Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Fire is the most common form of conflagration, which has the potential

to cost burning and threatens humans’ life and also animals’ life.Fire can be

harness through several medium like electric, molten rocks, extreme

temperature and friction. Fire can only thrive in the presence of oxygen.

During this century, fire still has many uses but it can cause a lot of

destruction. In fact ,fire incidence became one of the major concern of the

country. In a recent report that was published by philstar in region VII alone

there was an increase of 105.86 percent compare to the incidence in the

year 2013. Inspite of the steps being conducted by assigned agencies

increasing trend were continuously reported . Having this scenario, the

researcher thought of conducting study on how to prevent the fire incidence

by formulating paint that when applied to the building materials will retard

the burning process.

The researcher will make fire retardant paints because it is frequently used in

large scale industrial spaces,public buildings and facilities.Whether you’re

looking to comply with safety legislation for your building or just want to make

1
sure your home, café, restaurant, hotel, guesthouse, warehouse or office has

an extra layer of fire protection, it’s important to make sure you’ve had an

appropriate fire risk assessment. Once this is done, you’ll know the kind of

measures you need to take, from building with specific materials, installing fire

extinguishers, installing or upgrading doors to fire doors, choosing the

appropriate intumescent paint to making sure you have fire retardant curtains,

furnishings and fabrics inside.For example, a restaurant or pub kitchen that is

likely to be surrounded by a large amount of wooden furniture and flammable

materials, will need a higher grade than a standard household kitchen.

Warehouses and businesses that supply, manufacture or store lots of

industrial substances will again need a different type of fire retardant paint.It

will have a big impact in our country and it will also help people abroad.

2
Background of the study

Fire is one of the most dangerous incident happening throughout the world.

The researchers wanted to lessen the cases of fire incidents so they will

make a fireproof paint using alum,borax and graphite.These three

components will help in decreasing the time of burning process.The

researchers will use these components because it is fire retardant which

means it can slow the burning process.

In the field of natural and man-made disasters, fire has played a predominant

role. A report is presented of fire disasters in the twentieth century, with a

chronological analysis of different worldwide typologies.

The extrinsic effects of disasters caused by fire have progressively changed

over the centuries, especially in the twentieth. As a result, owing to industrial,

technological, and military development, as also to the increasing number of

armed conflicts, there has also been a rapid change in the modalities and

numbers of burn injuries.

For this reason a report is presented of fire disasters in the twentieth century,

with a chronological analysis of different worldwide typologies.

From the classification point of view, as regards the data reported in the

literature, a fire disaster is defined as an event involving more than 25 deaths.

3
Statement of the Problem

This study will seek to determine the acceptability of Fireproof paint to

its respondents. More specifically, it aims to find the answers in the following:

1. What are the procedures of making fireproof paint?

2. What is the mean level of evaluation of fireproof paint terms of:

2.1 Appearance

2.2 Texture

2.3 Odor

3. Is there any significant difference between the evaluation of fire proof

paint rated by the painters and citizens?

Hypothesis of the study

Null- There is no significant difference between the evaluation of fire proof

paint rated by the painters and the citizens.

Alternative- The paint have significant effect to buildings and objects that

can retard the burning process.

4
Significance of the Study

This study will be benefit to the following:

●Painters

●Citizens

●Future researcher

The results of the study can contribute on reducing fire in our

country. It will pose awareness for future inventions and study . It is of great

contribution to also to the country’s economy as it will prevent damage to

properties and human resources.

5
Theoretical Framework

Fire hazards come in all shapes and sizes, the level of fire protection gained

ensures improved health and safety with every application.There are number

of products available to ensure fire protection across all environments.The

following materials will help the paint retard the burning process.

The first is Alumwhich is used for a range of industrial processes. When

heated, they liquefy, and if the heating is continued, the water of

crystallization is driven off, the salt froths and swells, and at last an

amorphous powder remains. They are astringent(substance is a chemical

compound that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues) and

acidic.Solutionscontaining alum may be used to treat cloth, wood, and paper

materials to increase their resistance to fire.

Next is the expanded graphite which isis made by immersing natural flake

graphite in a bath of chromic acid, then concentrated sulfuric acid, which

forces the crystal lattice planes apart, thus expanding the graphite. The

expanded graphite can be used to make graphite foil or used directly as "hot

top" compound to insulate molten metal in a ladle or red-hot steel ingots and

decrease heat loss, or as firestops fitted around a fire door or in sheet metal

collars surrounding plastic pipe (during a fire, the graphite expands and chars

to resist fire penetration and spread), or to make high-performance gasket

material for high-temperature use.

6
Lastly, Borax is a component of many detergents, cosmetics,

and enamel glazes. It is used to make buffer solutions in biochemistry, as

a fire retardant, as an anti-fungal compound, in the manufacture of fiberglass,

as a flux in metallurgy, neutron-capture shields for radioactive sources, a

texturing agent in cooking, as a precursor for other boron compounds, and

along with its inverse, boric acid, is useful as an insecticide.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

-Paint -Paint with its usual -Fireproof paint

formulation consisting of

-Borax binders, pigments and

fillers, solvents or water,

-Alum and additives was mixed

with different amount of

-Graphite alum specifically 2

pits,4pits and 10 pits

and borax, and graphite.

7
Scope and Limitations of the study

This study will focus in the acceptability of Fire proof paint. The said

product will be evaluated by the painters and the citizens at Santa Cruz,

Laguna. The researcher will gather the data and get the result through

experimentation and questionnaire.

Definition of Terms

Alum - is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical

compounds.Thespecificcompoundisthe hydratedpotassium aluminium sulfate

(potassium alum). Alum may also refer to aluminum hydroxide gel used as a

vaccine adjuvant. Alums are useful for a range of industrial processes. They

are soluble in water, have a sweetish taste, react acid to litmus,

and crystallize in regular octahedra. When heated, they liquefy, and if the

heating is continued, the water of crystallization is driven off, the salt froths

and swells, and at last an amorphous powder remains.They

are astringent and acidic.

Borax - also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium

tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric

acid. Powdered borax is white, consisting of soft colorless crystals that

8
dissolve easily in water. A number of closely related minerals or chemical

compounds that differ in their crystal water content are referred to as borax,

but the word is usually used to refer to the decahydrate. Commercially sold

borax is partially dehydrated.

Borax is a component of many detergents, cosmetics, and enamel glazes. It

is used to make buffer solutions in biochemistry, as a fire retardant, as

an anti-fungal compound, in the manufacture of fiberglass, as

a flux in metallurgy, neutron-capture shields for radioactive sources, a

texturing agent in cooking, as a precursor for other boron compounds, and

along with its inverse, boric acid, is useful as an insecticide.

Graphite - Graphite is the most stable form of carbon under standard

conditions. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard state for

defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds. Graphite occurs

in metamorphic rocks as a result of the reduction of sedimentary carbon

compounds during metamorphism. It also occurs in igneous rocks and

in meteorites.

9
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

These are the related literature and related studies reviewed

by the researchers that help as to conceptualize and to improve the

research program.

FOREIGN

Fire protection coatings

Our durable intumescent fire protection coatings give you reliable fire

protection, lower maintenance requirements and improved long-term

performance.

Using our extensive experience of anti-corrosive coatings, we have optimised

our Hempacore range of intumescent coatings for durability and long-term

performance. As a result, you benefit from longer life cycles and lower

maintenance requirements.

Used around the globe on a wide range of structures, from the steel

frames of sports stadia to airports and skyscrapers,

our Hempacore coatings intended for cellulosic fires are formulated for quick

application, either onsite or offsite. They can be specified for 30, 60, 90 and

120 minutes of passive fire protection, and the range also includes

Hempacore AQ, a waterborne VOC-free coating that complies with the latest

environmental standards for green building.

10
How do intumescent coatings work?

All commonly used building materials lose strength when exposed to

high enough temperatures. In extreme cases, steel may buckle and collapse

in just a few minutes. In the case of fire, our intumescent Hempacore coatings

expand to create a layer of carbon char. This insulates the steel beneath,

enabling it to retain its load-bearing capacity for up to two hours and giving

people valuable time to evacuate.

Compared to other passive fire protection systems, such as concrete casings

or fire-resistant boards, intumescent coating give you a number of benefits.

They are easy to apply and maintain, can be over-coated with any finish from

our Decorative or Protective range and leave more room for ceiling and wall

fixtures.

Source: http://www.hempel.com/en/products/segments/protective/coating-

applications/fire-protection?sc_lang=en

11
*Flammability Studies of Fire Retardant Coatings on Wood

J. H. Koo1,*, W. Wootan1, W. K. Chow2, H. W. Au Yeung2, and S.

Venumbaka1 1 Center for Flammability Research, Institute for Environmental

and Industrial Science, Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, TX

78666 2 Department of Building Services Engineering, The Hong Kong

Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China 3 Corresponding author: email:

jkoo@swt.edu

This paper describes the use of Cone Calorimetry to study fire retardant (FR)

coatings based on an industry standard (ASTM E-84) test condition. Several

solvent-based and water-based ASTM E-84 Class A FR coatings were tested

using the Cone Calorimeter at a radiant heat flux of 50 kW/m2. The peak heat

release rate (PHRR) and total smoke released (TSR) of the Cone Calorimeter

were compared to the flame spread index (FSI) and smoked developed index

(SDI) of the ASTM E-84 test. A direct correlation between the ASTM E-84 FSI

and Cone Calorimeter PHRR was established. This concept enables us to

screen FR formulations before conducting the full scale ASTM E-84 test.

Source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2001-0797.ch028

12
*National Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Association, Washington, D.C.

MARK W. WESTGATE

Τhe subject of fire retardancy through the use of protective coatings should

be approached

a little to the right of center --that is, with cautious but definite enthusiasm.

As with so many other chemical developments, including plastics, medicines,

drugs, insecticides, soil conditioners, even chlorophyll, a favorable beginning

for a product that seems to meet a long-felt pressing need of the consuming

public is soon overpromoted. For fire-retardant paints, as for so many of these

other badly needed products, overpromotion can be more harmful than

underpromotion. An example of overpromotion is to claim absolute

fireproofness for a product, and then rig a demonstration

that appears convincing. No paint film can be expected to withstand a fiery

holocaust for an extended period of time without yielding. Not even a sheet of

steel, many times thicker than the average paint film, could live up to such

claims. If, in addition, the so-called "fireproof" paint is deficient in a host of

normal paint properties,the public is doomed to disappointment. People are

led to expect so much, andthen receive so little, even in this age of chemical

miracles.This matter of misleading and deceptive wording is extremenly

important, not only for the ad writer, but also for the chemist, the engineer, the

underwriter, and theauthor of a building code. The use of the term "fire-

retardant" itself has confused paint research.

13
Fire-retardant action over steel is altogether different in principlefrom fire-

retardant action over wood or vegetable fiber wallboard. Is any one fire--

retarding agent to be preferred over another? It all depends on what you want

to prevent from becoming fuel to feed the flames -- is it the paint itself, or is it

the construction material underneath the paint?

It cannot be emphasized too strongly that dried paint films, instead of tending

to spread flame, actually retard it when compared with the same unpainted

surface. Therefore, it serves no good purpose for the purchaser of paint to

consider replacing all of his conventional painting with special fire-retardant

coatings. For special uses in hazardous areas where it is imperative to take

all possible safeguards, such special types of coatings have a definite utility.

Ordinary paints, particularly those with pigmentation intermediate between flat

and full gloss, possess a fair amount of fire retardance when exposed to

conditions existing during the first stages of a fire. This can be checked at a

bonfire by throwing on painted and unpainted boards, and observing which

catches fire first and which is consumed first.

The really worth-while features of improved types of actual paints that

possess considerable fire retardancy have not yet received enough attention.

Special pigments that fuse, release smothering gases, or react with the

combustible substrate—combined with special puffing vehicles to provide

insulation -- can be used to make coatings that are both fire-retardant and

acceptable paints in themselves.

14
A special top coat then becomes unnecessary. If these two features were

better known -- that ordinary paints as applied to ordinary

construction do not constitute an additional hazard; and that special paints

can be used to provide an extra measure of protection at critica l pomts by

retarding the initia l rate of spread of fire -- the proper climat e of public

opinion would prevail that would ensure the further development and use of

true fire-retardant paints.This symposium is a compilation of both new and

review information, laboratory data and field experience, the practical

viewpoint together with theoretical reasoning.

Well-rounded and representative as it is, this symposium would have been

strengthened by two additional papers. Circumstances prevented the invited

authors from participating,but fortunately they have both published articles

recently that are available in the literature.

The requirements of a good test for fire-retardant paints should be known to

all those concerned with their evaluation and usage. This problem of what

constitutes a proper test is a very serious one when it stands as a roadblock

in the path of progress.

A poor test is worse than no test at all . Too mil d -- it is dangerous to life

and property. Too severe --i t stifles progress. Too costly --i t becomes

imprac-tical and is rarely used. R. C . Hubbard covers this philosophy of

testing as related to fire-retardant paints in excellent fashion (2,3). H.L ,

15
Aldrich (1) covers the role of paint in atomic warfare, as well as in peacetime

disasters, in a sobering but definite

manner in six articles. His main thesis is that very littl e can be done about

preventing ignition in the primary blast zone, but that the radius of

conflagration can be reduced considerably by the use of heat-reflecting

paints, thereby reducing the possibility of setting up large uncontrollable fire

storms.

At the FATIPEC Conference held in Paris, June 3 to 6, 1951, an international

group of experts pooled their information. The papers were combined and

published under the French title , "Journées d'Étude sur les Peintures et

Vernis dans la Lutte contre le Feu," describing the role of paints and

varnishes in the war against fire.

John C . Moore and myself were honored to be invited to present some of the

work done at the laboratories of the Scientific Section of the National Paint,

Varnish and Lacquer Association.

Source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ba-1954-0009.ch001

16
LOCAL

Philippines - Filipino Inventor turns rice hull, river silt into fire-resistant

bricks

12/11/2010 – Many consider rice hull and river silt as waste by-products, but

for Emmanuel “Manny” Alkuino, these raw materials can be made into

something useful such as durable and fire-resistant bricks.

Manny’s bright idea came after months of research and hard work during the

1976 drought. He was then thinking of an alternative livelihood since he

cannot plant rice at the family farm. With a natural inclination for tinkering

things since he was a child, Manny thought of making bricks despite the

unavailability of clay in their area.

He shared that he would have chosen to take up an engineering course but

because his parents wanted him to help in their farm, he decided to pursue

his studies in Agriculture at the University of the Philippines Los Baños.

Manny did not realize the importance of his course until an exam he took

years ago reminded him that alluvial silt can be used to make bricks.

“During an exam in senior college, I remembered a question that asked, ‘If

you were to plant rice so it would be made resistant to rice bugs and prevent

the bugs’ proboscis from injecting genetic material inside very young rice

17
plants, what would you do?’ I remembered the answer very well because I got

that question wrong.”

The answer, said Manny, is to “put silica on the rice hull by genetic

engineering” so that over time, the rice hull will have more silica content and

will eventually become harder and stronger to prevent infection from rice

bugs. Silica or sulfur is the material that makes concrete durable.

“That was when I got the idea to use rice hull for making bricks by turning

them into ash,” said Manny.

To make the bricks more solid, Manny did months of research. He then

noticed the silt collecting at the river banks of Pulangi River. He gathered

them and combined it with rice hull. Alluvial silts are soil or granulized rocks

deposited at the bottom of the river or other bodies of water. The debris is

often ubiquitous in riverbanks after a strong downpour.

“The result was durable and fire resistant bricks that we can sell at a cheaper

cost compared to most construction materials like hollow blocks and cement,”

said Manny, who added that after patenting the process, he founded Sidlak

Pinoy Inc.

One of his five sons, Fredreich, who helps manage Sidlak Pinoy, said the

family-owned corporation can produce up to 10,000 fire bricks in a day using

18
state-of-the-art machine als invented and patented by his father. To date, the

fire bricks and machine are being sold to other towns in Bukidnon.

The process was sustainable and reduces wastes because the rice hulls are

used to fuel the kiln for baking the bricks and in turn become ashes. The rice

hulls’ ashes are collected as raw material for making bricks when combined

with silt.

“Fire bricks are five times stronger than cement and allow savings from use of

less cement because bricks have no hollows to be filled and do not require

finishing. Houses made of bricks are also resistant to termites that usually eat

up wood foundations of houses. Finally, in terms of aesthetics, bricks don’t

need paint because they are stylish and make houses cooler,” Fredreich said.

Manny added that bricks are “reusable” because old bricks can be recycled

after tearing down a house unlike concrete materials.

The Sidlakan bricks have undergone a battery of tests against heat, wind and

excessive rains. Stress tests on these bricks show that they are stable even

under extreme weather conditions.

Sidlak Pinoy has been tapped by anti-poverty housing project Gawad Kalinga.

The company has manufactured bricks in all sizes for homes in Mindanao,

including the project in Natidasan in the town of Malaybalay, Bukidnon.

19
In the future, Sidlak Pinoy is “seeking opportunities to make the fire brick

technologies useful to farming communities all over the country.”

“When we were delivering the bricks to them, they were amazed because

they often have the notion that bricks are used by more affluent families when

in fact, it is a common house building material in other Asian countries,”

Fredreich said.

Asked for a message to Filipinos, Manny said: “Our country is rich in natural

resources and the biggest resource we have is our people. We have a lot of

materials that can be converted to something useful, let us just look for ways

to discover these uses.”

Source: http://flar.org/en/philippines-filipino-inventor-turns-rice-hull-river-silt-

into-fire-resistant-bricks/

* Assessment of Crushed Oyster Shells as an External Coating to

Plywood as a Fire Retardant Material

Fire disaster consistently topped the most devastating disasters for decades

by record (flood disaster topped the list). Fire disasteris frequent in urban

areas locally due to the congestion of communities, considering the

increasing population of the country. Fire, as a disaster, is devastating and

could destroy lots of properties and worst, people’s lives.

20
Loss of such material things could be regained through time and work, but the

loss of lives would not be bearable unto a person. The disaster caused by fire

could be worse depending on its rate of expansion among its nearby areas.

Due to poverty, many people tend to be satisfied with houses constructed

using cheaper materials, not to mean substandard, and by small lots of land,

making houses near each other in an area or community. Interconnected

housing system is common locally, since it is one idea to maximize the area

of communities for the continuing increase of population in the country. The

population is exponentially growing with the large bulk concentrated in the

National Capital Region (France-Presse, 2013).

Structures, such as these, are mostly low-cost; though timber could not be

removed from a residential structure, availability of timber in these structures

is higher. Flammability is a disadvantage of timber; spread of fire would easily

destroy the structure including surrounding structures. Time of fire

propagation is so quick that continuous transition of fire will occur as long as it

makes contact with another inflammable material. The situation on this

system would be very much risky, since the structure itself is vulnerable to fire

and will lead to propagation of fire among nearby structures.

Fire disasters could be classified into what causes them, naturally or man-

made.

21
Natural fire occurrences are mostly involving forest fire. Man-made fire can

also be because of various reasons. These include faulty electrical wirings,

gas leakages, improper usage of candle lights, kitchen stoves, heating

equipment, indoor smoking, and etc. Most are due to irresponsibility and

accidents caused by human negligence and errors.

During these man-made disasters, service of fire fighters is needed to

salvage structures from fire and to prevent its expansion among other

structures. However, considering the place from which the fire fighters came

from, there would be a definite time of delay by which the service will come

from the needed area. This time of delay will cause the fire to grow and to

continuously devastate and destroy the affected area.

Considering the presence of timber and other inflammable materials in

interconnected buildings, occurrences of fire disasters may not be completely

avoided, but the spreading throughout the structure, may be delayed with the

use of fire retardant material.

Shell that comes from molluscs is a material that is common in the Philippines

due to its geographic position and archipelagic structure. Mollusc shells, in

general, mostly composed of minerals that help it maintain its hard state even

with the exposure of its environment. Molluscs are basically shell-covered

organism that is commonly used as asource of food locally.

22
The shell serves as a protective mechanism against mechanical and chemical

harmful effects on the molluscs flesh. Since the shell of the molluscs is not

edible, it is used for other purposes, crafting, decorative material for furniture,

oris put to waste. Other various events of wastage consider the edibility of

these shells, for example red tide, oil leakage near shores, etc.Instead of

being wasted, due to the shell’s protective properties, extension of its function

may be possible. Certain composition of the shell, when applied on a

material, might enhance some properties of material.

Source:

http://fs.mapua.edu.ph/MapuaLibrary/Thesis/Assessment%20of%20Crushed

%20Oyster%20Shells%20as%20an%20External%20Coating%20to%20Plywo

od.pdf

23
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the discussion on the research methodology, the

sampling technique, research procedure, respondents of the study, research

instrument and statistical treatment of data that will be used for precise data

analysis and interpretation.

Research Design

The descriptive and experimental research method will be used in this

study. Descriptive method will be used in evaluating the acceptability of

Fireproof paint as fire retardant compound in reducing fire disasters while

experimental method will be used in doing the product of paint that can be

made into Fireproof paint and find its effect to the painters, citizens and for

the future researchers.

An experimental research uses the scientific method to establish the

cause and effect relationship among a group of variables that make up the

study. It involves observation for a scientific purpose, usually to test cause

and effect relationships between variables under conditions which, as far as

possible, controlled by the researcher. It uses scientific observation, but more

than observation, it involves manipulation and control of phenomena. (USC

Libraries, 2017)

24
 In this study, descriptive research design was used in order to

determine the level of acceptability of sunflower tea as an alternative

treatment in reducing stress in terms of appearance, taste, smell, price and its

effectiveness. A survey will be conducted using researchers-made-

questionnaires to be answered by the choosen respondents.

Descriptive type of research gathers quantifiable information that can

be used for statistical reference from your respondents through data analysis.

This type of research takes the form of close ended questions which limits is

to provide unique insights. However, it can help an organization better define

and measures the significance of something about a group of respondents

and the population that they represent.

Respondents of the study

The respondents of the study will be the citizens and the painters

2017-2018.

Sampling Technique

Purposive sampling will be used by the researchers to find and

interview the prescribed number of population in different categories. The

researchers will select thirty (20) respondents in Santa Cruz, Laguna.

25
 This type of sampling can be very useful in situations when you need

to reach a targeted sample quickly, and where sampling for proportionality is

not the main concern. There are seven types of purposive samples, each

appropriate to a different research objective .

Research Instrument

The researchers made questionnaires to gather information from the

respondents. The questionnaire will consist of four (4) parts which

corresponds to appearance ,texture and odor of the “Fireproof Paint.”. Each

criterion will contain five (5) questions answerable by simply checking

appropriate column using a scale with its corresponding interpretation.

Research Procedure

The title proposed by the researchers were checked by the

researcher’s teacher These questionnaires was analyzed and checked by the

researcher’s teacher to ensure the validity of the questionnaire.

26
Materials, Tools and Ingredients

Table 1: Materials

Materials Description

Paint any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic

composition that, after application to

a substrate in a thin layer, converts to

a solid film.

Alum also known as potassium alum or

potash alum, has a molecular formula

of K2(SO4)

Borax an important boron compound, a

mineral, and the salt of boric acid.

Paint Brush

Table 1 below illustrates the list of materials that will be used.

27
 Table 2: Tools and Equipment

Tools and Equipment Description

Craft of wood wood cut into boards from the trunk of

the tree

Gas stove burner uses natural gas, propane, butane,

liquefied petroleum gas or other

flammable gas as a fuel source

Table 1 below illustrates the list of tools that will be used.

Construction Procedure

1. Preparing the Materials (Paint brush,Paint Alum)

2. Make sure that your materials are reliable and legit

Figure 1. Paint Brush

28
Figure 2. Paint

Figure 3. Alum

29
3. Pouring the alum to the paint

Figure 4. Pouring

4. Mixing the alum and paint using the paint brush

Figure 5. Mixture

30
5. Applying the paint with alum to a craft of wood.

Figure 6. Applying

6. Waiting for the paint to dry

7. The wood were subjected to a fire and tested its combustibility.

Figure 7. Testing the combustibility

31
 Table 1. Time of Combustion

Table 1 shows that the wood did not burn easily. It was observed that as the

alum increase the burning process delayed.

Trials and Revision

In preparing the Fireproof paint, the researchers will also experience

struggles in enhancing the product.

32
Table 2. Trials and Revisions

Trials Preparations Results Revisions

1 We prepared the It did last long We removed

materials and and retard the borax to the

then mixed the burning process paint and

alum and borax but the

to the paint and appearance is

subjected to a not that good.

fire.

2 We prepared the It did retard the

materials and burning process

then mixed the and the

alum only to the appearance is

paint and much more

subjected to a better without

fire. borax.

33
Construction Time Frame

This time frame will be used to have the best results of the Fireproof

paint as shown below:

Table 3. Construction Time Frame

Activities 5minutes- 1hour- 3hours- 10hours- 15hours-

1 hour 3hours 10hours 15hours 1day

Preparing 6minutes

Mixing 20minutes

Applying 3minutes

Drying 8 hours

Subjecting 5minutes

Cost of Production
This table examine the cost in making Fireproof paint.

Materials Costs
Paint Php. 170.00
Alum Php. 550.00
Paintbrush Php. 15.00
Borax Php. 110.00
Total PHP. 845.00

Table 4. Shows the list of materials and their total costs.

34
Statistical treatment

The data obtained will be treated statistically with the use of weighted

mean to determine the level of acceptability of the “Sunflower tea” as an

alternative treatment in reducing stress in terms of appearance, smell, taste

and price.

Weighted average is a mean calculated by giving values in a data set

more influence according to some attribute of the data. It is an average in

which each quantity to be averaged is assigned a weight, and these

weightings determine the relative importance of each quantity on the average.

Standard deviation will also be used to have an enhanced idea on how

data entries vary from the mean. It is calculated as the square root of

variance. The more spread the data, the higher the deviation.

Because the researchers aim to determine the difference among the

ratings of the two (2) groups of respondents, T-test will be used.

35
 Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter includes the presentation, analysis and interpretation of

data gathered to answer all questions related to the main problem of the

study. This includes the different tables showing the Acceptability of Fireproof

paint in terms of appearance, texture and odor.

Methods of Preparation

Prepare the Make sure that Pouring the

your materials
materials are reliable and
alum to the
legit paint

Mixing the Applying the Waiting for

alum and paint paint with the paint to
using the paint alum to a craft
dry
brush of wood

Testing the
combustibility

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 Figure 8. Flow Chart in making Fireproof Paint

The flow chart shows the methods of preparation in order to produce

Fireproof paint. It includes the preparation of all the materials needed,mixing

the materials, applying the paint into a scrap of wood, drying the wood and

subjecting the wood into the fire.

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