Sae 4-digit system

First digit : basic alloying element

Second digit : percentage of the alloy basic element
Third & fourth : percentage of carbon in the alloy

Types of steel Number group

Carbon steel 1xxx
Nickel steel 2xxx
Nickel chromium steel 3xxx
Chromium molybdenum steel 41xx
Chromium steel 5xxx
Chromium vanadium steel 6xxx
National emergency steel 8xxx
Silicon manganese steel 9xxx

Cementite: mixture of iron and carbon

Austenite: steel is worked up to its critical temperature
Martensite: hardest structure
Eutectoid: 0.85% carbon
Aluminum alloy 4-digit system

First digit : alloy type

Second digit : modification of alloy
Third & fourth : purity of aluminum (1% + 0.XX%)

Alloy type Number group

Aluminum 1xxx
Copper 2xxx
manganese 3xxx
silicon 41xx
magnesium 5xxx
Magnesium and silicon 6xxx
zinc 7xxx
Other elements 8xxx

cast vs wrought
Cast – forged
Wrought – pounded into shape
 Temper designation
Temper
process
designation
f As fabricated
O annealed
H Strain hardened
H1 Strain hardened only
H2 Strain hardened and partially annealed
H3 Strain hardened and stabilized
W Solution heat treatment, unstable temper
T Treated to produce stable tempers other than f, o, and h
T2 Annealed (cast products only)
T3 Solution heat treated and then cold work
T4 Solution heat treated
T5 Artificial aged only
T6 Solution heat treated and then artificially aged
T7 Solution heat treated and then stabilized
T8 Solution heat treated, cold worked, artificially aged
T9 Solution heat treated, artificially aged, cold worked
T10 Artificially aged, cold worked
 h-Tempers
Non-heat treatable wrought alloys are strengthened by
strain hardening (cold work)

Hxx
First x – secondary treatment
1: cold worked only (no anneal)
2. Cold worked + partial anneal
3. cold worked + Stabilized
4. cold worked + baked

second x – degree of strain hardening

2: ¼ hard
4: ½ hard
6: ¾ hard
8: fully hard
9: extra hard
 t-Tempers
Temper
process
designation
Cooled from an elevated temperature shaping process and
T1
naturally aged
Cooled from an elevated temperature-shaping process, cold
T2
worked, and naturally aged
T3 Solution heat treated, cold worked, and naturally aged
T4 Solution heat treated and naturally aged
Cooled from an elevated temperature shaping process and
T5
artificially aged
T6 Solution heat treated and artificially aged
T7 Solution heat treated and artificially overaged
T8 Solution heat treated, cold worked, and artificially aged
T9 Solution heat treated, artificially aged, and cold worked
Cooled from an elevated temperature shaping process, cold
T10
worked and artificially aged
 Rivet designation

An 470 ad 4 – 5
1 2 3 4 5

First code:
ams Aeronautical material specifications
an Air force-navy
And Air force-navy design
As Aeronautical standard
Asa American standard association
Astm American society for testing an materials
Ms Military standard
Naf Naval aircraft factory
Nas National aerospace standard
Sae Society of automotive engineers

second code:
426 Countersunk
442 Flat head
470 Universal head
430 Round head
third code:
Number Name Code Head marking
1100 Pure aluminum A -
2117 Aluminum alloy Ad Dimple
5056 Aluminum alloy B Raised cross
2017 Aluminum alloy D Raised dot
2024 Aluminum alloy Dd 2 raised dot
7050t73 Aluminum alloy E Raised circle
Corrosion resistant steel F -
monel M 2 recessed dimples

fourth code:
shank diameter in 1/32 inch

fifth code
length in increments of 1/16 inch
rivet computations
length = 1.5 x rivet diameter + total material thickness
rivet edge = 2d
rivet spacing = 4d
transverse pitch = 2.5d
total overlap: 2 – 1/2D + 4
number of rivets needed:
l – ½ & W – ½ | Total length = sum of new L and w | for 4d spacing
number of rivets needed is total length x 2
 bolt designation

An 5 2 2
1 2 3

First code:
ams Aeronautical material specifications
an Air force-navy
And Air force-navy design
As Aeronautical standard
Asa American standard association
Astm American society for testing an materials
Ms Military standard
Naf Naval aircraft factory
Nas National aerospace standard
Sae Society of automotive engineers

second code:
diameter of the bolt in 1/16 inch
third code:
length of the bolt in 1/8 inch
 Nut classification
Class 1a and class 1 b: for quick assembly and disassembly
Class 2a and 2b: most common
Class 3a and 3b: close tolerance, strength and safety

angle of twist drill

Hard metal – 1180
Soft metal - 900
 Composite direction
Warp direction run along the width
Fill run along the height
Bias: diagonal
Selvage run parallel to 0o direction
Ribbon Main direction of the honeycomb structure

Cleaning & protecting oils

Aliphatic naphta Clean acrylics and rubber
Linseed oil Protect interior surface of structural steel tubing
Boric acid For nickel cadmium batteries

Metal damages
Nicks Results in a cross-sectional change
Gouge Broken edges without crack
Abrasion Results from surface erosion
Holes Punctures that breach the complete thickness
 Major/minor repair/alteration
Major repair Will significantly affect weight and balance
Minor repair does not affect aircraft weight and balance
Mjr. alteration not listed in the aircraft or propeller specifications
Mnr. alteration listed in the aircraft or propeller specifications

Welding joints
Tee joint 2 members intersect (tubular structs)
Lap joint 2 members with different thicknesses
Edge joint Sheet metal that have flanging edges
Corner joint Using the outer edges of the piece
Butt joint Joining side by side