Virtual Instruments and Experiments in Engineering

education Lab Setup with Hydraulic Pump

1
Milos S. Nedeljkovic, 2Djordje S. Cantrak, 3Novica Z. 5
Milan S. Matijevic
Jankovic, 4Dejan B. Ilic 5
Department for Applied Mechanics and Automatic Control
1, 2, 3, 4
Hydraulic Machinery and Energy Systems Department University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Engineering
University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac, Serbia
Belgrade, Serbia matijevic@kg.ac.rs
mnedeljkovic@mas.bg.ac.rs, njankovic@mas.bg.ac.rs,
djcantrak@mas.bg.ac.rs, dilic@mas.bg.ac.rs

Abstract — Fluid machinery courses demand, besides
theoretical approach, also good practice and laboratory exercises.
After course completion, students should be aware of all aspects of
good practice and possible problems. Focus of this paper is on
hydraulic pumps and designed demonstrational-educational test
rig. It is possible to demonstrate and educate students in
following: Bernoulli equation, Euler equation for turbomachinery,
hydraulic losses, Venturi flow meter - geometry and
measurements, cavitation and swirling flow phenomena, as well as
in practical issues such as pump testing after international
standard ISO 9906, pump control and energy efficiency issues,
determination of hydraulic system characteristics, volumetric
calibration of the Venturi flow meter, and etc. Students are
educated how to choose and connect pressure transmitters, as well
as how to calibrate them, how to apply and upgrade developed
LabVIEW application. In addition, many components of the
installation are transparent, such as pipes at the pipe inlet and
pressure side, Venturi flow meter, main and calibration tank, as
well as pump spiral casing. Flow visualization and application of
modern measurement technique, such as particle image
velocimetry are possible in this way. Following experiments of this
test rig, students are motivated to generate technical electronic
report. In addition are presented virtual experiments, designed in
LabVIEW for testing pumps in parallel and series modes.
Keywords — hydraulic pump; LabVIEW; measurements.
transmitters are built-in and implemented in LabVIEW
application made for this purpose [3, 4]. Students perform
experiments in the laboratory and then generate diagrams and
electronic report.
In addition to these real experiments, two virtual ones may
be also performed – demonstrations of two pumps operating in
a serial and parallel mode. Pump characteristic curves can also
be changed by variation of pump speed. This type of regulation
may be compared to the valve throttling regulation. Students
can measure pump duty points and observe flow rates in each
pipe.
II. DEMONSTRATIONAL-EDUCATIONAL SETUP
A. Test Rig
The demonstrational-educational setup for determination of
pump characteristic curves applies standardized procedure of
measurement defined by ISO 9906 [5]. The variety of pump
control possibilities is presented in Fig. 1.

I. INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic pumps are among the most frequently used
machines and as such deserve special attention. They are
studied in fluid mechanics courses, as well as in more specific
engineering subjects. At the University of Belgrade Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering Hydraulic Machinery and Energy
Systems Department (UB FME HMESD) a small
demonstrational and educational setup has been designed and
manufactured with the aim to demonstrate application of many
theoretical issues, such as Bernoulli equation and Euler
equation for turbomachinery, as well as to educate on fluid
flow phenomena of cavitation and swirling flow [1]. On the
other hand, engineering issues, such as pump testing,
characteristics of the hydraulic system, pump energy
efficiency, calibration of the Venturi meter, etc. are
demonstrated [2]. Many components of the installation are
Fig. 1. Original educational installation [6].
transparent and a flow is always visualized. Calibrated pressure

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2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)
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 Components shown in the previous figure are: 1 – pump x Pump cavitation test.
with the transparent casing, 2 - elbow, 3 - transparent pipe, 4 - x Pump transports water on the specific geodesic height
transparent Venturi flow meter, 5 and 6 - valve for emptying Hgeo = const (Fig. 3). In this case valve V.30 is closed.
the upper tank, 7 - scale on the calibration reservoir, V.10 - x Pump circulates water in the main, lower reservoir
suction valve, 11 - suction pipe, 12 - lower reservoir (volume is Hgeo = 0 (Fig. 4).
250 l), 13 - T-joint, V.20 - valve, 21 - pipe for filling the upper x Pump regulation with by-pass. In this case pipes on the
reservoir, 22 - nozzle, 23 - upper reservoir (volume is 55 l), pump pressure side are in parallel and regulation is
V.30 - valve, 31 – pipe to lower reservoir. performed by valve V.30.
Grundfos pump model UPE 50-120 F, in-line type, is the x Energy efficiency issues: Comparison of pump
heart of the hydraulic system (Fig. 2). Its original casing is regulation with throttling valve, pump speed and by-
replaced with a new transparent classical one, with axial inlet pass.
and radial outlet. Flow direction is drawn in Fig. 2. Main parts
of the pump unit presented in Fig. 2 are: 44 - electric motor, 50
- pump impeller, 51 - transparent spiral casing, 60 - connection
for pressure measurements at the pump inlet, 61 - connection
for pressure measurement at the pump outlet, 62 - differential
pressure transmitter, 63 - connection for motor regulation. Two
control modes could be applied (proportional or constant
pressure), but in these applications pump rotational speed could
be controlled manually on the pump or by infrared remote
controller, type R-100.

Fig. 3. Pumping water on the geodesic height Hgeo = const.

Numbers of the test rig elements in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4
correspond to those in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. In Fig. 4. a pressure
transmitter on the pump suction side is added for vacuum
determination.

Fig. 2. Hydraulic pump unit [6].

Connected differential pressure transmitters at positions 8
and 9 in Fig. 3, are TPd-101, manufactured by Institute of
Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of
Microelectronic Technologies, University of Belgrade,
Belgrade, Serbia. They have measurement range 0-3 bar,
power supply 14-26 VDC, output 4-20 mA. They are calibrated
on the oil deadweight tester and calibration curve is imported
in the LabVIEW application. Vacuum meter, which could be
in-built in position 10 (Fig. 4), is also made by the same
manufacturer. Fig. 4. Water circulation (Hgeo = 0).
All pressure transmitters are presented in figures with U-
B. Test Rig Functionality
tubes for better physical interpretation and understanding of the
On the test rig following laboratory exercises could be pressure values and differences.
demonstrated:
Students first learn how to start and stop the centrifugal
x Venturi flow meter calibration following volumetric pump by following the next procedures:
method (Fig. 3, valve V.30 in Fig. 1 is closed).
x Pump testing procedure for determination of the Q-H x Check if the pump is filled with water.
curves, as well as pump unit power and efficiency x If not, open the cap on the T-joint 2 (Fig. 1).
determination after standard ISO 9906 [5]. x Close valves V.10, V.20 and V.30.

978-1-5386-2957-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 17-20 April, 2018, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)
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 x Fill up with approximately 3.5 l of water.
x Close the cap on the T-joint 2 (Fig. 1).
x Start the pump.
x Open the valve on the pump suction side V.10.
x Slowly open the valve(s) V.20 and/or V.30.
Closing procedure is:
x Close the valve(s) V.20 and/or V.30. Remark: All
valves on the pump pressure side should be closed.
x Close the valve V.10.
x Turn off the pump.
Pump pumps water from the lower reservoir (12) through
suction pipe (11) with valve V.10, pipe (3) and Venturi flow
meter (4) to the T-joint (2) to both reservoirs, if valves V.20
and V.30 are open (Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).
C. Venturi Flow Meter Calibration
Venturi flow meter (4 in Fig. 1), in-built in the test rig,
doesn't have a standard geometry, so it needs to be calibrated.
This is performed on the test rig with closed valve V.30 and
one adjusted pump rotational speed (Fig. 3). Calibration is
conducted by comparing flow rate, which is precisely
measured in reservoir 23 (Fig. 3), with flow rate which is
proportional to the signal from the pressure transmitter 8 (Fig.
3.).
Flow rate is measured in upper reservoir by definition as
follows:
Q = ǻV/ǻt, (1)
where ǻV is filled volume in measured time interval ǻt. Upper
reservoir (23) was previously calibrated by graduated cylinder,
what resulted in the following function:
ǻV = 0.12005 ǜ ǻH, (2)
where ǻH is a reading on the reservoir level meter between
two successive measurements. Flow rate obtained in this way
is compared with reading on the pressure transmitter
connected to the Venturi flow meter and its calibration
coefficient is determined. This is repeated for the same flow
rate, and afterwards for additional flow rates adjusted with
pump frequency regulator. Final calibration coefficient is
obtained on the basis of all averaged.
Demonstration of the Venturi flow meter calibration is done
with opened valves V.10 and V.20 and closed V.30. Volume of
the upper, calibration tank (23, Fig. 1), is known and it is
correlated with the water level meter in the upper tank (2).
Students read water level in the upper tank and measure time.
Volume flow rate is determined by dividing measured volume
with measured time (1). This is then done for various flow
regimes. Pressure drop is measured using the differential
transmitter on the Venturi flow meter (4). Based on this value,
the Venturi flow meter coefficient is then calculated and the
device is ready for measurements.
D. Pump Characteristic Curve Experimental Determination
Valve V.20 is closed (Fig. 4). First, pump rotational speed
is adjusted and valve V.30 is also closed, so the flow rate is
zero. Pump head (H) is defined as follows:
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2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)
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p II - p I c II2 - c I2
H= + + ( z II - z I ) , (3)
ȡg 2g
where p is an average pressure, c is an average velocity, z is a
geodesic height of the cross-section center, ȡ is a fluid density,
g is an acceleration due to gravity, indexes I and II denote
pump inlet and outlet measuring cross-sections, respectively.
Measuring cross-sections are defined after ISO 9906 [5].
Pressure difference is measured by use of the differential
pressure transmitter 9 (Fig. 4). Average velocity (c) is
calculated in the following manner:
ci = Q / A i , (4)
where Ai is a surface of the inner cross-section ( Ai = Di2 ʌ / 4 ,
where Di is an inner diameter in the measuring cross-section,
DI = 56.2 mm and DII = 30 mm) and i = I, II. Difference in
geodesic heights is constant and is ǻz = zII - zI.
Flow rate is measured by Venturi flow meter, i. e. by
differential pressure transmitter 8 (Fig. 4).
Electric motor consumption (P) is measured with electric
power meter. After all these measurements pump unit
efficiency (Ș) could be determined as follows:
Ș = ȡ Q H g / P. (5)
Now, valve V.30 is open slowly, in steps, to the fully open
position. Pump characteristic curve could be determined now
for the specified rotational speed. This could be repeated for
other rotational speeds. In Fig. 5 are presented experimentally
obtained data at the UB FME HMESD for the maximum and
minimum pump rotational speed.
Fig. 5. Experimentally obtained pump characteristic curves
Q-H for maximum and minimum rotational speed.
It is obvious that the whole pump characteristic curve can't
be tested, but only the part for smaller flows (Fig. 6).
This is intended to be improved on the upgraded test rig,
what is presented here with the pump modeled curve (Fig. 6).
So, it could be concluded that a pump characteristic curve is
obtained by closing the valve V.30 from fully closed to
completely open position and following the instructions
defined by ISO 9906. Students can afterwards
decrease/increase pump rotational speed and observe another
pump characteristic curve.

Fig. 6. Pump testing limitations at the existing hydraulic
pump set-up.
E. System Characterist Curve Experimental Determination
System characteristic curve determination could be
experimentally done in the test rig configuration presented in
Fig. 4. In this case valve V.20 is completely closed and valve
V.30 is, for the beginning, in the completely open position. Its
curve could be determined by varying pump rotational speed.
Closing the valve V.30 and varying the pump rotational speed
would generate another pipe hydraulic curve.
Students could also observe a complex hydraulic system
(pipes working in parallel) by opening both valves V.20 and
V.30. Pump duty point is now changed. Changes in flow
direction in pipe 21 (to upper tank, no flow and to the T-joint)
can be demonstrated by changing the pump speed and
consequently, generating different energy in the T-joint (13,
Fig. 1).
F. Experimental Determination of the Net Positive Suction
Head 3% (NPSH3)
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) is defined as the
difference between the suction head and the liquids vapor head
[1]. Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) is the
minimum NPSH provided by the manufacturer for a pump
achieving a specified performance at the defined pumping
parameters. Net Positive Suction Head 3% (NPSH3) is defined
as the value of NPSHR at which the total head drops by 3%
due to cavitation. This is determined by testing with water,
what is done here with the open lower reservoir.
Pump characteristic curve H = f(Q) is determined as
previously described. Procedure for measurements in the test
rig in Fig. 4 is the following:
x Pump rotational speed is adjusted to the specific value.
x Determine the pump characteristic curve in the
previously explained way.
x Valve V.30 is in the constant position, while opening
valve V.10.
x All three pressures are measured by the pressure
transmitters 8, 9 and 10 (Fig. 4) and Q and H are
calculated for each V.10 position.
x Determine the new pump characteristic curve.
x Focus on the flow rate Q3 which corresponds to the
head which is for 3% lower than the head for non-
cavitation regime.
x Calculate NPSH3 on the basis of Q3 as follows:
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2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)
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c 2I
pI + ȡ – pD
NPSH3 = 2 , (6)
ȡg
where pD is vapor pressure.
x The whole procedure is repeated for the new position of
the valve V.30.
x Curve NPSH3 = f(Q) could be now determined.
The second method implements opposite roles of the valves
V.10 and V.30, as they had in the first method. Position of the
valve V.30 is varied, while valve V.10 is in the constant
position.
The same test rig could be also used for determination of
the initial NPSH (NPSHini). Transparent parts of the test rig are
essential for this method, because the first cavitation bubbles
must be observed. Procedure is following:
x Pump rotational speed is adjusted to the specific value.
x Valve V.30 is in the constant position, while slowly
closing valve V.10.
x In the moment when the first cavitation bubbles occur
values on the pressure transmitters 8 and 10 (Fig. 4)
should be read.
x Calculate NPSHini on the basis of the measured flow as
follows:
c 2I
pI + ȡ – pD
NPSH ini = 2 . (7)
ȡg
x The procedure is repeated for the new position of valve
V.30.
x Now NPSHini = f(Q) is obtained.
The second method for NPSHini determination is following:
x Pump rotational speed is adjusted to the specific value.
x For the constant position of the valve V.10, valve V.30
is being open, while cavitation bubbles appear.
x Valve V.30 is closed till all bubbles disappear.
x On the basis of the measured pressures on transmitters 8
and 10 (Fig. 4) NPSHini is determined in the same way
as in (7).
x The procedure is repeated for the new position of valve
V.10.
x Now NPSHini = f(Q) is obtained.
Generated cavitation bubbles reveal, also, turbulent swirl
flow behind the pump impeller in the transparent pressure pipe.
This is very important phenomenon, which occurs, not
exclusively in turbomachinery, but also in many other energy
and process systems, nature, and etc. It is closely correlated to
the Euler equation for turbomachinery, as well with the energy
efficiency of the whole hydraulic system.
III. LABVIEW APPLICATION
LabVIEW application is developed for this hydraulic
system [3, 4, 7]. Front panel is shown in Fig. 7: 1- end, 2- start,
3- record, 4- atmospheric pressure, 5- ambient temperature, 6-
 acceleration due to gravity, 7- efficiency, 8- power, 9- head,
10- flow rate, 11- valve position, 12- torque, 13- water
temperature, 14- pump maximum pressure in kPa, 15- pump
speed in percents, 16- pump speed in rpm, 17- simulated pump
characteristic curve. Pressure transmitters' calibration curves
are imported into the generated software and connected to the
eight channel input module National Instruments NI-9203.
USB CompactDAQ chassis cDAQ-9174 is connected to a
laptop. Students can now follow the procedure described in the
previous chapter and record signals from various differential
pressure transmitters. In this case these are two transmitters
connected.
In Fig. 7 is presented also simulated pump characteristic
curve (17).
Fig. 7. LabVIEW application front panel [3, 4].
This LabVIEW application is simplified for the case of two
differential pressure transmitters and it is presented in Fig. 8
and Fig. 9. In the developed, simplified, application exist four
screens. In Fig. 8 is presented the first "welcome" or input data
screen.
Fig. 8. LabVIEW application first (welcome or input)
screen.
In input screen are presented following necessary data (Fig.
8): 1 - water density, 2 - acceleration due to gravity, 3 -
possibility to export data, 4 - calibration curve of the
differential pressure transmitter, 5 - calibration curve
coefficients, 6 - acquisition card measuring frequency, 7 -
calibration coefficient of the Venturi flow meter, 8 - number of
samples, 9 - pump unit power. Most of these data are necessary
for further measurements and data processing. Students
generate, by themselves, in groups, differential pressure
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2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)
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transmitters calibration curves and import them into the
presented LabVIEW application.
The second important screen is the one for data acquisition
(Fig. 9) where: 1 - stop, 2 - start, 3 - pause, 4 - record, 5 - chart
for experimentally obtained pump characteristic curve, 6 -
pump efficiency, 7 - differential pressure transmitter for
measuring pump head, 8 - pump head, 9 - flow rate and 10 -
differential pressure transmitter on Venturi flow meter.
Fig. 9. LabVIEW application screen for measurements.
Red square in chart (Fig. 9) denotes real time pump
measurements. This is useful due to the fact that each new
valve V.30 position needs first flow stabilizing and afterwards
measurements.
In Fig. 10 are presented experimentally obtained results for
one pump speed. They are important for students' electronic
reports: 1 - experimentally obtained pump characteristic curve,
2 - date of measurements, 3 - flow rate, and 4 - head.
Sampling rate could be adjusted in the recording mode and
all presented measured data (Fig. 10) are averaged. This could
be reported for other pump speeds (Fig. 11). Pump rotational
speed n1 is the lowest, while n3 is the highest.
Fig. 10. Experimentally obtained and presented results
[3, 4].
Pump characteristic curves are obtained for various
positions of the valve V.30. Various parameters could be
followed on the front panel, such as pump head and flow rate,
water density, pump speed and etc.
Some new controls are planned to be installed and
connected such as all three valves control. This test rig upgrade
is in progress.
 Diagrams, as well as results in table format, can be
exported for students’ electronic reports (Fig. 10). In this
LabVIEW application could be determined what, in addition,
to be exported for students' data processing necessary for
reports and oral exam.
Fig. 11. Pump characteristic curves for three various pump
speeds [3, 4].
In addition to pump characteristic curve determination,
students can determine system characteristic curves. This can
be done, for example, for the installation without geodesic
height for various positions of the valve V.30. Three system
characteristic curves are presented in Fig. 12.
Diagrams, as well as results in table format, can be
exported for students’ electronic reports (Fig. 10).
Fig. 12. system characteristic curves [3, 4].
All these points in Fig. 12 are, in fact, pump duty points
measured with two differential pressure transmitters. Students
demonstrate their knowledge by conducting the experiments,
discussing and presenting the results in an appropriate form.
IV. VIRTUAL EXPERIMENTS
Two virtual experiments in LabVIEW are formed to
demonstrate operations of pumps in parallel and series.
Computer-aided design (CAD) model of the installation is
presented in Fig. 13, where 1 is upper reservoir, 2 is regulating
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2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)
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valve, 3-8 are ball, i. e. on/off valves, 9 test rig inlet reservoir,
10 and 11 are pumps and 12 is flexible return hose. This test rig
would be operational in both modes. It is also possible that
single pumps operate. Pumps could be tested here, as well as
valves or flow meters.
Fig. 13. CAD model of the new test rig [3, 4].
In the case, when only valve 5 is closed, pumps work in
parallel, while when only valve 7 is closed they work in series
operation mode. In both cases valve 2 is a regulating valve.
Additional versions of installation have been designed.
Pump characteristic curves are defined and imported into
the designed LabVIEW application. In the first case - series
mode, a summed performance curve is obtained by adding their
heads at the same flow rate, while in the second case by adding
pumps’ flow rates at the same head. Students can import
various pump characteristic curves, as well as the same ones.
Fig. 14. Front panel of the LabVIEW application for virtual
experiments.
Front panel of the developed LabVIEW application for this
simulation is presented in Fig. 14, where: 1 - stop, 2 -
adjustable card frequency, 3 - number of samples, 4 - present
diagram, 5 - button for recording, 6 - start measurements, 7 -
head of pump 1, 8 - flow regulator, 9 - head of pump 2, 10 -
chart. In this case is assumed that the same pumps are installed.
In chart are visible two red squares of which lower one denote
one of the pumps and upper one result of pumps' head values
summation.
In Fig. 15 is presented chart with two same pumps in series
operation.
The obtained characteristic for pumps in series is steep.
This is useful for steep system characteristic curves. The head
 is the sum of the individual pumps' heads, while the flow rate
remains the same, as follows:
H = H I + H II , Q = Q I = Q II . (8)
This operation mode is used in practice when there is a
necessity for higher pressures in systems.
Fig. 15. Simulation result - two same pumps are operating in
series.
In Fig. 16 is presented chart, result of the simulation for
operation in series mode for two different pumps. LabVIEW
application works on the basis of analytical solution for pumps
in series operation mode, i. e. on the basis of the (8).
Application takes heads for both pumps for the same flow rate,
represents them separately, summarize them and present curve
for the whole pump system. This could be repeated for
additional pumps.
Parallel operation of two centrifugal pumps or parallel
pumping is a mode where flow rates are summarized for the
same head, as follows:
Q = Q I + Q II , H = H I = H II . (9)
Here are also imported pump characteristic curves.
"Centrifugal pumps run in parallel will operate without any
problems if their characteristic curves are stable and both have
the same or almost the same shut-off head" [8].
Fig. 16. Simulation result - two different pumps are operating
in series.
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2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)
Page 1145
This case is represented in Fig. 17. It is even easier if the
same pumps operate in parallel mode.
Fig. 17. LabVIEW virtual experiment for two different pumps
in parallel operation.
Centrifugal pumps can run in parallel without any
problems, even if they don't have the same shut-off head. In
this case weaker pump will be shut off for lower flow rates,
while stronger pump will continue working. Higher flow rates
are, in fact the reason for pumps in parallel.
System characteristic curve could be determined on the
basis of the system duty point (Fig. 17). In fact, the flow rate
delivered to the reservoir 1 (Fig. 13) is determined in the
hydraulic system duty point (Fig. 17) and this is the
intersection of the common pump, which represent pumps in
parallel mode, and the system characteristic curve. This could
be repeated for more pumps in parallel operation.
All these operations could be performed on other pump
speeds. This simulation helps users to simulate experiments
and installations before manufacturing it.
The intention of all these virtual experiments is to prepare
students for designing and monitoring the complex hydraulic
systems with multiple pumps and numerous components to
operate "trouble-free". Some issues that should be monitored
are: are the pump characteristic curves stable and do they have
the same shut-off head when they operate in parallel mode?
What are advantageous/disadvantageous of parallel mode over
serial?
V. CONCLUSIONS
Two important fluid flow phenomena, such as cavitation
and swirling flow, as well as many engineering issues could be
demonstrated at the installation designed and manufactured at
the University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Hydraulic Machinery and Energy Systems Department. Pump
can be tested after international standard ISO 9906.
As Venturi flow meter can be calibrated, pump duty points
in various regimes could be determined. Complex hydraulic
system of three pipes in parallel and serial operation can be
demonstrated.
 Energy efficiency is demonstrated for various regimes.
Energy saving could be demonstrated by comparison of the
flow regulation by throttling valve and pump speed variation.
Experiments are monitored with application developed in
LabVIEW software. Students perform experiments, collect data
and export them for their e-reports.
In addition, two virtual experiments are developed.
Students can import various pump hydraulic curves and study
their duty points in parallel and serial operations. These issues
follow lectures and exercises on the pump topic in engineering
curricula.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The work presented in this paper was partly funded by the
SCOPES project IZ74Z0_160454 / 1 “Enabling Web-based
Remote Laboratory Community and Infrastructure” of Swiss
National Science Foundation and by Project TR 35046 of
Ministry of Science and Technological Development Republic
of Serbia, which is gratefully acknowledged. We also
acknowledge the help of students in presented experiments:
Dipl.-Ing. M. Lapadatoviü, M. Sc. M. Petroviü and M. Sc. N.
Lasica.
978-1-5386-2957-4/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 17-20 April, 2018, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
2018 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON)
Page 1146
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