Practical Research 2

Quantitative Research: Inferential Statistics

Reference of Formulas

Hypothesis-Testing Process

1. Set the null hypothesis: 𝐻0

2. Set the alternative hypothesis: 𝐻1
3. Set the level of significance: 𝛼 =? (𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑦)
4. Determine the type of inferential statistical test tool used: 𝑇
5. Compute for test statistic: 𝑇. 𝑆. =?
6. Find the critical value using the critical value table: 𝐶. 𝑉. = (𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)
7. Set the decision rule: 𝐷. 𝑅. |𝑇. 𝑆. | > 𝐶. 𝑉, 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻0 ; |𝑇. 𝑆. | < 𝐶. 𝑉, 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝐻0
8. Should you accept or reject your null hypothesis? 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝐻0 𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝐻0 ?
9. Conclusion:

1. Pearson r

First Step for T.S.: Make a table

x y 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝒚

𝚺𝒙 𝚺𝒚 𝚺𝒙𝟐 𝚺𝒚𝟐 𝚺𝒙𝒚

Second step: Compute for r and t

Third step: Interpret r and complete process

𝒏𝚺𝒙𝒚 − [(𝚺𝒙)(𝚺𝒚]
𝒓=
√[𝒏(𝚺𝒙𝟐 ) − (𝚺𝒙)𝟐 ][𝒏(𝚺𝒚𝟐 ) − (𝚺𝒚)𝟐 )

𝒏−𝟐
𝒕 = 𝒓 (√ )
𝟏 − 𝒓𝟐
 Table of Interpretation for r

Range of r Description
±𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 − ±𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 Negligible Relationship
±𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 − ±𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 Low Relationship
±𝟎. 𝟒𝟏 − ±𝟎. 𝟔𝟎 Moderate Relationship
±𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 − ±𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 Strong Relationship
±𝟎. 𝟖𝟏 − ±𝟎. 𝟗𝟗 Very Strong Relationship
±𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 Perfect Relationship
+ value of r – direct relationship - value of r – indirect relationship

2. One-Sample t-test

̅−𝝁
𝒙
𝒕= 𝝈
√𝒏

Tip: *Compute mean (𝒙 ̅) and standard deviation (SD) using the shortcuts on
your scientific calculator.

Shortcut for mean and SD in scientific calculators:

THREE-LINER: AC. MODE. STAT. 1-VAR. (TABLE—INPUT VALUES, USE “=”). AC.
SHIFT. STAT. VAR. 2 FOR MEAN. 4 FOR SD. PRESS “=” TO GET VALUE.

TWO-LINER: AC. MODE. SD. AC. INPUT VALUE (“M+” not equals). AC. SHIFT.
S-VAR. 1 FOR MEAN, 3 FOR SD. PRESS “=” TO GET VALUE.

*SPECIAL CALCULATORS. EXPLORE AND LOVE YOUR CACLULATOR.

3. Independent Samples t-test

(𝒙 ̅𝟐 ) − (𝝁𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 )
̅𝟏 − 𝒙
𝒕=
𝟐 𝟐
√ 𝒔𝟏 + 𝒔𝟐
𝒏𝟏 𝒏𝟐

Tip: *Compute mean and SD on scientific calculator using the shortcut. Do not
forget to SQUARE the SD (s) to get the value of the variance (𝒔𝟐 ).

4. One-Way ANOVA

Source Sum of Degrees of Variance f-ratio

Squares Freedom Estimate
Between 𝑺𝑺𝑩 𝑲−𝟏 𝑺𝑺𝑩
𝑴𝑺𝑩 =
𝑲−𝟏 𝑴𝑺𝑩
𝑓=
Within 𝑺𝑺𝑾 𝑵−𝑲 𝑺𝑺𝑾 𝑴𝑺𝑾
𝑴𝑺𝑾 =
𝑵−𝑲
Total 𝑺𝑺𝒓 𝑵−𝟏
= 𝑺𝑺𝑩 + 𝑺𝑺𝑾

̅ )𝟐
̅𝒊 − 𝒚
𝑺𝑺𝑩 = 𝒏 ∑(𝒚
𝒊=𝟏

𝒏 𝒌
𝟐
̅𝒊 )
𝑺𝑺𝑾 = ∑ ∑(𝒚𝒊𝒋 − 𝒚
𝒊=𝟏 𝒋=𝟏
5. Chi-Square Test for Independence

(𝑹𝒐𝒘 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍) × (𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍)

𝒇𝒆 =
𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍

Chi-Square Table

𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆 𝒇𝒐 − 𝒇𝒆 (𝒇𝒐 − 𝒇𝒆 )𝟐 (𝒇𝒐 − 𝒇𝒆 )𝟐
𝒇𝒆

𝟐
(𝒇𝒐 − 𝒇𝒆 )𝟐
𝝌 =∑
𝒇𝒆

6. Linear Regression

𝒙 𝒚 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝒚

𝚺𝒙 𝚺𝒚 𝚺𝒙𝟐 𝚺𝒚𝟐 𝚺𝒙𝒚

𝒀 = 𝒂𝒚𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚𝒙 𝑿

𝚺𝑿 𝚺𝒀
𝑿= 𝒀=
𝑵 𝑵

𝐍[𝚺𝐱𝐲] − (𝚺𝑿 × 𝚺𝒀)

𝒃𝒚𝒙 =
𝐍(𝚺𝑿𝟐 ) − (𝚺𝑿)𝟐