DEEL1 Spread Spectrum and OFDM Modulation v1.6.1 3de Bachelor

version March 4th 2019
Spread Spectrum
and
Multi-Carrier Systems
© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 1

Content
Intro
Technical background
Spread Spectrum (SS) modulation

Objectives
●
Explain how different Phase Shift Keying techniques work
●
Understand the difference between PSK- and QAM-techniques
●
Understand the difference, advantages and disadvantages of major
multiple access schemes
●
Explain what ISI is and how it can be avoided
●
Understand the difference between FDM and OFDM
●
Understand what sub-carriers are and why they need to be orthogonal
●
Explain the principle of an (C)OFDM modulator
●
Explain cyclic prefix and what it is used for
●
Understand the PAPR disadvantage of OFDM

Content
Intro
•
evolution of modulation systems

Evolution of modulation systems
Analoge modulation (AM, FM)
Digital modulation (DM)
Spread Spectrum (SS)
Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
MIMO-OFDM

SC-FDMA MU-MIMO-OFDM OFDMA
Limited Bandwidth Systems
Pro & Cons
●
Susceptible to noise and interference
●
Easily detectable, not secure
●
Jamming possible
●
Multiple access requires FDMA or TDMA
●
Few multipath effects
●
Receivers not too complex, small band

Content
Intro

Content
Intro
•
Modulation and modulation methods
•
Digital modulation systems

Modulation
Modulation
●
process of encoding information in a baseband signal and then up
convert this signal to a much higher frequency prior to transmission
●
to transport information over a band-limiting not frequency-linear channel
●
to be able to use smaller antennas e.g. λ/4
●
the best quality (BER), the least power and the least amount of
frequency spectrum are trade-off criteria
Modulation principle:
information

Modulation Methods
xx
●
is xx
●
is needed xx

Modulation Methods (2)
Amplitude, Frequency and/or Phase used to represent a digital state
V(t) = A sin(2πfct + Φ)
V(t) = A(t) sin(2πfct + Φ) V(t) = A sin(2πfc(t)t + Φ) V(t) = A sin(2πfct + Φ(t))

Polar representation of sine wave
V(t) = A sin(ωt + Φ)
or
V(t) = A sin(2πfct + Φ)
magnitude A
V(t)
Time

Basic Trigonometry

Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Signal-to-noise ratio (abbreviated SNR or S/N) is
●
a value that compares the level of signal power to the level of
background noise power often expressed in decibels (dB)
●
for a signal received at -75 dBm and a noise floor of -90 dBm,
the SNR is 15 dB.
●
data corruption (BER) and therefore re-transmissions will occur
if the received signal is too close to the noise floor
●
each modulation technique has his own required minimum SNR
Es
SNR (dB)=10⋅log 10 ( )
N0

dB, dBm and dBW
deciBel (dB), 1/10 of a bel (B) is
●
a unit of measurement used to express the ratio of one value
of a physical property to another on a logarithmic scale
●
can express a change in value (e.g., +1 dB or −1 dB) or
an absolute value which expresses the ratio of a value to a
fixed reference value
P
x=10⋅log 10 ( ) in dB (dimensionless unit)
P0
10 mW +10 dB 10 W +10 dB 6W +3 dB (i.e. +3,01 dB)

(10 dBm) (ref 1mW) (10 dBW) (ref 1W) double the power
10-fold the 10-fold the
power power
3W
1,5 W -3 dB (i.e. -3,01 dB)

© Thierry Debaene
1 mW
Spread Spectrum and OFDM
1W half the power 15
(0 dBm) (0 dBW)
dB, dBm and dBW (2)
deciBel-milliwatts (dBm) is
●
a unit of level (logarithmic ratio) used to indicate that a
power ratio is expressed in decibels (dB) with reference
to one milliwatt (mW)
P
x=10⋅log 10 ( ) in dBm
1 mW
deciBel-Watts (dBW) is
●
a unit of level used to indicate that a power ratio is
expressed in decibels (dB) with reference to one Watt (W)
P
x=10⋅log 10 ( ) in dBW
1W
+3 dB = 2-fold the power 20 dBm = 100 mW
+10 dB = 10-fold the power 23 dBm = 200 mW
+20 dB = 100-fold the power 30 dBm = 1 W
+30 dB Debaene
© Thierry = 1000-fold the power Spread Spectrum and OFDM 16
dB, dBm and dBW (3)
Example WiFi Transmitter/Receiver:

Spectral Efficiency
Spectral Efficiency (Bandwidth Efficiency) is
●
a value for the amount of data (bits) that can be
transmitted per second per Hertz with a given modulation
technique
●
measured in bit/s/Hz
●
each modulation technique has a maximum theoretical
spectral efficiency

Content
Intro
•
Modulation and modulation methods
•
Digital modulation systems

Baseband signal, no modulation
Random bitstream with:
Rb = 1/Tb Rb = bit rate (freq)
Power Example sequence: 0010110010
T
b
Tb = bit period
f
Rb

Baseband signal (2)
Bandwidth of an unmodulated 300b/s bitstream = 400 Hz
with criterion everything below 10-2 or -20 dB is not needed
1.10-2

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
●
simple digital modulation technique:
the carrier amplitude is modulated according the binary data
●
to transmit 1 bit we need 2n amplitudes (n = number of bits)
●
low bandwidth requirements
●
very susceptible to interference

On-Off Keying (OOK)
●
special form of ASK where one of the amplitudes is zero:
"0" represent the absence of a carrier (space)
"1" represents maximum carrier amplitude (marker)
A cos(2πfct) binary 1
v(t) =
0 binary 0

4-Amplitude Shift Keying (4-ASK)
●
4 amplitudes to encode 2 bits (22 = 4)
●
also called 4-level ASK

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
●
one bit is encoded with two frequencies:
"0" (space) has frequency of 1200 Hz (f2)
"1" (marker) has frequency of 2400 Hz (f1)
A cos(2πf1t) binary 1
v(t) =
A cos(2πf2t) binary 0

Frequency Shift Keying (2)
FSK modulator principles:

Phase Shift Keying (PSK) principle
●
discrete (binary) data directly keys the phase of the carrier
●
PSK (or 2-PSK) is also called Binary-PSK (BPSK)

Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
●
2 phases: 0° and 180° encode 1 bit (1 bit/symbol)
– binary 0 is transmitted with a 180° phase and
– binary 1 is transmitted with a 0° phase
●
simple to implement, inefficient use of bandwidth
●
very robust, used extensively in satellite communications
●
180° phase jumps induce lots of harmonics that require linear
power amplifier (power inefficient) to get these transmitted
●
proper demodulation requires a more complex receiver that
compares the received signal to a local carrier of the same
phase which is difficult to get in multipath environments
●
synchronisation might get lost on long sequences of 1s or 0s
A cos(2πfct) binary 1
v(t) =
A cos(2πfct + π) binary 0
Binary Phase Shift Keying (2)
180° 180° 0° 0° 180° 0° 180° 180° 180° 0° 180°
the carrier phase for a binary 0 is 180° and for a binary 1 is 0°

Phasor diagram:
We can represent the BPSK signal with a phasor diagram
which shows the two possible BPSK-states
This is referred to as constellation diagram with 2 constellation
points (symbols)
Symbols
1 90°
0 1
180° 0°
0 270° (-90°)

Random bitstream with: Rb = bit rate (freq)
Rb = 1/Tb Tb = bit period
fc = carrier frequency
Power
BPSK modulated
baseband
f
Rb fc
2*Rb
BPSK modulator

Differential PSK (DPSK)
●
2 phases: 0° and 180° encode 1 bit:
– binary 0 is transmitted with same phase as previous carrier phase and
– binary 1 is transmitted with an opposite phase as previous carrier phase
●
DPSK is also called Differential Binary-PSK (DBPSK)
●
to avoid the ambiguity of phase (of BPSK and QPSK) when
the constellation is rotated by some effect in the channel,
the DPSK carrier phase is no longer ‘set’ according the data but
coded with reference to the previous carrier phase
●
theoretically, DBPSK has double the BER of BPSK but
with the real-world channel phase-shift introduction,
DBPSK yields a better error rate than ordinary schemes
●
no improvement in bandwith utilisation or fewer harmonics
●
inefficient linear power amplifiers are still required
●
Symmetric DPSK (SDPSK), a DPSK variant, uses +90° and -90°
Differential Phase Shift Keying (2)
data Cn-1 Cn
0 0° 0°
0 180° 180°
1 0° 180°
1 180° 0°
initial 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
=>
180° => 180° 180° 0° 180° 180° 0° 0° 0° 0° 180° 180°
the next symbol carrier phase is referred to the previous phase

PSK modulation BER

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
BPSK is transmitting just one bit per symbol
●
increasing the number of symbols (bits) per second would
result in an increase in the signal's bandwidth
●
we can preserve the bandwidth if we keep the symbol rate
the same and increase the number of bits per symbol
Quadrature PSK (QPSK or 4-PSK) encodes 2 bits with:
●
4 phase shifts
●
constellations: 45°, 135°, 225° and 315° or
0°, 90°, 180° and 270°
A cos(2πfct + π/4) binary 11

A cos(2πfct + 3π/4)π/4) binary 01
v(t) =
A cos(2πfct - 3π/4)π/4) binary 00
© Thierry Debaene A cos(2πf t - π/4)
Spread Spectrum
c
and OFDM binary 10 36
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (2)
●
4 possible states (symbols) transmit 2 bits per symbol
●
better use of bandwidth (spectral efficiency)
●
more complex receiver
●
used in satellite communications (DVB-S & DVB-S2)
●
DQPSK is diferential encoded variant
(90°) 01
(13π/4)5°) 01 11 (45°)
(180°) 00 11 (0°)
(-13π/4)5°) 00 10 (-45°)
(270°) 10
on-axis off-axis
01 11 01 11
00 10 00 10
01 11 01 11
00 10 00 10
QPSK: max.180° 90° 90° 90°
11 01 00 10
●
2 x bandwidth efficiency of BPSK
●
max 180° phase jumps => a lot of harmonics !
180° phase jump

●
AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise
●
QPSK is a highly robust modulation scheme:
– less prone to constellation distortion i.e. position of points
(non-linearity of Tx Power Amplifier)
– good noise immunity (AWGN)
QPSK signal I channel
●
max 180° phase jump
1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 odd
2.T Q channel
T
even
T = bit period (time)

QPSK modulator
Remember: v(t) = A cos(2πfct + Φ)

= I cos(2πfct) – Q sin(2πfct)
with I = A cos(Φ) and Q = A sin(Φ)
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
● Q component delayed Tb seconds I channel
●
max 90° phase jump
odd
Q channel
T 2.T
even
T
T = bit period (time)

OQPSK modulator

PSK modulation spectra
10

n-PSK modulation BER

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
●
QAM combines phase and amplitude modulation
●
constellation points on crossroads of perpendicular lines
●
requires highly linear power amplifier as any non-linearity
results in distortion of the constellation
●
small Euclidian distance, more affected by noise than QPSK
resulting in a higher BER but better than APSK
●
the many power levels used result in high PAPR
●
used in WiFi and 4G/5G systems
Euclidian distance:
●
a metric indicating the distance between constellation points
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR):
●
a metric indicating theSpread
© Thierry Debaene
difference in power between the maximum
Spectrum and OFDM 47
and the average power to transmit the signal
(Rectangular) 16-QAM
16-QAM:
- 4 bits (24 = 16 symbols)
- 12 different angles
- 3 different amplitudes
constellation points are

on crossroads of
perpendicular lines

(Rectangular) 64-QAM

Hierarchical 64-QAM
●
used by DVB-T that
modulates 2 separate data streams in 1 single DVB-T stream
●
the 64-QAM constellation points are grouped into
– a high-priority QPSK stream and
– a low-priority 16-QAM stream
●
good reception resolves the
entire 64-QAM constellation
●
poor reception resolves only
the QPSK portion

QAM modulation BER

Spectral Efficiency Summary
modulation bits/symbol spectral efficiency error-free Eb/N0
type bits/sec/Hz dB
BFSK 1 1 13
MSK 1 1.3
GMSK 1 1.35
BPSK 1 1 10.5
QPSK (4-PSK) 2 2 10
4-QAM 2 2 10
8-PSK 3 3 14.5
16-QAM 4 4 15
16-PSK 4 4 18
64-QAM 6 6 18.5
256-QAM 8 8 24
1024-QAM 10 10 28
4096-QAM 12 12 33.5

Content
Intro
Multiplexing Techniques: FDM, WDM, TDM and OFDM
(new) Multiple Access Techniques:
OFDMA and
SC-FDMA

Single- versus Multi-Carrier Systems
Single-Carrier System Multi-Carrier System
●
symbol uses all of the ●
available spectrum divided into
available spectrum (W) many (N) narrow bands (W/N)
●
Short symbol duration ●
Data is divided into parallel data
streams each transmitted on a
separate band
●
Long symbol duration

N = {1...n} integer
Multi-Carrier approach
Split the data stream in N parallel streams
each with R = Rb/N and T = N.Tb
Example, in DVB-T : N = 2000
Now R = 25 kb/s → T = 40 μs
Condition τ < T is easy to fulfill !!!
τ = delay spread, T = bit period

Content
Intro
OFDMA and
SC-FDMA

Multiplexing Techniques
Multiplexing:
– a method by which multiple analog or digital signals are
combined into one signal over a shared medium
– sharing scarse resources e.g. in telecommunications,
several telephone calls may be carried using one wire
– multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication
channel such as a cable or wireless link
– divides the capacity of the communication channel into
several logical channels, one for each message signal
or data stream to be transferred

Multiplexing Techniques

Content
Intro
OFDMA and
SC-FDMA

Freq. Division Multiplexing (FDM)
In FDM transmissions the independent signals to transmit are
shifted in frequency and then simultaneously transmitted
adjacent frequencies are separated by a guard band
each frequency contains data from a different user
Guard Bands

Freq. Division Multiplexing (2)
FDM Advantages
●
Lower bit rate per carrier resulting in less or no ISI
FDM Disadvantages
●
Inefficient use of frequency spectrum (compared to OFDM)
●
Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are required

Content
Intro
OFDMA and
SC-FDMA

Wavelength DM (WDM)
In WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)
optical signals of different wavelength (frequency) are
simultaneously transmitted through an optical link
each optical signal (color) contains data from a different user
WDM is for optical signals what FDM is for frequencies

Coarse versus Dense WDM
CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing):
optical signals are 20 µm wide
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing):
optical signal are 0,8 µm wide
20 µm
0,8 µm

Content
Intro
OFDMA and
SC-FDMA

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
TDM transmission:
samples of each channel are transmitted one after the other
i.e. on a time-sharing bases
a frame (fixed length) consists of multiple TimeSlots (TS)
E1 = 1 sync TS + 31 * 64kbps user TSs for a total of 2048Kbps

Synchronous versus Statistical TDM
Synchronous TDM (TDM):
fixed length TimeSlots (TS) fixed assigned per channel
wastes TimeSlots when channels are idle
Statistical TDM (STDM):

allocates variable TimeSlots dynamically based on demand
requires address and data length to be send with data
resulting in overhead (reduced throughput)

Content
Intro
OFDMA and
SC-FDMA

OFDM history
●
OFDM was introduced in 1950 but was only completed in 1960's
– Originally grew from Multi-Carrier Modulation used in high frequency
military radio
●
Patent granted in 1970's
●
Earlier OFDM wasn't popular
– Large arrays of sinusoidal generators and coherence demodulators
– Too expensive and complex
●
Later DFT became a known solution to the arrays of generators
and demodulators
– It was still not popular as there is no efficient method to perform the IFFT
and FFT operations
●
Advances in VLSI technology
© Thierry Debaene
allowing the implementation of
Spread Spectrum and OFDM 69
fast
and cheap FFT and IFFT operations drove the OFDM popularity
OFDM Applications
●
802.11a/g, 802.11n/ac/ax & 802.11ad (WiFi)
●
DVB-T, DVB-H, T-DMB
●
DAB, DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale)
●
ADSL, SDSL and VDSL, VDSL-2
●
PLC (Power Line Communication)
●
802.16(d) (Fixed WiMAX)
●
downlink path LTE (4G) and LTE-Advanced
●
certain Ultra Wideband (UWB)
Orthogonal Frequency DM (OFDM)
In OFDM transmissions the data being transmitted is
split into independent data streams,
modulated per stream on orthogonal carriers and then
re-multiplexed to create the OFDM-signal.
OFDM is a special form of Freq. Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Single-carrier FDM Trucking Company

Orthogonal Frequency DM (2)
OFDM modulation consists of multiplexing QAM data symbols
over a large number of orthogonal carriers (called sub-carriers)
BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM

OFDM sub-carriers
Sub-carrier spacings are selected so, that they are
mathematically orthogonal to each other i.e. the peak of one
sub-carrier coincides with the zero-crossing of the next.
Amplitude
peak
(sin x)
sinc x=
zero-crossing
x
Frequency
∆f
FDM versus OFDM
FDM non-overlapping carriers
(guard band) are spaced apart in such
a way that signals can be received and
demodulated with conventional filters
and demodulators.
OFDM overlapping carriers save

50% bandwidth compared to FDM

OFDM Orthogonality importance
s(t) = sin(m ωt) with m, n integer
s(t) = sin(m ωt) . sin(n ωt )
1 1
s(t)= cos(m−n)ω t − cos (m+ n)ω t
2 2
(2 π) (2 π)
1 1
s(t )= ∫ ( cos(m−n)ω t )− ∫ ( cos(m+ n)ω t )
0 2 0 2
s(t) = 0 – 0 => Orthogonal, frequency sin(m ωt) does not disturb frequency sin(n ωt )
Minimum sub-carrier spacing
Frequencies f1 and f2 over a period T are orthogonal when
T
∫ cos(2π f 1 t + ϕ).cos(2 π f 2 t )=0

0
Integrating and applying the limits, the above simplifies to
(sin (2 π (f 1 + f 2)T )) (sin (2 π (f 1 −f 2)T )) (cos(2 π (f 1 + f 2 )T )−1) (cos(2 π( f 1 −f 2 )T )−1)

cos(ϕ).[ + ]+ sin (ϕ) .[ + ]=0
(2 π (f 1 + f 2)) (2 π (f 1 −f 2)) (2 π (f 1+ f 2 )) (2 π( f 1− f 2 ))
sin(nπ) = 0 and cos(2nπ) = 1 for n = integer
Assume (f1 + f2 )T is integer, sin(2π(f1 + f2 )T) = 0 and cos(2π(f1 + f2 )T) = 1, then
(sin(2 π (f 1 −f 2 )T )) (cos(2 π (f 1− f 2 )T )−1)

cos(ϕ).[ ]+ sin(ϕ).[ ]=0
(2 π (f 1−f 2)) (2 π (f 1 −f 2 ))

Minimum sub-carrier spacing (2)
(sin(2 π (f 1 −f 2 )T )) (cos(2 π (f 1− f 2 )T )−1)
cos(ϕ).[ ]+ sin(ϕ).[ ]=0
(2 π (f 1−f 2)) (2 π (f 1 −f 2 ))
For an arbitrary value of Ф form 0 to 2π (any phase difference between 2 sinusoids), the
above equation is zero when the cosine term is equal to 1 and the sine term is equal to 0.
To get this, we need to have
2 π (f 1 −f 2 )T =2 π n
n
f 1 −f 2=Δ f = n = integer number
T
The minimum sub-carrier spacing (when minimum value of n = 1) is
1
f 1 −f 2=Δ f = T = symbol time
T
4 sub-carriers = 1 OFDM-signal
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
OFDM-signal

OFDM-signal example
5 sub-carriers

(analog) OFDM modulator principle
Low data
rate
PSK-
modulator
1 OFDM-signal
Rb =
n Tb
sin (2 π f t )
High data
rate
PSK-
FEC
Rb =
1
S/P modulator ∑ PA
1
Tb Rb =
n Tb
sin (2 π( f + Δ f )t) sin (2 π f C t )
...
PSK- up-converter
modulator 2.4 or 5 GHz.
1
Rb =
n Tb
© Thierry Debaene
sin (2 π( f + n Δ f )t )
Spread Spectrum and OFDM 80
Problem analog OFDM modulator
at Transmitter:
●
Large scale integration of 64 ... 8192 oscillators (f, f+∆f,
f+2∆f, ... f+8191∆f) each locked to the other so that the
frequencies are exact multiples
at Receiver:
●
64 ... 8192 narrow bandpass filters needed
= difficult to build with discrete electronic components

=> Digital Signal Processing (DSP) to the rescue !

Fourier Analysis
Recap.:
●
Fourier Series equation,
●
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
●
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

Fourier Analysis
Fourier analysis tells us that
an arbitrary periodic wave f(t),
can be represented by
a sum of sine and cosine waves
N N
f (t)=a 0+ ∑ a n sin(n ω t )+ ∑ b n cos ( n ω t )
n=1 n=1

Fourier Analysis example
f(t)
f(t) = s1(t) + s2(t) + s3(t)
Period T = 1 sec.
T
s1(t) s3(t) s2(t)
1 Hz. 4 Hz. 2 Hz.

Fourier Analysis example (2)

Frequency and Time relation
Time
Frequency
Amplitude

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
N samples of a periodic wave N frequencies composing the periodic wave
Time Frequency
1 (one) period
N-point DFT
DFT = convert N time samples of a periodic wave into N frequencies therein

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)
Integration time
Sample 1
Signal before ADC
after DAC
Sample N
N-point N = power of 2
(to allow fast
IFFT transforms)
N orthogonal frequencies

Total bandwidth
OFDM modulator
OFDM-signal
Constellaion Mapper
...
...
...
N-point IFFT
S/P P/S CP, DAC &
FEC
LPF PA
sin (2 π f C t )
...
...
...
up-converter
2.4 or 5 GHz.

OFDM mod: Constellation Mapper
The Constellation Mapper converts (modulates)
●
bits into complex values (constellation points)

OFDM modulator: IFFT
© Thierry
Thierry Debaene
Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 91
OFDM Cyclic Prefix Insertion
●
The OFDM-signal is transmitted per symbol (in block), multipath
delay will cause Inter Symbol Interference (Inter block Interference)
Therefore, a guard period is introduced to combat ISI
●
Zero Padding as guard period
– Add “zeros” (no signal) to each symbol
– Destroys the orthogonality (periodicity) needed by FFT / IFFT
●
Cyclic Prefix (CP) as guard period
– First few samples are copied to the back of each symbol
– Simple trick to keep the orthogonality

OFDM Cyclic Prefix insertion

OFDM Cyclic Prefix insertion

OFDM Advantages
●
Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without
complex equalization (adaptive modulation).
●
Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference.
●
Robust against inter symbol interference (ISI) and fading
caused by multipath propagation (delay spread).
●
High spectral efficiency (bits/sec/Hz.) as compared to
conventional modulation schemes, spread spectrum, etc.
●
Efficient implementation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).
●
Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors.
●
Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike
conventional FDM).
OFDM Disadvantages
●
Sensitive to small carrier frequency offsets (Doppler shift).
●
Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems.
●
High peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), requiring linear
transmitter circuitry, which suffers from poor power
efficiency (drains the battery).
●
Loss of efficiency caused by cyclic prefix/guard interval.

Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
●
An OFDM-signal is the sum of many separate sinusoids who,
in worst case, add constructively resulting in high peaks
●
The use of a large number of sub-carriers introduces a high
PAPR in OFDM systems
●
PAPR can be defined as the relationship between the
maximum power of a sample in an OFDM symbol and its
average power
● Where Ppeak and Paverage are the peak and average power of a
given OFDM symbol

Peak to Average Power Ratio (2)
●
A high PAPR appears when a number of subcarriers of a
given OFDM symbol are out of phase with each other
acceptable PAPR increase in PAPR of about 2.5 dB

OFDM Flavors
OFDM is a generic name for
●
COFDM (Coded OFDM) uses FEC coding and interleaving
techniques to overcome transmission disturbances
Other OFDM variations
●
Flash-OFDM (Fast Low-latency Access with Seamless Hand-off
OFDM) uses fast frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology
●
MIMO-OFDM (Multiple Input Multiple Output + OFDM) used in
802.11n/ac wireless LAN, WiMax, LTE & LTE Advanced
●
OFDMA (OFD Multiple Access)
●
VOFDM (Vector OFDM) a Broadcom & Cisco Wireless MAN,
●
W-OFDM (Wideband Spread
© Thierry Debaene
OFDM) Spectrum and OFDM 99
Adaptive OFDM
●
Most OFDM systems use a fixed modulation scheme
over all sub-carriers for simplicity
●
With Adaptive OFDM, each carrier in an OFDM system
can have a different modulation scheme maximizing
the spectral efficiency by choosing the highest
modulation scheme that gives an acceptable BER

Content
Intro
OFDMA and
SC-FDMA

OFDMA Applications
●
802.11ax (WiFi)
●
802.16e/m (Mobile WiMAX)
●
802.20 (MBWA)
●
downlink path LTE (4G) and LTE-Advanced

OFD Multiple Access (OFDMA)
●
OFDM as such is not multi user because all sub-
carriers in a channel are used to facilitate a single link
●
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
(OFDMA) is a multi-user version of the OFDM digital
modulation scheme achieving Multiple Access by
assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual users

OFDMA Flavors
OFDM Multiple Access variants:
●
OFDM-FDMA known as OFDMA where each users is allocated
a pre-determined band of sub-carriers
– Block FDMA = a group of adjacent sub-carriers
– Random allocation = random allocation of sub-carriers
– Interleaved FDMA = combine spread sub-carriers
●
OFDM-TDMA were a user is allocated all the sub-carriers for the
duration of an OFDM symbol
●
OFDM-CDMA were user data is spread over several sub-
carriers and/or OFDM symbols using spreading codes, and
combine these signals with other users
OFDM-FDMA Flavors
f f f
t t t
Localized sub-carriers Distributed sub-carriers

(LTE SC-FDMA) (LTE SC-FDMA)

OFDMA Advantages
●
Allows different users to transmit over different portions
(channels) of the broadband spectrum
●
Different users perceive different channel qualities as a deep
fade channel for one user may still be favorable for others

OFDMA Disadvantages
●
A tight synchronization between users is required for FFT at
receiver side hence the need for Pilot sub-carriers
●
More complex processing to minimize co-channel (group of
sub-carriers) interference compared to OFDM
●
Dynamic sub-carrier allocation requires more coordination

DEEL1 Spread Spectrum and OFDM Modulation v1.6.1 3de Bachelor

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

DEEL1 Spread Spectrum and OFDM Modulation v1.6.1 3de Bachelor

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

version March 4th 2019

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 1

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 2

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 3

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 4

Digital modulation (DM)

Spread Spectrum (SS)

Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 5

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 6

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 7

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 8

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 9

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 10

V(t) = A(t) sin(2πfct + Φ) V(t) = A sin(2πfc(t)t + Φ) V(t) = A sin(2πfct + Φ(t))

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 11

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 12

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 13

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 14

10 mW +10 dB 10 W +10 dB 6W +3 dB (i.e. +3,01 dB)

1,5 W -3 dB (i.e. -3,01 dB)

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 17

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 18

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 19

Power Example sequence: 0010110010

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 20

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 21

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 22

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 23

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 24

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 25

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 26

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 27

180° 180° 0° 0° 180° 0° 180° 180° 180° 0° 180°

the carrier phase for a binary 0 is 180° and for a binary 1 is 0°

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 30

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 32

180° => 180° 180° 0° 180° 180° 0° 0° 0° 0° 180° 180°

the next symbol carrier phase is referred to the previous phase

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 35

A cos(2πfct + π/4) binary 11

QPSK: max.180° 90° 90° 90°

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 38

180° phase jump

T = bit period (time)

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 41

Remember: v(t) = A cos(2πfct + Φ)

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 43

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 44

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 45

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 46

constellation points are

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 48

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 49

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 50

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 51

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 52

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 53

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 54

τ = delay spread, T = bit period

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 56

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 57

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 58

© Thierry Debaene Spread Spectrum and OFDM 59