ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

ME2112
Strength of Materials

Department of Mechanical Engineering

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Mechanics of Materials

Deformable

Mechanics of Materials focuses on:

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Review:
External
loads 3
1

Supports

1 2
1 2

Rigid Deformable

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Imaginary cut External loads

External loads (forces in this Internal
(forces in this case) 1 reactions
case) F3
1 3
4 Supports
4 Supports

2 2
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

SIGN CONVENTION for Surfaces and Vector Quantities

Surface
outward normal
normal points outwards
points in the positive direction of a
coordinate axis surface is positive
points in the negative direction of the
coordinate axis negative surface
x y z + surface
–

– + surface

+ surface –
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Forces, Stresses Vector

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Subscripts on Vector Quantities

Vector quantities two subscripts i
j first subscript surface
second subscript
direction
-surface
-direction x
y

i
j
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Normal Forces Shear Forces Bending

Moments Torques

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Stress

forces, moments
torques

force per unit area

stress
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Stresses at a Point
not
uniform

Area

A
F P
V at that point
normal stress:
shear stress:

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

both stress components

STATE OF STRESS
point
x y z
three orthogonal stress
components on each face
only 6 components can be
independent

Loads
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Special cases of Stress States

normal

complementary

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Deformation in Material
Engineering Strain – Strain and Strain
lengths
angles

xx x
x

x
dx y z
dy dz.
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Engineering Strain change in length

divided by the original length dimensionless

x
positive elongation dx
y
negative contraction dy
z
negative contraction dz
Questions

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Engineering Strain ( ) in
angle from 2 corner of the element corresponding to
the origin of the coordinate axes
C’
D’ D’ D C
D
C
C’

B’
B
A B A
B’
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONSHIPS
(Stress-strain behaviour)
Question

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

o1 Rod 2
Rod 1 Force Rod 3
o2

Rod 2 Rod 1
o3

Rod 3 Elongation

F A
L L
stress strain
one common curve for all three cases, since the
material is the same

Stress Rods 1, 2 and 3

Strain
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

uniaxial tension
x xx = F/A
xx L/L

/ Young’s
modulus

yield stress
stiffness

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

contraction

y x

y
z
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Hooke’s Law (for linear elastic material)

acting on its own all

three directions E

strains superposition
of the strains caused by the individual normal stresses

normal stresses normal strains

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Hooke’s Law for Shear Stresses and Shear Strains

shear stress shear strain

shear modulus
a shear stress does not cause
shear strains (angular changes) in other directions xy
yz xz

shear modulus
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Example

a b
P

Quantity Pin Bar

/2
20 mm Young’s 100 GPa 60 GPa
modulus,
/2 Shear 38 GPa 23 GPa
Side view
modulus,
Poisson’s 0.3 0.28
12 mm ratio,
Tensile and fp = 120 MPa fb = 60 MPa
compressive
20 mm failure stress
Shear failure fp = 60 MPa fb = 40 MPa
stress
Front view

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Solution

= 60MPa
= 60MPa
= 40MPa
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Check for compressive crushing of bar material by the pin

fb

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Example

a
b
s a b
ME2112 – (Victor Shim)

Solution

ME2112 – (Victor Shim)