1.

Learner Characteristics
Learner characteristics include a learners’
Motivation
Learning styles
Learning strategies
Maturity (grown up physically, mentally and emotionally)
Past language learning experience

2. THE TEACHER is a licensed professional who possess dignity and reputation with high moral
values as well as technical and professional competence. He/she adheres to observes, and
practices a set of ethical and moral principles, standards and values.

Personal attributes passion motivational creative patience flexible knowledgeable humor

communicative compassionate positive.

PROFESSIONAL ATTRIBUTES Professional Teacher Perceives himself/herself as someone who can

effect change. (sense of efficancy) because he/she is an expert in what he/she teaches (subject
matter knowledge) and in how he/she teaches (pedagogical knowledge)

PROFESSIONAL TEACHER POSSESS

Control knowledge base of teaching and learning and use of this knowledge to guide the science and
art of his teaching practice. Repertoire of best teaching practice and can use these to instruct in
classrooms and to work with adults in the school setting. Dispositions and skills to approach all
aspects of his/her work in reflective, collegial and problem solving manner. View of learning to teach
as lifelong process and dispositions and skills for working towards improving his/her own teaching
schools.

3. Indirect Instruction is based on the higher levels of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor
domains which include ANALYZING, EVALUATING, AND CREATING. It calls for a response that
differs from content taught. Indirect Instruction strategies are best suited for teaching inquiry,
concepts and problem solving.
With direct instruction, a teacher usually gives information in a very explicit manner. Direct
instruction is usually started with the teacher telling the students what the expectations are for
their performance. For example, Mr. Garcia tells his students at the beginning of English class
that he expects the students to be able to write their own simile by the end of the lesson.

For the teaching aspect of DIRECT INSTRUCTION, a teacher may stand at the front of the class
and lecture the students about a specific topic. Mr. Garcia writes out the important information
about literary devices and ask the students to copy the information into their notebooks. After
the students complete this task, they may be given a worksheet or a quiz that tests their
understanding of the topic.
 The advantages of Indirect method are: It allows greater participation in the teaching-learning
procedure. Students solve movement problems, according to their own abilities and
weaknesses, which has as a result the goal of a success degree. This success plays an important
role in gaining self-confidence.

Advantages of the direct method:

 The learner receives more input in the target language than when the language is instructed in
their native language.
 The learner creates direct associations between words in the foreign language and concepts in
their mind, actions, situations, etc., instead of indirect connections via words in their native
language. (This can be important when words in the target language are difficult to map to
words in the native language.)
 Because of the above, the learner is encouraged much earlier to think in the target language
(which may reduce interference from the native language, although no language teaching
method prevents it entirely).
 Classes have few students, so the intensity of the learning process can be increased.
Disadvantages of the direct method:
 Activities are much more teacher-guided than in certain other methods that allow, e.g., peer
teaching/peer learning. (See Naim: "Direct Method vs Communicative Language Teaching".).
 There is no emphasis on authentic materials. (Cf. Naim.)
 Some learners may not like the delay in learning to read and write, e.g. if they need to learn the
language for professional reasons.
 The direct method requires a high level of language competence in teachers, since they are not
supposed to compensate lower language skills by relying on their native language.
 The small class size made the direct method unsuitable for public education.
 At the beginning, the learner may feel overwhelmed by the new language, and certain emotional
states (anxiousness, frustration, anger, ...) can have a negative effect on learning. The direct
method did not deal with these psychological aspects (cf. Naim), unlike some other methods
such as Suggestopedia.
 Some concepts are difficult to explain without recourse to the learner's native language.
(However, if an occasional translations is allowed, this need not be a disadvantage of the direct
method.)
 When there is a big distance between the learner's native language and the target language,
certain aspects are difficult to explain without using the learner's native language. This is
especially the case for grammar and certain communicative and cultural subtleties. At the early
stages, the learner simply lacks the vocabulary to understand these aspects when they are
explained in the foreign language.
Informal Instruction
It is standard in most cultures that children go to school to receive a formal education. However,
there is a large portion of the population that is beginning to accept the notion that formal
education is not necessarily the most effective form of instruction. As such, informal instruction
is recognized as equally effective as more formal methods. In fact, there are many benefits to
informal instruction, even as it occurs outside the standard classroom setting.
Formal instruction, or formal education, is the education a student receives in a classroom
setting from a pre-designed syllabus. Informal instruction is learning which takes place outside
of this formal setting.
Advantages of formal education
• Large numbers of coaches will learn the same information and/or
processes at the same time
• If properly designed, the course content should be accurate and up
to date
• People learning through formal training programs come up to speed
faster once they start their jobs
• Properly designed formal training programs can include a variety of
methods to appeal to all learning preferences and conform to adult LEARNING PRINCIPLES

Advantages of informal education

• Creating informal learning situations can be less costly and more
time efficient given all of the social media technologies and
electronic devices we have today
• Learning informally can be more personal and less intimidating for
some people
• Experts may be more willing to share their knowledge with others
this way
• Since learning this way happens more naturally during the flow of
someone’s work day, people may be less likely to resist learning new
things.
Open learning involves but is not limited to: classroom teaching methods, approaches to
interactive learning, formats in work-related education and training, the cultures and ecologies
of learning communities, and the development and use of open educational resources.
Online learning turns out to be more and more practiced. Many traditional universities started
to share their courses online for free. It represents an easy and comfortable method to achieve
knowledge in almost every field, from law and accounting, to human sciences, such as
psychology and sociology or history. Online learning is a great alternative to traditional
universities, especially for people who can’t afford the time and money to take real courses

Advantages Of Online Learning

Although many people still consider traditional universities as the best way to achieve
knowledge and get a diploma, online learning proves to be a great alternative. Students have
the chance to study in their own time and especially for free. It represents a great way to study
many fields and to boost the level of self-motivation. Online learning is so effective because
students can finish their homework quickly, and there is more time left for hobbies or for finding
a job.
An access to all resources of a traditional course helps participants learn wherever they are,
leaving them the freedom to choose the time for study. With basically an Internet connection, a
person can attend different courses. Among the advantages of online learning there are the
responsibility and self-discipline of students.

Disadvantages Of Online Learning

Only in a small group a person can develop properly. At school, students learn how to make
friends, be patient, get rid of disappointment, and especially to compete. Competition between
colleagues can be very stimulating and students will only benefit from it. Online learning cannot
offer human interaction.

Another disadvantage refers to the fact that online courses cannot cope with thousands of
students that try to join discussions. Also, online learning can be difficult, if it is meant for
disciplines that involve practice.

In conclusion, online learning should be seen as a complement and extension of classical forms
of learning. Not even the best online course can fully replace the personal contact with a
teacher, or the human relationships that develop in a group. So, traditional classes shouldn’t be
replaced with online learning.