PUSA INSITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT FILE ON
BASIMECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITED BY: GAURAV KUMAR

BTE NO. : 1808201214
DEPARTMENT: PRINTING
TECHNOLOGY
Shift: Evening / 3RD Semester
 INDEX
Exp no. Experiment Date Signature Remarks
1 Study of main parts of a 4 stroke petrol and diesel engine
by actually dismantling it.
2 Study of main parts of 2 stroke petrol engine by actually
dismantling it.

3 Study of ignition of petrol engine.

4 Study of fuel and air circuit of a petrol engine.

5 Study of fuel injection system and air circuit of diesel

engine.

6 Study of cooling system and lubricating

(including greasing ) of an IC Engine

7 Study of friction clutch.

8 Study of hydraulic brake.

9 Study of various for transmission of power, model of

belts pulleys gears chains and clutch.

10 Study of air conditioning system in building.

 EXPERIMENT NO.1
AIM:

To study the main parts of a four stroke petrol and diesel engine by actually
dismantling it.

PETROLL ENGINE

A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which

the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A
stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction.

The four separate strokes are termed:

1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center
(T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the
open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing vacuum
pressure into the cylinder through its downward motion. The piston is moving down as air is
being sucked in by the downward motion against the piston.
2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at
T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition
during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this
stage.
3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the
four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While
the piston is at T.D.C. the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a petrol
engine) by heat generated by high compression forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This
stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.

4. Exhaust: Also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again, returns from
B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture
through the exhaust valve.
COMMAN PARTS FOR FOUR STROKE PETROL AND
DIESEL ENGINE
Cylinder:
 Cylinder or cylinder block is also known as Engine Cylinder Block. This
is the part where combustion of fuel is carried out. The main function of
a cylinder is to allow the piston to reciprocate inside.

 In-cylinder bore, a fresh charge of the air-fuel mixture is ignited. This

charge is compressed and expanded hence piston can work further.

 Due to fuel combustion, extreme heat is generated. So, to carry out

generated heat water jacket is provided in a water cooled engine. In
air-cooled engines, fins are provided to cool the cylinder block.

 To withstand high temperature and pressure, engine cylinder block is

made from high grade cast iron. The engine block is manufactured in
one piece by casting process.

Crank case:

 The crankcase is a body that holds all the other engine parts together.
This is the largest parts of the engine, but must be designed to be
strong and light in weight.

 This part is also known as Oil Sump. The lube oil is filled in the
crankcase for lubrication of engine. A dipstick is also provided to check
the level of lubrication oil.

 The main purpose of the crankcase is to contain the lube oil and serve
as housing for the Crankshaft.

 The crankcase is typically made of cast iron in one piece via sand
casting. Aluminum sand casting process is used to manufacture
crankcase from Aluminum.
Crank shaft:

 The main function of a crankshaft is to convert, linear to rotational

motion. It means piston’s linear motion is converted into rotary motion.

 To complete the conversion of these two motions, a crankpin is

provided on a crankshaft. Crankpin is also known as “crank throws”.

 Connecting Rod’s big end is bolted on crankpin while small end is fixed
with piston using Gudgeon pin.

 The counterweight is provided on the crankshaft to partially balance

the forces of the reciprocating piston and reduces the load on
crankshaft bearing journals.

 It is a one-piece part which cast in ductile steel. Nowadays, forged

crankshafts are used due to lighter weight, more compact design, and
better inherent damping.

Connecting rod:

 As the name indicates, it connects the piston to the crankshaft so the

power transmission is carried out. It converts the reciprocating motion
of the piston into rotary motion of the crankshaft.

 Connecting rod’s big end is connected to crankshaft while small end

connects to the piston.

 In most cases, the connecting rod is hollow or provided with an internal

cast oil duct to supply the gudgeon pin with lubricant.

 Depending upon the requirement, connecting rod is made of High-

grade aluminum, Micro-alloyed steels. For the high-performance
engine, it is made of titanium.
PISTON:

 This is a cylindrical part that slides to and fro in a hollow cylinder. The
main function of the piston is to transfer force from expanding gas in
the cylinder to the crankshaft via a connecting rod.

 During suction stroke, it sucks the fresh charge of air-fuel mixture

through the inlet valve. Compresses during the compression stroke
and also forces the burnt exhaust gases out of the cylinder through
the exhaust valve.
 The piston should be light in weight but sufficiently strong to withstand
the gas pressure generated because of combustion.

 So, Pistons are cast from aluminum alloys. Sometimes pistons are
made from Cast Iron also.

PISTON RING:

 The piston ring is provided on the piston for good sealing and less
friction in between cylinder wall and piston.

 It prevents the compressed charge of fuel-air mixture from leaking to

the other side of the piston.

 Piston Rings are split at one end so they can expand or slipped over
the end of the piston.

 Quantity and size of rings are decided by the capacity of the engine.
Three piston rings suggest for a four-stroke engine while two piston
rings suggested for a two-stroke engine.
 Oil ring is used for removing lubricating oil from the cylinder after
lubrication. This ring prevents the excess oil to mix with charge.
CAMSHAFT:

 The main function of a camshaft is to open and close the intake and
exhaust valve at proper timing.
 So, to regulate the valve timing, lobs usually called cams are used.
Cams are oval in shape and it exerts a pressure on the valve to open
and release to close.

 It takes driving force from crankshaft through gear train or chain and
operates the inlet valve as well as exhaust valve with the help of some
other parts as like cam followers, push rod and rocker arms.

 An Engine performance mostly depends on camshaft design and

proper functioning also.

 Camshafts can be made from several types of material. Out of that

chilled iron camshafts have good wear resistance since the chilling
process hardens them. For high-quality camshaft billet steel is used.

VALVE:

 In every internal combustion engine, two types of valves are used.

 An intake valve is mounted on the cylinder head to supply the fresh

charge of the mixture inside the combustion chamber.

 An exhaust valve is also mounted on the cylinder head to permits the

burnt gases to escape from the cylinder bore at proper timing.

 The quantity of intake valve and the exhaust valve is depending upon
the number of cylinders of an engine.

 Inlet valve and the exhaust valve is operated by a camshaft. The

camshaft uses lifters, pushrods and rocker arms to activate the valves.

 Proper timing of the opening and closing of the valves is required for
the engine to run smoothly. The camshaft controls valve sequence and
timing.
FLYWEEL:

 The flywheel is a disk that is mounted at one end of the crankshaft to

provide inertia for the engine.

 Flywheel smoothes out some of the rpm and force deviation by its
resistance to acceleration.

 The flywheel supplies the inertia required to prevent loss of engine

speed and possible stoppage of crankshaft rotation between
combustion intervals.

 Flywheels are typically made of steel or cast iron.

PARTS FOR PETROL ENGINE ONLY:

SPARK PLUG:

 This part is used in Spark Ignition Engine (SI Engine) only. The main
function of a spark plug is to deliver electric current from an ignition
system to the combustion chamber. So, compressed fuel/air mixture is
ignited by an electric spark.
 A spark plug consists of a metal threaded shell which is electrically
isolated from a central electrode by a porcelain insulator.

 The spark plugs metal shell is screwed into the engine’s cylinder head
hence it is electrically grounded.

 Spark plugs usually require a voltage of 12,000–25,000V or more to

produce spark properly.

 Spark plug replacement is rarely required due to its robust

construction.
Carburetor:

 The main function of the carburetor is to blends air and fuel in the
proper ratio for combustion in an internal combustion engine.

 It converts petrol in a fine spray and mixes with air in the proper ratio
as per requirement of the engine.

 Older engines used updraft carburetors, where the air enters from
below the carburetor and exits through the top. This has been replaced
by downdraft carburetors.

 Nowadays carburetor is replaced by an electronically controlled system

called fuel injection to regulate the fuel-air mixture.

FUEL INJECTOR:

 Basically, an injector is one of the parts of total fuel delivery system.

 Fuel injectors are electronically controlled mechanical devices that are

responsible for spraying (injecting) the right amount of fuel into the
combustion chamber of an engine.

 Injectors must also disperse the fuel at the right angle, pressure and
spray pattern.

 The injectors are controlled by the Engine Control Unit (ECU). Engines
have several fuel injectors and they are often connected to a fuel rail.

 Fuel injectors are located in the head of the engine and are threaded
into the combustion chamber with the nozzle inside.
DESIL ENGINE:

1. Suction stroke:

In the suction stroke of diesel engine the piston start moves from Top Dead
Centre (TDC) of the cylinder to Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) of the cylinder and
simultaneously inlet valve opens. At this time air at atmospheric pressure drawn
inside the cylinder through the inlet valve due to the suction created. The inlet
valve remains open until the piston reaches the BDC of cylinder (not practically
but theoretically.).

2. Compression stroke:

After the piston passes BDC of the cylinder, it starts moving up. Both valves are
closed and hence the cylinder is sealed. The piston moves upward. This
movement of piston compresses the air into a small space between the piston
and TDC of cylinder. The air is compressed into 1/22 (compression ratio: 22,
varies from engine to engine) or less of its original volume. Due to this
compression a high pressure and temperature is generated inside the cylinder.
Both the inlet and exhaust valves do not open during any part of this stroke. At
the end of compression stroke the piston is at TDC the cylinder.
3. Power stroke:
At the end of the compression stroke when the piston is at TDC a pre metered
quantity of diesel is injected into the cylinder by the injector. The temperature
inside the cylinder is very high which is sufficient to ignite the fuel injected and
this generates tremendous energy which is in the form of high pressure which
pushes down the piston. The connection rod carries this force to the crankshaft
which turns to move the vehicle. At the end of power stroke the piston reaches
the BDC.
4. Exhaust stroke:

When the piston reaches the BDC after the power stroke, the exhaust valve
opens. The pressure of the burnt gases is higher than atmospheric pressure.
This pressure difference allows burnt gases to escape through the exhaust port
and the piston move through the TDC. At the end of exhaust all burn gases
escape (theoretically) and exhaust valve is closed.
PARTS FOR DIESEL ENGINE ONLY:
INJECTOR:
  The performance of diesel engines is heavily influenced by their injection
system design. In fact, the most notable advances achieved in diesel engines
resulted directly from superior fuel injection system designs.

 While the main purpose of the system is to deliver fuel to the cylinders of a
diesel engine, it is how that fuel is delivered that makes the difference in
engine performance, emissions, and noise characteristics.

 Unlike its spark-ignited engine counterpart, the diesel fuel injection system
delivers fuel under extremely high injection pressures.

FUEL INJECTION PUMP:

 Can be a multi element type driven by a chain or gears from the
crankshaft or camshaft.

 Each element is connected to a fuel injector. In some engines there is

a pump for each cylinder and it is driven off the camshaft.

FUEL LIFT PUMP:

 Unless a day tank is fitted where the fuel is fed by gravity to the
engine, it will be necessary to have a fuel lift pump to get the fuel from
the tanks to the fuel pump.

 A fuel lift pump can be a gear, diaphragm or plunger type.