Early Humans
and Societies
Chapter 1 Uncovering the Past
Chapter 2 The Stone Ages and Early Cultures
What You Will Learn…
1
FLORIDA . . .
The Story Continues
CHAPTER 1, Uncovering the Past
Florida has a rich and diverse story that relates to your own
individual story. As you study world history we want you to
connect to Florida people, places, and events that are tied to
the content and time period you will study in each chapter. The
different Florida stories that are included in these features will
keep you on the edge of your seat!
(Oranges, shuttle, sign) © Photodisc/Getty Images; (monastery) HMH; (palm tree) Mark Lewis/Photographer’s Choice RF/Getty Images; (flag)
1 FL1 Stockbyte/Getty Images; (Hemingway, missile) State Library and Archives of Florida; (Seminole) Library of Congress; (blossom) Randolph Femmer/
NBII; (coin) U.S. Mint.
SPOTLIGHT ON
SS.6.G.1.5, SS.6.G.2.1, SS.6.G.2.2, SS.6.G.2.7 See pages FL41–FL44 for
content specifically related to these Chapter 1 standards.
1 FL2
CHAPTER
1
Uncovering
the Past
Essential Question Why do scholars study the people,
events, and ideas of long ago?
FOCUS ON WRITING
A Job Description What is the job of a historian? an archaeologist? a
geographer? In this chapter you will read about the work of people who
study the past—its events, its people, and its places. Then you will write a
job description to include in a career-planning guide.
2 CHAPTER 1
Focus on Themes This chapter sets the stage study of geography and learn how the world’s
for reading the rest of the book. In it you will learn physical features affected when and where
the definitions of many important terms. You will civilization began. Finally, you will begin to think
learn how studying history helps you understand the about how society and culture and science and
past and the present. You will also read about the technology have interacted throughout time.
300 BCE 200 BCE 100 BCE BCE 1 CE 100 CE 200 CE 300 CE
4 CHAPTER 1
1. What is a fossil? What is an artifact? How can you tell? LA.6.1.6.1 The
student will use
2. Were you born in a BC year or an AD year? new vocabulary that
is introduced and
taught directly.
3. Put the following dates in order: AD 2000, 3100 BC, 15 BCE,
AD 476, AD 3, CE 1215
What did they do in their free time? What that people left in these places may include
TODAY
Modern tech-
games did they play? In other words, histo- jewelry, dishes, or weapons. They range
nology, including
rians study the past to understand people’s from stone tools to huge buildings. computers and
culture —the knowledge, beliefs, customs, Archaeologists examine the objects satellite imagery,
has allowed
and values of a group of people. they find to learn what they can tell about archaeologists to
the past. In many cases, the objects that more easily locate
What Is Archaeology? people left behind are the only clues we and study objects
from the past.
An important field that contributes much have to how they lived.
information about the past is archaeology
(ahr-kee-AH -luh-jee). It is the study of the READING CHECK Comparing How are the
past based on what people left behind. fields of history and archaeology similar?
7
Understanding past? People would know nothing about
how their governments came into being.
through History They would not remember their nation’s
There are many reasons why people study great triumphs or tragedies. History teach-
history. Understanding the past helps us to es us about the experiences we have been
ACADEMIC understand the world today. History can through as a people. It shapes our identity
VOCABULARY also provide us with a guide to making bet- and teaches us the values that we share.
values ideas that ter decisions in the future.
people hold dear
and try to live by
Knowing Others
Knowing Yourself Like today, the world in the past included
History can teach you about yourself. What many cultures. History teaches about the
if you did not know your own past? You cultures that were unlike your own. You
would not know which subjects you liked learn about other peoples, where they lived,
in school or which sports you enjoyed. You and what was important to them. History
would not know what makes you proud or teaches you how cultures were similar and
what mistakes not to repeat. Without your how they were different.
own personal history, you would not have History also helps you understand why
SS.6.W.1.6 Describe an identity. other people think the way they do. You learn
how history transmits History is just as important for groups about the struggles people have faced. You
culture and heritage
and provides models as it is for individuals. What would hap- also learn how these struggles have affected
of human character.
pen if countries had no record of their the way people view themselves and others.
This archaeologist is
examining ancient
pottery in Lebanon to
learn about the past.
10 CHAPTER 1
12
Geography
The study of the earth’s physical and cultural features
Studying Maps
By studying and comparing maps, you can see how a place’s
physical and human features are related.
ATLANTIC ATLANTIC
R.
OCEAN OCEAN
nee
St. Joh
wan
Apalachee Apalachee
Bay Bay
Su
ns
R.
Kiss
Gulf of M exi c o G u l f o f Me x i c o
imm
Lake
.
ELEVATION Okeechobee
Feet Meters
300 90
200 60 The The
Everglades Everglades
100 30
(Sea level) 0 0 (Sea level)
Below Below
sea level sea level Humid subtropical
0 75 150 Miles Humid tropical
eys Key
s
0 75 150 Kilometers da K 0 75 150 Miles
da
Flori Flori
0 75 150 Kilometers
1 What are some of Florida’s main physical features? 2 What climates are found in Florida? How are the cli-
Where are the state’s highest elevations? mate regions related to Florida’s physical features?
Apalachee Apalachee 95
Bay Bay
Orlando 75 Orlando
G ul f of M exi c o G u l f o f Me x i c o
4
Tampa
St. Petersburg Tampa St. Petersburg
Tampa Bay Tampa Bay
75
95
The The
Everglades Everglades
Miami Miami
One dot represents Interstate highway
25,000 people Other highway
State capital State capital
0 75 150 Miles Key West eys Key West Key
s
da K 0 75 150 Miles
da
Flori Flori
0 75 150 Kilometers 0 75 150 Kilometers
3 Where are Florida’s two main population centers? What 4 How are Florida’s roads related to its physical features?
kind of climate is found in these areas? How are they related to its population centers?
SS.6.W.1.4 Describe
the methods of
Geography and History Geography Shapes Cultures
historical inquiry and Geography also influenced the early
Geography gives us important clues about
how history relates development of cultures. Early peoples,
to the other social the people and places that came before
sciences. for example, developed vastly different
us. Like detectives, we can piece together
cultures because of their environments.
a great deal of information about ancient
People who lived along rivers learned to
cultures by knowing where people lived
make fishhooks and boats, while those far
and what the area was like.
from rivers did not. People who lived near
forests built homes from wood. In other
Geography Affects Resources areas, builders had to use mud or stone.
An area’s geography was critical to early Some people developed religious beliefs
settlements. People could survive only in based on the geography of their area. For
areas where they could get enough food example, ancient Egyptians believed that
and water. Early people settled in places the god Hapi controlled the Nile River.
that were rich in resources, materials found Geography also played a role in the
in the earth that people need and value. All growth of civilizations. The world’s first
through history, people have used a variety societies formed along rivers. Crops grown
of resources to meet their basic needs. on the fertile land along these rivers fed
In early times, essential resources large populations.
included water, animals, fertile land, and Some geographic features could also
stones for tools. Over time, people learned protect areas from invasion. A region sur-
to use other resources, including metals rounded by mountains or deserts, for
such as copper, gold, and iron. example, was hard for attackers to reach.
16 CHAPTER 1
Mapping
the Past
Pyramid of the Moon
er
R iv
Houses an
Ju
n
Sa
18
Religion The giant buildings that dominate
the heart of the city, such as the Pyramid of
the Sun, are religious temples. From this, you
can conclude that religion was very important
to the people of Teotihuacán.
Citadel
Str
ee
to
f th
eD
ea
d
r
R ive Technology The map shows that this river
u an turns at right angles, just like the city’s streets.
nJ
Sa The people of Teotihuacán must have changed
the course of this river. That tells you that they
had advanced engineering skills and technology.
GEOGRAPHY
SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS
1. Place How does the map indicate that Teotihuacán was
an important place?
2. Location What can you conclude from the fact that large
religious buildings are located in the heart of the city?
19
Social Studies Skills
Analysis Economics Study
Critical
Thinking
Recognizing Bias
You will meet many peoples from the past as
Understand the Skill
you study world history. Their beliefs, behaviors,
Everybody has convictions, or things that they and ways of life may seem different or strange to
strongly believe. However, if we form opinions you. It is important to remain unbiased and to keep
about people or events based only on our beliefs, we an open mind. Recognize that “different” does not
may be showing bias. Bias is an idea about someone mean “not as good.”
or something based solely on opinions, not facts. Understand that early peoples did not have the
There are many types of bias. Sometimes technology or the accumulation of past knowledge
people form opinions about others based on the that we have today. Be careful to not look down on
group to which that person belongs. For example, them just because they were less advanced or might
some people might believe that all teenagers are seem “simpler” than we are today. Remember that
selfish or that all politicians are dishonest. These their struggles, learning, and achievements helped
are examples of a type of bias called stereotyping. make us what we are today.
Holding negative opinions of people based on The following guidelines can help you to rec-
their race, religion, age, gender, or similar charac- ognize and reduce your own biases. Keep them in
teristics is known as prejudice. mind as you study world history.
We should always be on guard for the presence
1 When discussing a topic, try to think of beliefs
of personal biases. Such biases can slant how we and experiences in your own background that
view, judge, and provide information. Honest and might affect how you feel about the topic.
accurate communication requires people to be as
free of bias as possible. 2 Try to not mix statements of fact with state-
ments of opinion. Clearly separate and indicate
what you know to be true from what you believe
Learn the Skill
to be true.
As you read or write, watch out for biases. One way 3 Avoid using emotional, positive, or negative
to identify a bias is to look for facts that support words when communicating factual
a statement. If a belief seems unreasonable when information.
compared to the facts, it may be a sign of bias.
Another sign of bias is a person’s unwillingness
to question his or her belief if it is challenged by Practice and Apply the Skill
evidence. People sometimes cling to views that evi-
Professional historians try to be objective about the
dence proves are wrong. This is why bias is defined
history they study and report. Being objective means
as a “fixed” idea about something. It also points out
not being influenced by personal feelings or opin-
a good reason why we should try to avoid being
ions. Write a paragraph explaining why you think
biased. Our biases can keep us from considering
being objective is important in the study of history.
new ideas and learning new things.
20 CHAPTER 1
History’s Impact
1
video series
Chapter Review
▲
CHAPTER Review the video to
answer the focus question:
What is an artifact, and how
can it help an archaeologist
learn about history?
Visual Use the visual summary below to help you review
Summary the main ideas of the chapter.
Geographers use
maps to study the locations
of people and places.
Artifact
What is it? Reviewing Themes
Who made it? 16. Society and Culture How may a historian’s
Where was it found? description of a battle reveal information about
his or her own society or culture?
What does it tell us?
17. Science and Technology If hundreds of years
from now archaeologists study the things we
leave behind, what may they conclude about
Social Studies Skills the role of technology in American society?
Explain your answer.
Recognizing Bias Answer the following questions
about personal convictions and bias.
11. What is bias? FOCUS ON WRITING
12. What is the difference between a personal 18. Writing Your Job Description Review your notes
conviction and a bias? on the work of historians, archaeologists, and
13. Why do historians try to avoid bias in their physical and human geographers. Choose one
writing? What methods might they use to of these jobs and write a description of it. You
do so? should begin your description by explaining
14. Do you think it is possible for a historian to why the job is important. Then identify the
remove all traces of bias from his or her writing? job’s tasks and responsibilities. Finally, tell what
Why or why not? kind of person would do well in this job. For
example, a historian may enjoy reading and
an archaeologist may enjoy working outdoors.
When you have finished your description, you
may be able to add it to a class or school guide
for career planning.
22 CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER
1 Florida Standardized Test Practice
DIRECTIONS: Read each question, and write the $ Which of the following subjects would
letter of the best response. interest a physical geographer the least?
A a place’s climate
! B a mountain range
C a river system
D a country’s highways