9

Development of Reinforcement

Splices of Bars
3. Development of Flexural Reinforcement
1. Development of Reinforcement in Tension 2. Development of Reinforcement ¼ ¼ð Þð Þ¼
Critical locations are points of maximum stress or 25.5.4 Lap splice lengths of welded plain wire reinforce-
ld in Compression points at which adjacent reinforcement terminates. ACI ment in tension Splices of Bars in Compression
ACI 318 permits three ways to develop bars in tension. Splices of Bars in Tension
Secs. 12.10 through 12.12 give requirements for extend-
T
• straight embedment of the bar beyond the point Hooks are ineffective in compression and only straight In accordance with ACI Sec. 12.16.1, the length of a lap
ing flexural reinforcement beyond critical locations. Lap splices for bars in tension, in accordance with ACI 25.5.4.1 Tension lap splice length ℓst of welded plain wire
straight embedment counts. ACI Sec. 12.3 gives the compression splice for bars in compression must not be less than
A. ldh
embedment of maximum stress
• extending the bar a sufficient distance beyond the The basic development length for bars in compression is
Sec. 12.14, may not be used either for bars larger than
no. 11 or for bundled bars. In flexural members, the
reinforcement in tension between outermost cross wires of
each reinforcement sheet shall be at least the greatest of (a)
12 in and is given by
T
specified in ACI Sec. 12.3.2 as simply supported beam. Development of Positive Moment transverse spacing between lap splices shall not exceed through (c):
point of maximum stress and providing a properly Development of Negative Moment l s ¼ 0:0005f y d b ½ f y  60;000 lbf=in2 
ACI 90⬚ hook Reinforcement one-fifth of the lap length, or 6 in. Within a bundle,
B. detailed 90◦ or 180◦ hook
0:02d b f y Figure 1.20 Curtailment of Reinforcement To allow for variations in the applied loads, ACI
Reinforcement individual bar splices must not overlap, and the lap
(a) s + 2 in. l s ¼ ð0:0009f y  24Þd b ½ f y > 60;000 lbf=in2 
• providing mechanical anchorage in the form of a l dc ¼ pffiffiffiffi0 To allow for variation in the applied loads, ACI length for each bar must be increased by 20% for a
T
fc Sec. 12.11.1 requires a minimum of one-third of the three-bar bundle and 33% for a four-bar bundle. (b) 1.5ℓd
mechanical properly welded cross bar or plate theoretical cutoff Sec. 12.12 requires a minimum of one-third of the nega-
anchorage
point for 2 bars
4 bars fully stressed positive reinforcement in a simply supported beam or (c) 6 in. An increase in the lap length of 33% is required when
governs for normal weight concrete one-fourth of the positive reinforcement in a continuous tive reinforcement at a support to extend past the point The length of a lap splice may not be less than 12 in nor
 0:0003d b f y Mu of inflection not less than the effective depth of the the concrete strength is less than 3000 lbf/in2. When
when f 0c  4444 lbf=in2 moment = maximum beam to extend not less than 6 in into the support. This less than the values given by ACI Sec. 12.15, which are where s is the spacing of cross wires and ℓd is calculated in bars of different sizes are lap spliced, ACI Sec. 12.16.2
2 moment = Mu is shown in Fig. 1.21. beam, 12 times the bar diameter, or one-sixteenth of
the clear span. This is shown in Fig. 1.22. accordance with 25.4.7.2(b). specifies that the lap length must be the larger of the
The actual development length, ld, is obtained by multi- Figure 1.21 Positive Moment Reinforcement class A splice length ¼ 1:0l d splice length of the smaller bar or the development
plying ldc by the length of the larger bar.
2–No. 9 class B splice length ¼ 1:3l d
2–No. 9
Figure 1.22 Negative Moment Reinforcement 25.5.4.2 If As,provided/As,required ≥ 2.0 over the length of the
. excess reinforcement factor specified in ACI
Sec. 12.3.3(a) la splice, ℓst measured between outermost cross wires of each In accordance with ACI Sec. 12.17.2, lap lengths for
PI A class A splice may be used only when the reinforce- reinforcement sheet shall be permitted to be the greater of columns may be reduced by 17% when ties are provided
required ln ment area provided is at least twice that required and
AsðrequiredÞ ⩾ 12db ⩾ ⩾d (a) and (b). with an effective area of 0.0015hs and may be reduced
E xr ¼ extension
la = 6 in ⩾ 0.33As As ⩾ 0.25As As ⩾ 0.33As 16 when, in addition, not more than one-half of the total by 25% in a spirally reinforced column. When tensile
AsðprovidedÞ ⩾ 0.33As As
⩾d reinforcement is spliced within the lap length. Other-
wise, as shown in Table 1.6, a class B tension lap splice (a) 1.5ℓd stress exceeding 0.5fy occurs in a column, a class B
⩾ 12db tension lap splice can be used. A class A tension lap
. confinement factor specified in ACI Sec. 12.3.3(b) is required. (b) 2 in.
⩾ ld Mn 1.3Mn
splice is adequate provided that the tensile stress does
ACI Sec. 12.2.5 specifies that when excess reinforcement ld ⩽ + la ld ⩽ + la not exceed 0.5fy, not more than one-half of the bars are
A. Straight Embedment B. Development of Standard Hooks in Tension
C f ¼ 0:75
Vu Vu
Table 1.6 Tension Lap Splices
where ℓd is calculated by 25.4.7.2(b). spliced at the same location, and alternate splices are
is provided in a member, the development length may end
be reduced by multiplying by the factor As(required)/ The basic development length for hooked bars in tension girder maximum percentage of As
COMMENTARY staggered by ld; otherwise, a class B tension lap splice is
interior end
⎛ ⎞ As(provided). This reduction factor may not be applied is specified in ACI Sec. 12.5.2 as The confinement factor is applicable when spiral rein- spliced within lap length required.
  column column ln = clear span
AsðrequiredÞ when development is required for the yield strength of forcement is provided with a minimum diameter of continuous beam or girder.
⎜ ψt ψe ψs ⎟ 0:075f y Ct Ce Cs l d 0:075f y Ct Ce Cs E xr To ensure that allowable bond stresses are not exceeded, As provided
ld =
3
40
f
y
λ fc
⎜ ⎟
⎝ cb + Ktr ⎠ db or ld
db
¼ pffiffiffiffi0
f c ðcb þ K tr Þ
or db
¼ pffiffiffiffi
f c0 ðcb þ K tr Þ
E xr ¼
AsðprovidedÞ
the reinforcement, as is the case for shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement specified in ACI Sec. 7.12,
⎧
⎪
⎪
   CHAPTER 15 GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION CHAPTER 15 GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION
0.25 in and a maximum pitch of 4 in. Alternatively,
ACI Sec. 12.11.3 requires a bar diameter to be chosen As required
50 100
⎪ no. 4 ties or larger may be provided at a maximum
⎪
⎪
0 0.02ψ e fy d b
Design Aid 15.4.4 Required Development Lengthsa, in., for Reinforcing Bars (Grade 60) (Cont.) 15.4 MATERIAL PROPERTIES — REINFORCING BARS
such that its development length, in the case of a beam
db db db occurs at a
100 in2 integrity reinforcement specified in ACI Sec. 7.13, posi- ⎨C
⎪
⎪
b T f E xr
0.7  Minimum tension embedment lengths ldh for standard hooks, in.
Design Aid 15.4.1 Reinforcing Bar Data
spacing of 4 in. The minimum allowable value for ld 2 or more class A class B
framing into a girder, is given by
10% more ¼ ≥⎪ λ fc ASTM standard reinforcing bars

⎪
General use (non-seismic) [see ACI 318-05, Sections 12.5.2 and 12.5.3(a)]
tive moment reinforcement specified in ACI Sec. 12.11, is 8 in. Table 1.5 provides values of the basic develop- less than 2 class B class B
ldh ⎪ ¼ 0:75 Normalweight concrete, fc′, psi Bar size Nominal dimensions

l d  12 in 110 in2 ⎪
⎪
Bar size, #
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 ≥ 10,000 designationa Diameter Area Weight or mass

qffiffiffiffi
and tension lap splices specified in ACI Sec. 12.15. ⎪
⎪ 8db ¼ 1:0 ½for all other cases 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 U.S. customary, # SI, # in. mm in.2 mm2 lb/ft kg/m
ment length for grade 60 bars. Mn
⎪
4 8 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 3 10 0.375 9.5 0.11 71 0.376 0.560

⎩ Ce ¼ 1:2 5 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 6 4 13 0.500 12.7 0.20 129 0.668 0.994

ld  þ la ½ACI 12-5
f c0  100 lbf=in2 6 in ¼ 1:0 ½for all other cases
6
7
12
14
10
12
9
11
8
10
8
9
7
9
7
8
6
7
5
6
7
16
19
22
0.625
0.750
0.875
15.9
19.1
22.2
0.31
0.44
0.60
199
284
387
1.043
1.502
2.044
1.552
2.235
3.042
The requirements for bundled bars in compression are Vu In determining the relevant development length, all
8 16 14 12 11 10 10 9 8

 ACI Sec. 12.2.2 also provides the following simplified, 9

10
18
20
15
17
14
15
13
14
12
13
11
12
10
11
9
11
8
9
25
29
1.000
1.128
25.4
28.7
0.79
1.00
510
645
2.670
3.400
3.973
5.060 identical to those applicable to bundled bars in tension. applicable modifiers are used with the exception of that
Mn is the nominal strength assuming all reinforcement is for excess reinforcement. The development length, ld, is Fig. R25.5.4.1—Lap splices of plain welded wire reinforce-
10 32 1.270 32.3 1.27 819 4.303 6.404
11 22 19 17 16 14 14 13 12

cb þ K tr conservative values. Notes: 1. Side cover ≥ 21⁄ 2 in.

11
14
36
43
1.410
1.693
35.8
43.0
1.56
2.25
1006
1452
5.313
7.650
7.907
11.380

 2:5 2. End cover (90 deg hooks) ≥ 2 in.

3. When the full ldh cannot be provided, do not prorate As provided for interpolation or other means. Use a smaller diameter bar for which ldh
can be provided.
18 57 2.257 57.3 4.00 2581 13.600 20.240
Table 1.5 Values of ldb for Grade 60 Bars in Compression
stressed to the specified yield stress, fy, Vu is the factored determined by using the values for clear spacing, cs, ment where As, provided/As, required < 2.
db . Using a minimum clear spacing of 2db, a minimum Minimum tension embedment lengths ldh for standard hooks, in.
a. Many mills will mark and supply bars only with metric (SI) designation, which is a soft conversion. Soft conversion means that the metric (SI) bars have exactly

shear force at the section, and la is the embedment indicated in Fig. 1.23 and Fig. 1.24.
R25.5.4.2.
the same dimensions and properties as the equivalent U.S. customary designation.
Special confinement (non-seismic) [see ACI 318-05, Section 12.5.3(b)]

40 Atr cs < c ccs < cs clear cover to flexural reinforcement of db, and in the 15 Bar size, #
Normalweight concrete, fc′, psi
15 Standard hooks Stirrup and tie-hooks concrete strength (lbf/in2) length beyond the center of the support.
K tr =
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 ≥ 10,000
cb = distance from center of bar to nearest in cb = cs cb = c 3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Detailing
dimension
Hook
A or G

≥ 4444
db

sn absence of stirrups, 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
bar size no. 3000 3500 4000
No. 3 stirrup at spacing s Table 1.4 Values of ld /db for Grade 60 Bars with Ce = Ct = = 1.0 5 8 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 J
For the case of a beam framing into a column, ACI

A or G

A or G
12db for #6, 7, 8

Hook
6 10 8 7 7 6 6 6 6
n = number of bars or wires being spliced or fyt = 60,000 psi D 6db for #3, 4, 5

l d 0:04f y Ct Ce
7
8
11
13
10
11
9
10
8
9
7
8
7
8
6
7
6
6
4d or 21/2 in. minimum 3 8.2 7.6 7.1 6.8 Sec. R12.11.3 requires a bar diameter to be chosen such
developed along the plane of splitting ¼ pffiffiffiffi ½for d b no: 6 or smaller
H

Figure 1.23 Value of cs for Lap Splices

dimension
bar size ≤ no. 6 bar size ≥ no. 7
9 14 12 11 10 9 9 8 7

dimension
4 11.0 10.1 9.5 9.0 that its development length is given by
f 0c
J

Detailing
Detailing
Detailing

f c0
10 16 14 12 11 11 10 9 9 6db

s = maximum center-to-center spacing of in db 11 18 15 14 13 12 12 10 10 db dimension db

D

5 13.7 12.7 11.9 11.3

(lbf/in2) a b a b Notes: 1. Side cover ≥ 21⁄ 2 in.

transverse reinforcement within ld case 1 case 2 case 1 case 2 2. End cover (90 deg hooks) ≥ 2 in.
A or G
D D
beam column
3. When the full ldh cannot be provided, do not prorate As provided for interpolation or other means. Use a smaller diameter bar for which ldh
D 12db 6 16.4 15.2 14.2 13.5 Mn
l d 1:3 þ la
can be provided.
horizontal
Atr = total cross-sectional area of all transverse in2 2cs crack 2cs l d 0:05f y Ct Ce 3000 44 66 55 82 Bars with standard hooks
Bar size, 180° 90° 90° 135° 7 19.2 17.8 16.6 15.8 Vu Fig. R12.11.3—Concept for determining maximum bar size
¼ pffiffiffiffi
D D
½for d b no: 7 or larger
ldh
cs cs vertical ldh # A or G J A or G A or G A or G H

reinforcement that is within the spacing 3500 41 61 51 76 db

8 21.9 20.3 19.0 18.0 per 12.11.3.
f c0
3 21⁄4 5 3 6 11⁄2 4 41/4 21⁄2
crack a
db AsFy AsFy
a
4
5
3
33⁄4
6
7
4
5
8
10
2
21⁄2
41⁄2
6
41⁄2
51⁄2
3
33⁄4
sand that crosses the potential plane of 4000 38 57 47 71 9 24.7 22.9 21.4 20.3 At a point of inflection, PI, ACI Sec. 12.11.3 requires a
25.4.2.3
db 6 41⁄2 8 6 1–0 41⁄2 1–0 8 41⁄2
c c 12db
7 51⁄4a 10 7 1–2 51⁄4 1–2 9 51⁄4
splitting through the reinforcement being . Using a minimum clear spacing of db, a minimum 4500 36 54 45 67 8 6a 11 8 1–4 6 1–4 101⁄2 6 10 27.8 25.8 24.1 22.9 bar diameter to be chosen such that its development Fig. R25.5.4.2—Lap splices of plain welded wire reinforce-
s 4db or 2 /2 in.
1

minimum s 9 9 1–3 111⁄4 1–7

where n is the number developed

of bars or wires being developed or Ab = 0.11 in2, Atr = 0.22 in2, n = 3 Ab = 0.11 in2, Atr = 0.11 in2, n = 1 5000 34 51 42 64 Standard 180 deg hook Standard 90 deg hook 10 10 1–5 1–01⁄2 1–10
11 30.9 28.6 26.8 25.4 length is given by
clear cover to flexural reinforcement of db, and mini- ment where As, provided/As, required ≥ 2.
Dimension a = 4db for #3 through #8,h= 5db for #9, #10, and #11 h U.S. customary units: in. or ft-in.
Fig. R12.5—Hooked bar details for development of standard Modification factors:
11 11 1–7 1–13⁄4 2–0

lap spliced along the plane of splitting. It shall be permitted

14 1–51⁄2 2–3 1–9 2–7
40Atr 2.9 40Atr 4.4 Grade 40 bars = 0.67
Ktr = =
s
Ktr = =
s mum stirrups specified in ACI Eq. 11-13, hooks. Lightweight concrete = 1.3
18 1–101⁄2 3–0 2–3 3–5

R25.5.5 Lap splice lengths of deformed bars in compres-

sn sn a. ASTM A767 requires that bars bent cold prior to hot-dip galvanizing must be fabricated to a minimum bend diameter equal to 7 in. for #7

to use Ktr = 0 as a design simplification even if transverse Mn

Epoxy-coated reinforcement = 1.2
a
For case 1, clear cover ≥ db and clear spacing ≥ 2db; or, clear cover bar and 8 in. for #8 bar.

≥ db, clear spacing ≥ db, and with minimum stirrups. 15–40 First Printing/CD-ROM Edition PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION 15–34 PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION
ld  þ maximum of d or 12d b
reinforcement is present.
First Printing/CD-ROM Edition

b
ACI Sec. 12.5.3 permits reducing ldh by the factor Vu
l d 0:04f y Ct Ce For case 2, all other conditions apply.
¼ pffiffiffiffi ½for d b no: 6 or smaller Alternatively, at a simple support, ACI Sec. 12.11.3
db f c0 . the cover factor for bars not exceeding size no. 11,
of deformed bars and deformed wires in tension specifies that the reinforcement may terminate in a
Ct C e  1:7 with side covers not less than 2.5 in and end covers standard hook beyond the centerline of the support.
Modification Value of l d 0:05f y Ct Ce not less than 2.0 in cs cs
factor Condition factor
¼ pffiffiffiffi ½for d b no: 7 or larger Fig. R12.10.2—Development of flexural reinforcement in a
db f c0 C b ¼ 0:7 ½for conditions specified above typical continuous beam.
Lightweight concrete 0.75
Lightweight Lightweight concrete, where fct is pffiffiffiffi
¼ 1:0 ½for all other conditions In addition to the previous requirements, ACI Sec. 12.10.5 Figure 1.24 Value of cs in Slabs and Walls
f ct =6:7 f c0  1:0 . For all other cases,
λ specified requires that one of the following conditions be satisfied
. the tie factor for bars not exceeding size no. 11, with non-staggered staggered
Normalweight concrete 1.0 at the physical cutoff point.
ties provided perpendicular to the bar being devel- Fig. R12.5.3(a)—Ties or stirrups placed perpendicular to
l d 0:06f y Ct Ce oped over the full development length at a spacing
the bar being developed, spaced along the development
¼ pffiffiffiffi ½for d b no: 6 or smaller length ldh.
. The factored shear force at the cutoff point does not
= 1.5 for epoxy-coated bars with cover
1.5 db f c0 not exceeding 3db; or for a 90  hook with ties pro-
5 3db or clear spacing 5 6db vided, parallel to the bar being developed, along the exceed two-thirds of the shear capacity,
Vn.
coating factor cs
Epoxy[1] l d 0:075f y Ct Ce
tail extension of the hook plus bend at a spacing not . Additional stirrups with a minimum area of
¼ pffiffiffiffi ½for d b no: 7 or larger exceeding 3db Fig. R12.12—Development of negative moment reinforcement.
ψe 60bws/fyt are provided along the terminated bar cs
for all other epoxy-coated bars 1.2 db f c0 for a distance of 0.75d at a maximum spacing of
cs
T f ¼ 0:8
Uncoated or zinc-coated (galvanized)
d/8 b.
reinforcement
1.0 Development of bundled bars
. the excess reinforcement factor
Fig. R12.5.3(b)—Ties or stirrups placed parallel to the bar
being developed, spaced along the length of the tail extension . For no. 11 bars and smaller, the continuing reinforce-
Size
No. 7 and larger bars 1.0  of the hook plus bend.
ment provides twice the flexural capacity required,
No. 6 and smaller bars and deformed The code sets an upper bound on the value of fc of AsðrequiredÞ and the factored shear force at the cutoff point does
ψs 0.8
wires 100 psi and a lower bound on ld of 12 in. ACI defines E xr ¼ not exceed three-fourths of the shear capacity,
Vn.
AsðprovidedÞ
the development length of single bars in bundles as
Casting 1.3 for horizontal bar with more than
1.3
position[1] 12 in of concrete below • for two-bar bundles, the length of the individual
For hooked bars at the discontinuous end of a member
ψt bar with cover of less than 2.5 in, ties must be provided, over
Other bars 1.0
[1]
The product ψ ψ need not exceed 1.7.
• for three-bar bundles, the length of the individual the full development length, at a spacing not exceeding
GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION CHAPTER 15 Fig. R12.5.4—Concrete cover per 12.5.4.
bar increased by 20% 3db. The modification factor for this condition is 1.0.
Design Aid 15.4.4 Required Development Lengths,a in., for Reinforcing Bars (Grade 60)
Tension development length:
d
(f) For tension lap splices, item (e) does not apply.
Lap splice lengths must conform to ACI 318-05,
• for four-bar bundles, the length of the individual In accordance with ACI Sec. 12.5.1, the minimum allow- Tests12.14 indicate that the development length for hooked
ld = 2400 b ' ; min. 12 in. (#6 and smaller) bars should be increased by 20 percent to account for
fc Section 12.15.
Compression development length:
bar increased by 33% able value for the actual development length ldh is reduced bond when reinforcement is epoxy coated.
d
ld = 3000 b ' ; min. 12 in. (#7 and larger) 1200d b
fc ldc = larger of or 18db but no less than 8 in.
fc'
Note: For Grade 40 bars, replace 2400 and 3000 with 1600
and 2000, respectively. Note: For Grade 40 bars, replace 1200 with 800 and 18 with l dh  8d b
12.
Multiply ld values by : Multiply ld values by:
(a) 1.3 for lightweight concrete
(b) 1.3 for “top bars”b
(a) As (required)/As (provided) for excess  6 in
reinforcement
(c) 1.5 for epoxy-coated bars with cover < 3db or clear (b) 0.75 for adequate spiral or tie enclosure
spacing < 6db, otherwise multiply by 1.2 (see ACI 318-05, Section 12.3.3b)
Note: Product of factors (b) and (c) need not exceed Compression splice lap length:
1.7. Lap length = 30db; min. 12 in. for fy = 60,000 psi
(d) 1.5 for bars with less than minimum stirrups or ties, Lap length = (0.0009fy – 24) db for fy > 60,000 psi
clear spacing less than 2db, or clear cover less than
db
The values of fc' used in these equations shall not exceed
(e) As (required)/As (provided) for excess reinforce-ment
100 psi (see ACI 318-05, Section 12.1.2).
unless development of fy is specifically required. This
multiplier is not to be applied to lap splices per
ACI 318-05, Section R12.15.1. 15

fc' = 3000 psi fc' = 4000 psi fc' = 5000 psi fc' = 6000 psi
Bar Com- Com- Com- Com- Min.
size, Tension pres- Tension pres- Tension pres- Tension pres- comp.
# sion sion sion sion splice
ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld
3 16 21 25 8 14 18 21 8 13 17 19 8 12 15 17 8 12
4 22 28 33 11 19 25 28 9 17 22 25 9 15 20 23 9 15
5 27 36 41 14 24 31 36 12 21 28 32 11 19 25 29 11 19
6 33 43 49 16 28 37 43 14 25 33 38 14 23 30 35 14 23
7 48 62 72 19 42 54 62 17 37 48 56 16 34 44 51 16 26
8 55 71 82 22 47 62 71 19 42 55 64 18 39 50 58 18 30
9 62 80 93 25 54 70 80 21 48 62 72 20 44 57 66 20 34
10 70 90 104 28 60 78 90 24 54 70 81 23 49 64 74 23 38
11 77 100 116 31 67 87 100 27 60 78 90 25 55 71 82 25 42

fc' = 7000 psi fc' = 8000 psi fc' = 9000 psi fc' ≥ 10,000 psi
Bar Com- Com- Com- Com- Min.
size, Tension pres- Tension pres- Tension pres- Tension pres- comp.
# sion sion sion sion splice
ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld
3 12 14 16 8 12 13 15 8 12 12 14 8 9 12 14 8 12
4 14 19 22 9 13 17 20 9 13 16 19 8 12 16 18 8 15
5 18 23 27 11 17 22 25 11 16 21 24 8 15 20 23 8 19
6 22 28 32 14 20 26 30 14 19 25 28 9 18 23 27 9 23
7 31 41 47 16 29 38 44 16 28 36 42 11 26 34 39 11 26
8 36 47 54 18 34 44 50 18 32 41 47 13 30 39 45 12 30
9 40 53 61 20 38 49 57 20 36 46 54 14 34 44 51 14 34
10 46 59 68 23 43 55 64 23 40 52 60 16 38 49 56 15 38
11 51 66 76 25 47 61 71 25 45 58 67 17 41 54 62 17 42
a. For limitations and items related to hooked bars, stirrups or ties in excess of minimum, and spacing of non-contact lap splices, etc., see ACI 318-05, Chapter 12.
b. A top bar is any horizontal reinforcement placed such that more than 12 in. of fresh concrete is cast below the development length.
Note: comp. = compression; min. = minimum.

PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION First Printing/CD-ROM Edition 15–39

GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION CHAPTER 15

Design Aid 15.4.4 Required Development Lengths,a in., for Reinforcing Bars (Grade 60)
Tension development length: (f) For tension lap splices, item (e) does not apply.
d Lap splice lengths must conform to ACI 318-05,
ld = 2400 b ' ; min. 12 in. (#6 and smaller)
fc Section 12.15.
db Compression development length:
ld = 3000 ; min. 12 in. (#7 and larger) 1200d b
fc' ldc = larger of or 18db but no less than 8 in.
fc'
Note: For Grade 40 bars, replace 2400 and 3000 with 1600
and 2000, respectively. Note: For Grade 40 bars, replace 1200 with 800 and 18 with
12.
Multiply ld values by : Multiply ld values by:
(a) 1.3 for lightweight concrete (a) As (required)/As (provided) for excess
(b) 1.3 for “top bars”b reinforcement
(c) 1.5 for epoxy-coated bars with cover < 3db or clear (b) 0.75 for adequate spiral or tie enclosure
spacing < 6db, otherwise multiply by 1.2 (see ACI 318-05, Section 12.3.3b)
Note: Product of factors (b) and (c) need not exceed Compression splice lap length:
1.7. Lap length = 30db; min. 12 in. for fy = 60,000 psi
(d) 1.5 for bars with less than minimum stirrups or ties, Lap length = (0.0009fy – 24) db for fy > 60,000 psi
clear spacing less than 2db, or clear cover less than
db
The values of fc' used in these equations shall not exceed
(e) As (required)/As (provided) for excess reinforce-ment
100 psi (see ACI 318-05, Section 12.1.2).
unless development of fy is specifically required. This
multiplier is not to be applied to lap splices per
ACI 318-05, Section R12.15.1. 15

fc' = 3000 psi fc' = 4000 psi fc' = 5000 psi fc' = 6000 psi
Bar Com- Com- Com- Com- Min.
size, Tension pres- Tension pres- Tension pres- Tension pres- comp.
# sion sion sion sion splice
ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld
3 16 21 25 8 14 18 21 8 13 17 19 8 12 15 17 8 12
4 22 28 33 11 19 25 28 9 17 22 25 9 15 20 23 9 15
5 27 36 41 14 24 31 36 12 21 28 32 11 19 25 29 11 19
6 33 43 49 16 28 37 43 14 25 33 38 14 23 30 35 14 23
7 48 62 72 19 42 54 62 17 37 48 56 16 34 44 51 16 26
8 55 71 82 22 47 62 71 19 42 55 64 18 39 50 58 18 30
9 62 80 93 25 54 70 80 21 48 62 72 20 44 57 66 20 34
10 70 90 104 28 60 78 90 24 54 70 81 23 49 64 74 23 38
11 77 100 116 31 67 87 100 27 60 78 90 25 55 71 82 25 42

fc' = 7000 psi fc' = 8000 psi fc' = 9000 psi fc' ≥ 10,000 psi
Bar Com- Com- Com- Com- Min.
size, Tension pres- Tension pres- Tension pres- Tension pres- comp.
# sion sion sion sion splice
ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld ld 1.3ld 1.5ld ld
3 12 14 16 8 12 13 15 8 12 12 14 8 9 12 14 8 12
4 14 19 22 9 13 17 20 9 13 16 19 8 12 16 18 8 15
5 18 23 27 11 17 22 25 11 16 21 24 8 15 20 23 8 19
6 22 28 32 14 20 26 30 14 19 25 28 9 18 23 27 9 23
7 31 41 47 16 29 38 44 16 28 36 42 11 26 34 39 11 26
8 36 47 54 18 34 44 50 18 32 41 47 13 30 39 45 12 30
9 40 53 61 20 38 49 57 20 36 46 54 14 34 44 51 14 34
10 46 59 68 23 43 55 64 23 40 52 60 16 38 49 56 15 38
11 51 66 76 25 47 61 71 25 45 58 67 17 41 54 62 17 42
a. For limitations and items related to hooked bars, stirrups or ties in excess of minimum, and spacing of non-contact lap splices, etc., see ACI 318-05, Chapter 12.
b. A top bar is any horizontal reinforcement placed such that more than 12 in. of fresh concrete is cast below the development length.
Note: comp. = compression; min. = minimum.

PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION First Printing/CD-ROM Edition 15–39

 CHAPTER 15 GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION

Design Aid 15.4.4 Required Development Lengthsa, in., for Reinforcing Bars (Grade 60) (Cont.)

Minimum tension embedment lengths ldh for standard hooks, in.

General use (non-seismic) [see ACI 318-05, Sections 12.5.2 and 12.5.3(a)]
Normalweight concrete, fc′, psi
Bar size, #
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 ≥ 10,000
3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
4 8 7 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 6
6 12 10 9 8 8 7 7 6
7 14 12 11 10 9 9 8 7
8 16 14 12 11 10 10 9 8
9 18 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
10 20 17 15 14 13 12 11 11
11 22 19 17 16 14 14 13 12

Notes: 1. Side cover ≥ 21⁄ 2 in.

2. End cover (90 deg hooks) ≥ 2 in.
3. When the full ldh cannot be provided, do not prorate As provided for interpolation or other means. Use a smaller diameter bar for which ldh
can be provided.

Minimum tension embedment lengths ldh for standard hooks, in.

Special confinement (non-seismic) [see ACI 318-05, Section 12.5.3(b)]
Normalweight concrete, fc′, psi
15 Bar size, #
3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 ≥ 10,000
3 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
5 8 7 6 6 6 6 6 6
6 10 8 7 7 6 6 6 6
7 11 10 9 8 7 7 6 6
8 13 11 10 9 8 8 7 6
9 14 12 11 10 9 9 8 7
10 16 14 12 11 11 10 9 9
11 18 15 14 13 12 12 10 10

Notes: 1. Side cover ≥ 21⁄ 2 in.

2. End cover (90 deg hooks) ≥ 2 in.
3. When the full ldh cannot be provided, do not prorate As provided for interpolation or other means. Use a smaller diameter bar for which ldh
can be provided.

Bars with standard hooks

ldh ldh
db
a a

AsFy AsFy
db
12db

s 4db or 21/2 in.

minimum s
Standard 180 deg hook Standard 90 deg hook
Dimension a = 4db for #3 through #8,h= 5db for #9, #10, and #11 h
Modification factors:
Grade 40 bars = 0.67
Lightweight concrete = 1.3
Epoxy-coated reinforcement = 1.2

15–40 First Printing/CD-ROM Edition PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION

GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION CHAPTER 15

Design Aid 15.4.5 Bar Area Equivalents in a 1-Foot-Wide Section

Bar Reinforcing bar size (nominal diameter [in.])

Area
spacing #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 range
c/c, in. (0.375) (0.500) (0.625) (0.750) (0.875) (1.000) (1.128) (1.270) (1.410)
2 0.66 1.20 1.86 2.64 3.60 4.74 Exceeds min. bar clear
21⁄2 0.53 0.96 1.49 2.11 2.88 3.79 4.80 spacing of db
3 0.44 0.80 1.24 1.76 2.40 3.16 4.00 5.08 6.24
31⁄2 0.38 0.69 1.06 1.51 2.06 2.71 3.43 4.35 5.35
4 0.33 0.60 0.93 1.32 1.80 2.37 3.00 3.81 4.68
41⁄2 0.29 0.53 0.83 1.17 1.60 2.11 2.67 3.39 4.16 > 3.0 in.2
5 0.26 0.48 0.74 1.06 1.44 1.90 2.40 3.05 3.74
51⁄2 0.24 0.44 0.68 0.96 1.31 1.72 2.18 2.77 3.40
6 0.22 0.40 0.62 0.88 1.20 1.58 2.00 2.54 3.12
61⁄2 0.20 0.37 0.57 0.81 1.11 1.46 1.85 2.34 2.88
7 0.19 0.34 0.53 0.75 1.03 1.35 1.71 2.18 2.67
71⁄2 0.18 0.32 0.50 0.70 0.96 1.26 1.60 2.03 2.50 2.0 to
8 0.17 0.30 0.47 0.66 0.90 1.19 1.50 1.91 2.34 3.0 in.2
81⁄2 0.16 0.28 0.44 0.62 0.85 1.12 1.41 1.79 2.20
9 0.15 0.27 0.41 0.59 0.80 1.05 1.33 1.69 2.08
91⁄2 0.14 0.25 0.39 0.56 0.76 1.00 1.26 1.60 1.97
10 0.13 0.24 0.37 0.53 0.72 0.95 1.20 1.52 1.87 15
101⁄2 0.13 0.23 0.35 0.50 0.69 0.90 1.14 1.45 1.78 1.5 to
11 0.12 0.22 0.34 0.48 0.65 0.86 1.09 1.39 1.70 2.0 in.2
111⁄2 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.46 0.63 0.82 1.04 1.33 1.63
12 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56
13 0.10 0.18 0.29 0.41 0.55 0.73 0.92 1.17 1.44
14 0.09 0.17 0.27 0.38 0.51 0.68 0.86 1.09 1.34
15 0.09 0.16 0.25 0.35 0.48 0.63 0.80 1.02 1.25 1.0 to
16 0.08 0.15 0.23 0.33 0.45 0.59 0.75 0.95 1.17 1.5 in.2
17 0.08 0.14 0.22 0.31 0.42 0.56 0.71 0.90 1.10
18 0.07 0.13 0.21 0.29 0.40 0.53 0.67 0.85 1.04
19 0.07 0.13 0.20 0.28 0.38 0.50 0.63 0.80 0.99
20 0.07 0.12 0.19 0.26 0.36 0.47 0.60 0.76 0.94
21 0.06 0.11 0.18 0.25 0.34 0.45 0.57 0.73 0.89 0.75 to
22 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.33 0.43 0.55 0.69 0.85 1.0 in.2
23 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.23 0.31 0.41 0.52 0.66 0.81
24 0.06 0.10 0.16 0.22 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.64 0.78
Area
≤ 0.25 in.2 0.25 to 0.50 in.2 0.50 to 0.75 in.2
range

Note: Check minimum requirements for temperature and shrinkage steel. c/c = center to center.

How to use this design aid. Given a design (or minimum
temperature/shrinkage) reinforcement required per foot, enter
the design aid along right column or bottom row. Select one
of the bar area ranges from that given in.2/ft, and follow the
range band upward and/or to the left. Select the combination of
bar size and spacing satisfying the design and spacing require-
ments for the section.
Example. A design that requires reinforcement at 0.62 in.2/
ft, with bar size restricted to #7 or smaller. Enter the design aid in
the 0.50 to 0.75 in.2 range located along the bottom row. Follow
the shaded band up to the top of the table. Select one of the fol-
lowing combinations: one layer of #4 at about 3.5 in. on center,
#5 at 6 in. on center, #6 at 8.5 in. on center, or #7 at 11.5 in. on
center. Similar spacing(s) could be determined for two reinforce-
ment layers, if desired.

PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION First Printing/CD-ROM Edition 15–41

 CHAPTER 15 GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION

15.4 MATERIAL PROPERTIES — REINFORCING BARS

Design Aid 15.4.1 Reinforcing Bar Data
ASTM standard reinforcing bars
Bar size Nominal dimensions
designationa Diameter Area Weight or mass
U.S. customary, # SI, # in. mm in.2 mm2 lb/ft kg/m
3 10 0.375 9.5 0.11 71 0.376 0.560
4 13 0.500 12.7 0.20 129 0.668 0.994
5 16 0.625 15.9 0.31 199 1.043 1.552
6 19 0.750 19.1 0.44 284 1.502 2.235
7 22 0.875 22.2 0.60 387 2.044 3.042
8 25 1.000 25.4 0.79 510 2.670 3.973
9 29 1.128 28.7 1.00 645 3.400 5.060
10 32 1.270 32.3 1.27 819 4.303 6.404
11 36 1.410 35.8 1.56 1006 5.313 7.907
14 43 1.693 43.0 2.25 1452 7.650 11.380
18 57 2.257 57.3 4.00 2581 13.600 20.240
a. Many mills will mark and supply bars only with metric (SI) designation, which is a soft conversion. Soft conversion means that the metric (SI) bars have exactly
the same dimensions and properties as the equivalent U.S. customary designation.

Standard hooks Stirrup and tie-hooks

15
Detailing Hook
db dimension A or G

J
A or G

A or G
12db for #6, 7, 8

Hook
D 6db for #3, 4, 5

4d or 21/2 in. minimum

dimension H
dimension

J
Detailing
Detailing

Detailing
db 6db
db dimension D

D D
A or G
D 12db

Bar size, 180° 90° 90° 135°

D D
# A or G J A or G A or G A or G H
3 2 ⁄4
1
5 3 6 1 ⁄2
1
4 4 /4 1
21⁄2
4 3 6 4 8 2 41⁄2 41⁄2 3
5 33⁄4 7 5 10 21⁄2 6 51⁄2 33⁄4
6 41⁄2 8 6 1–0 41⁄2 1–0 8 41⁄2
7 51⁄4a 10 7 1–2 51⁄4 1–2 9 51⁄4
8 6a 11 8 1–4 6 1–4 101⁄2 6
9 9 1–3 111⁄4 1–7
10 10 1–5 1–01⁄2 1–10
U.S. customary units: in. or ft-in.
11 11 1–7 1–13⁄4 2–0
14 1–51⁄2 2–3 1–9 2–7
18 1–101⁄2 3–0 2–3 3–5
a. ASTM A767 requires that bars bent cold prior to hot-dip galvanizing must be fabricated to a minimum bend diameter equal to 7 in. for #7
bar and 8 in. for #8 bar.

15–34 First Printing/CD-ROM Edition PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION

GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION CHAPTER 15

Design Aid 15.4.2 Typical Bar Bends

H G A G A G A G
A H H
A G

B D B D B D B D B D

C C C C C
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Lap - G
D
A G B B G
U A
G
A C
B D H C E C E (circumference)

C
( Blength
= total
) D D
B O
S6 S11 T1 T2 T3

A E K K
B A E
A G G
C E B D B D A
H H G
B
D C C
T6 T7 T8 T9
15
A G A
A G
J

B B B

1 1A 2

O O O
B F B F B F
J C E J C E C E
H H A H G
A D G A D D
3 3A 4

O
O O
B F B
G B
J C E H J C C
A H J A H G
D A D D
4A 5 6

Notes:
1. All dimensions are out-to-out of bar except A and G on standard 180 and 135 deg hooks.
2. J dimensions on 180 deg hooks to be shown only where necessary to restrict hook size, otherwise ACI standard hooks are to be used.
3. Where J is not shown, J will be kept equal or less than H on Types 3, 5, and 22. Where J can exceed H, it should be shown.
4. H dimension stirrups to be shown where necessary to fit within concrete.
5. Where bars are to be bent more accurately than standard fabricating tolerances, bending dimensions that require closer fabrication should
have limits indicated.
6. Figures in circles show types.
7. For recommended diameter D of bends and hooks, and for dimensions of hooks, see Design Aid 15.4.1.
8. Type S1 through T3, T6 through T9; apply to bar sizes #3 through #8.
9. Source: American Concrete Institute (ACI): Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement (ACI 315-99) (Farmington Hills, MI: ACI, 1999).

PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION First Printing/CD-ROM Edition 15–35

 CHAPTER 15 GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION

Design Aid 15.4.2 Typical Bar Bends (Cont.)

O B
R
C E A
H H
A J G G
B
D O
K
7 8 9

R B O K
C
J
A B D
B J H
H A

A C R
C D
O O

10 11 12
K
K
C C

B
J J
B B H
D H
A A R G
H
C
O O D
15 O

12A 12B 13

O O O

A E A A

H B D H B D H B
C C
K K

14 14A 14B

K K

C C

D D
B H B H B D

A
C
O O

16 16A 17

Notes:
1. All dimensions are out-to-out of bar except A and G on standard 180 and 135 deg hooks.
2. J dimensions on 180 deg hooks to be shown only where necessary to restrict hook size, otherwise ACI standard hooks are to be used.
3. Where J is not shown, J will be kept equal or less than H on Types 3, 5, and 22. Where J can exceed H, it should be shown.
4. H dimension stirrups to be shown where necessary to fit within concrete.
5. Where bars are to be bent more accurately than standard fabricating tolerances, bending dimensions that require closer fabrication should
have limits indicated.
6. Figures in circles show types.
7. For recommended diameter D of bends and hooks, and for dimensions of hooks, see Design Aid 15.4.1.
8. Type S1 through T3, T6 through T9; apply to bar sizes #3 through #8.
9. Source: American Concrete Institute (ACI): Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement (ACI 315-99) (Farmington Hills, MI: ACI, 1999).

15–36 First Printing/CD-ROM Edition PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION

GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION CHAPTER 15

Design Aid 15.4.2 Typical Bar Bends (Cont.)

O
K
B A
B
J H C

C B C D
17A 18 19

O
F
B B B
H C C E K
C J H
D G
A D
19A 20 22

O Standee D
F A (isometric
B
C E G J view) C
A H K E
B H
D
G
23 24 B

K
F
D D 25
Standee Standee
(isometric view)
C
(isometric
C 15
E B E
B view)
F F B
26 26A

C
J D D
D D
Standee H
Standee C
(isometric D
(isometric C view) B
view) K D
B
26C 26B
Enlarged view showing
bar bending details

Notes:
1. All dimensions are out-to-out of bar except A and G on standard 180 and 135 deg hooks.
2. J dimensions on 180 deg hooks to be shown only where necessary to restrict hook size, otherwise ACI standard hooks are to be used.
3. Where J is not shown, J will be kept equal or less than H on Types 3, 5, and 22. Where J can exceed H, it should be shown.
4. H dimension stirrups to be shown where necessary to fit within concrete.
5. Where bars are to be bent more accurately than standard fabricating tolerances, bending dimensions that require closer fabrication should
have limits indicated.
6. Figures in circles show types.
7. For recommended diameter D of bends and hooks, and for dimensions of hooks, see Design Aid 15.4.1.
8. Type S1 through T3, T6 through T9; apply to bar sizes #3 through #8.
9. Source: American Concrete Institute (ACI): Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement (ACI 315-99) (Farmington Hills, MI: ACI, 1999).

PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION First Printing/CD-ROM Edition 15–37

 CHAPTER 15 GENERAL DESIGN INFORMATION

Design Aid 15.4.3 Location of Reinforcement Confined by Stirrups or Ties

z Cover

Stirrup
or tie

Main
reinforcement

Main z dimension, in.

reinforcement Stirrup or tie size
size, # #3 #4 #5
4 7
⁄8 1 ⁄16
1
11⁄4
5 7
⁄8 1 ⁄8
1
15⁄16
6 ⁄16
15
13⁄16 13⁄8
7 1 13⁄16 17⁄16
8 1 ⁄16
1
1 ⁄4
1
17⁄16
15 9 11⁄16 15⁄16 11⁄2
10 1 ⁄8
1
1 ⁄16
5
11⁄2
11 13⁄16 13⁄8 19⁄16

To determine location of main reinforcement, add specified cover to the z dimension from the table.

15–38 First Printing/CD-ROM Edition PCI DESIGN HANDBOOK/SEVENTH EDITION