its pentose sugar is deoxyribose.
The nitrogen base are thymine,adenine guanine
and cytosine.
It is present in nucleus,chloroplast and
mitochondria.
DNA is hereditary material.
RNA:-
It is single stranded.
Its pentose sugar is ribose.
The nitrogen base are uracil,adenine guanine and
cytosine.
It is present in nucleus and cytoplasm.
RNA is not hereditary material.

Q37:Define conjugate molecules:

Ans: Two different molecules belonging to
different catagories combine together to form
conjugate molecule.

Q38:Write types of RNA:

Ans: There are three types of RNA.
1:Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2:Transfer RNA (tRNA)
3:Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)