A

Report
on
“ RIVET AND RIVETED JOINTS ”

Submitted to
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya
(A Central University)
Bilaspur (C.G.)
Submitted Report for Seminar of 6th Semester as Requirement
OF
Bachelor of Technology
in
Mechanical Engineering
Submitted By
HIMANI NETAM
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Institute of Technology
Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University)
Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh)

Session 2018-19

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 DECLARATION BY THE STUDENTS

I, the undersigned, declare that the Report entitled “RIVET AND RIVETED JOINTS ” for

seminar submitted is based on the work carried out during course of study under the guidance

and supervision of Mr. Kailash Borkar, Mr. Rajiv Shrivastava, Mr. Yagya Kumar Sahu,

Asst. Prof. Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Studies Engineering and

Technology, Guru Ghashidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur (C.G.).

Date: HIMANI NETAM (16104114)

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 CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE No.

Student‟s Declaration

1. INTRODUCTION ………………….……………………………………….…..…....5

2. RIVET MATERIAL…………………………………………………………….…….5

3. TYPES OF RIVET HEAD……………………………………………………………6

4. PROCESS OF RIVETING ……………………………..……………………………7

5. CAULKING AND FULLERING OPERATION

5.1 Caulking operation ……………………………………………………………….8

5.2 Fullering operation………………………………………………………………..8

5.3 Caulking application ……………………………………………………………..9

6. TYPES OF RIVET JOINT

6.1 Based on position plate…………………………………………………………...9

6.2 Based on cover plate…………………………………….…………………….…10

6.3 Based on number of row…………………………………………….……….…..11

6.4 Based on arrangement of adjacent row ……………………….…………….......11

7. NOMENCLATURE OF RIVETED JOINT …………………………..………….…12

8. PROPORTIONS OF RIVETED JOINT……………………………………………..13

9. DESIGN STRESSES…………………………………………..………………….…14

10. TYPES OF FAILURE

10.1 Shearing of rivet……………………………….………………………….…14

10.2 Crushing of plate or rivet……………………….……………………………15

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 10.3 Tensile failure of plate………………...……………………………...............16

11. EFFICIENCY OF RIVETED JOINT………………………………………………..17

12. APPLICATION OF RIVETED JOINT…………………...…………………………17

13. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF RIVETED JOINT

13.1 Advantage……………………………………………………………………..18

13.2 Disadvantage…………………………………………………………...….......18

14. CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………...19

REFERENCE……………………………………………………………………..…20

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1. INTRODUCTION
A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed, a rivet consist of a smooth

cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite to the head is called the tail. On

installation, the rivet is placed in a punched or drilled hole, and the tail is upset, or bucked, so

that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place. In the

words pounding creates a new head on the other end by smashing the "tail" Shape. To

distinguish between the two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and

the deformed end is called the shop head or buck tail.

Because there is effectively a head on each end of an installed rivet, it can support tension

loads. However, it is much more capable of supporting shear loads (loads perpendicular to the

axis.

Fig.1 Rivet

2. RIVET MATERIAL

Rivet used in most of the application are made of mild steel. There are two varieties of steel

rivet bars - hot rolled steel rivet bar and high tensile steel rivet bar. Their Chemical

compotision is as follows :

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 carbon = 0.23%

sulphur = .05%

phosphorus = .05%

Rivets used in corrosive atmosphere are made of stainless steel and. Rivets used for

connecting non ferrous metal and soft materials are made ofBrass, bronze and aluminium

alloy. Structural joints made of aluminium alloy sections employ duralumin rivets. When

metal for the parts being joined and rivet metal have different electrochemical potential, they

form galvanic pairs and accelerate the corrosion process,. Therefore, many times rivets are

made of the same material as parts being.

3. TYPES OF RIVET HEADS

There are different types of rivet heads for different types of application:

a. SNAP HEAD:-Used in general purposes,especially in structural work and machine riveting

b. PAN HEAD:-Possesses maximum strength ,difficult to shape

c. MUSHROOM HEAD:-Possesses more surface area in contact at head and provides leak

proof joint.

d. FLAT COUNTERSUNK HEAD : Used in ship building and where flush surfaces are

needed

e. CONICAL HEAD : Used for hand hammering.

f. ROUND COUNTERSINK HEAD

g. STEEPLE HEAD

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 Fig.3 Rivet head

4. PROCESS OF RIVETING

The process of joining two or more plates by means of rivet is called riveting.

Fig.4 Process of Riveting

During riveting, rivet head is formed from the tail of the rivet places in the rivet holes drilled

in the plates to be fastened. Forming of head may be either by hand tools or by machine.

In machine riveting, force is applied by means of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure.

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5. CAULKING AND FULLERING OPERATION

To obtain leak proof joint, the edges of the plates to be joined and the rivet heads are forced

together by caulking and fullering operation.

5.1 CAULKING OPERATION

In order to make the joint leaks proof or fluid tight in pressure vessels like steam boiler, air

receives and tanks etc. A process known as caulking is employed . In this process narrow

blunt tool called caulking tool, about 5 mm thick and 38 mm in breadth is used . The edge of

tools ground to an angle of 80 degree . The tool is moved after each blow along the edge of

the plate, which is planed to a bevel of 75 to 80 degree, to facilitate the forcing down of edge

.It is seen that the tool burrs down the plate at A in fig 3 forming the metal in metal joint .The

head of the rivets as shown at C are also turned down with a caulking tool to make a joint

steam tight. A great care is taken to prevent injury to the plate below the tool.

Fig. 5.1 Caulking

5.2 FULLERING OPERATION

A more satisfactory way of making the joint staunch is known as fullering which has largely

supereded caulking. In this process a fullering tool with a thickness at the end equal to the

plate is used in such a way that the greatest pressure due to the bloe occur near the joint ,

giving a clean finish , with less risk of damaging the plate.

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 Fig. 5.2 Fullering

5.3 CAULKING APPLICATION

Caulking is both the process and material ( are also called sealant) to seal joints or seams in

various structure and some type of piping . The oldest form of caulking is used to make the

seams in wooden boats or ships water tight , by driving fibrous material into the wedge shped

seams between boards . A related process was formerly employed to join the section of cast

iron sewerage pipe .

The same term also refers to the application of flexible sealing compounds to close up gaps in

building and other structures againts water , air, dust insects etc.

In the tunneling industr, caulking refers to the sealing of joints in segmental precast concrete

tunnels , commonly by using concrete.

6. TYPES OF RIVET JOINT

6.1 Based on position of plate

 Lap joint - when the plates to be joint, are bring together which overlap each other at

face and rivet inserted in overlap section.

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  Butt joint - in this type of riveting, the plates to be joined is kept in alignment butting

/ touching without forming an overlap.

Fig.6.1 Lap and Butt joint

6.2 Based on number of cover plates used, the butt joint again divided into two type

 Single strap butt joint - type of butt joint in which only over plate is placed on the

main plate.

 Double strap butt joint - type of butt joint in which uses two cover plates. One cover

plate is placed both sides of the main plates.

Fig.6.2 Single and double strap butt joint

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6.3 Based on number of rows used-

 Single riveted joint - the riveted joint has one row of the rivet in a lap joint or when

there is only one row of the rivet on each plate of butt joint.

 Double riveted joint - two row of rivets are used in a lap joint or two rows of rivet are

used in each main plate of butt joint.

Fig. 6.3 Single and double row riveted joint

6.4 Based on the arrangement adjacent rows of rivet –

 Chain riveted - the rivets in the adjacent rows are opposite to each other (in same

transverse line).

 Zigzag riveted - when the rivets in adjacent rows are not in chain arrangement.

Fig. 6.4 Chain and Zig zag riveting

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7. NOMENCLATURE OF RIVETED JOINTS

Important terms used in riveted joints are defined below

Rivet diameter is represented by 'd' and plate thickness is represented by „t‟.

7.1 GAUGE LINE

It is a line through the center of a row of rivets and parallel to the edge of the plate, is termed

as gauge line.

Fig.7 Nomenclature of riveted joint

7.2 PITCH

It is the distance from the center of the rivet to the center of the next rivet in the same row

measured on the gauge line.It is also called longitudinal pitch. It is represented by „P‟.

7.3 TRANSVERSE PITCH

It is the distance between adjacent gauge lines in the same plate. It is also called back pitch or

row pitch. It is represented by „Pt‟.

7.4 DIAGONAL PITCH

It is the distance between the centers of adjacent rivets on adjacent gauge lines in the same

plate. It is represented by „Pd‟.

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7.5 MARGIN

It is the distance from edge of the plates to the entre of the nearest rivet hole. It is represented

by „m‟.

8. PROPORTIONS OF RIVETED JOINTS

The dimensions of joint depends upon properties of plate and rivet material.

However, if thickness of plate (t) is known the diameter (d) can be found using Unwin's

formula

d=6√

Standard diameter of rivets as per B. I. S. are shown in the table 8.1

Rivet dia. t 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

In mm. d 24 27 30 33 36 39 42

Table 8.1

Table 8.2 Other proportions as per B. I. S. are shown in the table

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9. DESIGN STRESSES

The riveted joints are analyzed based on the following assumptions.

 Rivets are loaded in shear the load is distributed in proportion to the shear area of the

rivets. There are no bending or direct stresses in rivets.

 Rivet holes in plate do not weaken the plate in compression.

 After assembly rivet completely fills in the rivet hole.

 Strength of the joint may not be affected due to friction between the adjacent surfaces.

10. TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIVET JOINTS

Types of failure in riveted joints are shown below. According to conventional theory, the

failure of the riveted joint may occur in any one or more of the following ways :

10.1 Shearing of the rivets :

The plates which are connected by the rivet exert tensile stress on the rivet and if the rivets

are unable to resist the stress they are sheared off as shown in fig.10.1. the resistance offered

by a rivet to be sheared off is known as shearing resistance or shearing value . To prevent the

failure due to shear , the shearing resistance must be greater than the applied load per pitch

length. the strength equation is written in the following way

2
Ps

Where,

Ps Shear resistance of rivet per pitch length (N)

d = Shank of rivet (mm)

τ = Permissible shear stress for rivet material (N/mm2)

n = Number of rivet per pitch length (for single shear )

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 Fig. 10.1 Shearing of rivet

10.2 Crushing of the plate or rivet :

Sometimes under tensile stress rivets crushed instead of shear off as shown in fig.10.2 . Due

to this the rivet hole comes in to an oval shape and joint becomes loose. This failure is known

as bearing failure . when the crushing resistance is greater than the applied load per pitch

length, then this type of failure will occur. The crushing strength of plate is given as

Pc dtσcn

Where,

Pc = Crushing resistance of plate per pitch (N)

σc = Permissible compressive stress of plate material (N/mm2)

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 Fig. 10.2 Crushing of rivet and plate

10.3 Tensile failure of plate between rivets:

The tensile failure of the plate betwwen two consecutive rivets in a row is shown in fig. 10.3

the width of plate between the two rivet is p-d and thickness is t. therefore, tensile strenth of

the plate between two rivet is given by,

Pt = (p-d)tσt

Where,

Pt = Tensile resistance of plate per pitch length (N)

P = Pitch of rivets (mm)

t = Thickness of plate (mm)

σt = Permissible tensile stress of plate material (N/mm2)

Fig.10.3 Tensile strength of plate

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11. EFFICIENCY OF RIVETED JOINT

Efficiency of the riveted joint is the ratio of least value of strength of tearing, shearing , or

crushing to strengh of unriveted plate. The strength of unriveted plate subjected to tensile

stress is given by,

P = ptσt

Therefore, the efficiency is given by,

12. APPLICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

 Used for metals which have poor weldability like aluminium alloys.

 As welded joints have poor vibration damping capabilities so where required rivets

are used in place of it.

 Used for heterogeneous material such as the joint between asbestos friction lining

and steel.

 Riveted joints are used where it is to avoid the thermal after effects of welding.

 Riveted joints are used where thin plates are to be assembed. They are popular

especially for aircraft structure where light stuctures made of aluminium alloys are to

be fastent.

Fig.12.1 Rivet joint in aeroplane

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 Fig.12.2 Riveted pressure vessels

13. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF RIVETED JOINT

13.1 ADVANTAGES

 It is more reliable than a welded joint in application which are subjected to vibration

and impact forces.

 It can also be used for nonferrous metal.

 When parts are dismantled riveted parts have less damage compared to welded parts.

 Its quality inspection is easy and cheap.

13.2 DISADVANTAGES

 Labor cost is more.Overall cosl of riveted joint is more.

 They Due to holes plates beome weak and stress concentration near the holes.

 have more weight than welded joints.

 Riveting process creates more noise.

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14. CONCLUSIONS

The present study includes the various strategies to increase the efficiency of a riveted

uniform strengthen joint. It is concluded that the arrangement of rivets can change the

strength and efficiency of the joint when considering the tearing, shearing and crushing of the

rivets. Efficiency also depends on various factors like number of cover plates used , diameter

of the rivet ,pitch of the rivets, number of row of the rivets and width of the plate . there is lot

of scope in this area to increase the efficiency of the joint.

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REFERENCE

[1] V.B.BHANDARI, „A Text book of DESIGN OF MACINE ELEMENT‟ Published by

Tata McGraw Hill Education Private limited.

[2] N.D. BHATT, „A Texbook of MACHINE DRAWING‟ 2014 Published by Charotar

Publishing House.

[3] R.S. KHURMI and J. K. Gupta , „A Text book of MACHINE DESIGN‟ 2009 Published

by S. CHAND.

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