Anchor Fundamentals for Structural Design

7/11/2019
ANCHOR 101: ANCHORING

PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN
Tobin Goldsteinholm
Field Engineer | San Diego
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this presentation, the participant should be able to:
1) Understand the failure modes and working principles of post-installed and cast-in-place anchors under various loading
conditions
2) Evaluate the different factors that can impact the design of an anchor system
3) Gain confidence in the comprehension of the International Building Code and an anchor’s Evaluation Service Report
4) Utilize different resources that will help to determine which anchor is most suitable for a project and which design tools
can be used
This course is registered for 1.0 PDH with NCSEA
Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 2
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AGENDA
 Building Code Requirements and Acceptance Criteria

 Anchor Type/Classification
 Fundamental Principles of Anchor Theory per Strength Design
 Anchor Design Influence Factors
 Anchor Selection
 Anchor Design Resources
 Summary
ANCHORING APPLICATIONS: CONCRETE & MASONRY
Structural Anchor Bolts Rebar Doweling Attachments to Masonry

 Structural Anchoring  Anchor or reinforcement  Solid/Hollow CMU
 Equipment Anchoring  Lap splices  Brick
 Safety Related Anchoring  Rebar development
 Slab extensions
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ASSURING YOUR ANCHOR IS MODEL CODE COMPLIANT (1/2)
Chapter 19 – Concrete
1901.3 - Anchoring to Concrete
…in accordance with ACI 318 as
amended in Section 1905..
Chapter 17 (formerly Apx D) – Anchoring to Concrete

17.1.3 – (c) …meet the assessment criteria of ACI 355.2
17.1.3 – (d) …meet the assessment criteria of ACI 355.4
ACI 355.2
Section 5 – Concrete Structures
Mechanical anchor test standard
Section 5.13 - Anchors
…using the provisions of ACI-318-14
Chapter 17
ACI 355.4
Adhesive anchor test standard
AN ICC-ES REPORT PROVIDES EVIDENCE YOUR POST-

INSTALLED ANCHOR IS MODEL CODE COMPLIANT (2/2)
Chapter 17 (formerly Apx D) – Anchoring to Concrete International Code Council Evaluation

17.1.3 – (c) …meet the assessment criteria of ACI 355.2 Services (ICC – ES)
17.1.3 – (d) …meet the assessment criteria of ACI 355.4 or other 3rd party agency
ACI 355.2 AC193 - ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria

Mechanical anchor test standard for mechanical anchors
ACI 355.4 AC308 - ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria

Adhesive anchor test standard for adhesive anchors
ICC-ES Evaluation Report (ESR)

ESR - ####
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POST-INSTALLED ANCHORS FOR BRIDGES AND HIGHWAYS
AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications, 8th Edition

• Published November 2017
• Covers the design, evaluation, and rehabilitation of
highway bridges
• Reorganization of Section 5 – “Concrete Structures”
• New in Section 5 is article 13 that addresses the design of
cast-in place and post-installed anchors in concrete
(5.13.1)
• ‘Anchors intended to comply with provisions of this Article
shall be designed, detailed and installed using the
provisions of ACI 318-14, Chapter 17 ...’**
**Any adjustments to the provisions of ACI 318-14, Chapter 17 are

detailed in Section 5 of the AASHTO document.
VERIFICATION OF CODE COMPLIANCE
How do you know if an anchor product complies with the relevant

building code?
Just look for the product’s ESR (the ICC-ES Evaluation Report) and this logo…
What is an ESR?
• Product specific ESRs verify that building products comply with code requirements
• Published by ICC-ES (International Code Council Evaluation Service)
• Based on testing performed in accordance with appropriate Acceptance Criteria (AC)
• An ICC-ES Evaluation Report indicates that a product has received recognition under
the International Building Code (IBC)
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ICC-ES ESR LAYOUT
A CSI Division Number

B Report Holder
C Evaluation Subject
1.0 Evaluation Scope
2.0 Uses
3.0 Description
4.0 Design and Installation
5.0 Conditions of Use
6.0 Evidence Submitted
7.0 Identification
OTHER IMPORTANT ESR INFORMATION
I Installation Parameters
II Design Tables
III Example Calculations
IV* Manufacturer’s Printed Installation

Instructions (MPII)
• Always reference the MPII provided in the
product packaging
V Supplemental Data and Certifications
Source: ICC-ES Website: www.icc-es.org
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ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN VS STRENGTH DESIGN
Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Strength Design (LRFD)
Steel Failure
Perform tests to failure and take average
Tension
Concrete Breakout
Pullout / Bond Failure
Side Face Blowout / Splitting
Apply factor of safety (Ω) to Average Ultimate Load Steel Failure w/o Lever Arm
Steel Failure w/ Lever Arm
Shear
Concrete Breakout
ASD is appropriate for anchorage into masonry Concrete Pryout
AGENDA

 Summary
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ANCHOR LOAD CONSIDERATIONS
Loads applied to anchors:

• Tension (N)
• Shear (V)
• Combined Load (F)
• Bending Moment (M)
• Static Load
- Dead Load
- Live Load
• Dynamic Load
- Seismic Load
- Wind Load
- Live Load
ANCHOR TYPES
Post-Installed Cast-In-Place
Adhesive Headed
Undercut Expansion Screw
Anchors Studs
Anchors Anchors Anchors
Load transfer Load transfer
Load transfer Load transfer Load transfer
by Bond by Bearing
by Bearing by Friction by Keying
Full Loading Full Loading
Full Loading Full Loading Full Loading
After Curing After Curing
Immediately Immediately Immediately
of Adhesive of Concrete
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ANCHOR LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Friction (Micro-keying)
Keying (Undercut)
Keying (Screw)
Adhesion (Bonding)
AGENDA

 Summary
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STRENGTH DESIGN – FAILURE MODES
TENSION FAILURE MODES
Steel Element Failure Concrete Breakout Failure

• Ductile and Non-ductile element • Formation of conical concrete failure surfaces
• Ductile element defined by ACI-318-14, Section 2.3
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TENSION FAILURE MODES
Single Group
Concrete Splitting Side-face blowout Pullout Bond failure
Splitting and Side-Face Blowout Pullout and Bond Failure

• Failures related to deep embedment at close edge • Pullout failure can occur with mechanical and cast-
distances for cast-in place anchors only in place anchors
SHEAR FAILURE MODES
Steel failure without lever arm Steel failure with lever arm
• Ductile and non-ductile elements • Stand-of condition defined by ACI 318-14 Section
5.1.3
• Ductile elements defined by ACI 318-14 Section 2.3
• Considers bolt bending
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SHEAR FAILURE MODES
Concrete breakout Concrete pryout

• Formation of a conical concrete failure surface • Formation of a concrete failure surface behind the
towards the edge of the concrete anchor
STRENGTH DESIGN – FAILURE MODES
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AGENDA

 Summary
ANCHOR DESIGN INFLUENCE FACTORS
Influence Factors for Anchor Design and Performance:

1. Base Material Condition
a. “Green” Concrete
b. Minimum Concrete Thickness (hmin)
2. Concrete Compressive Strength (f’c)
3. Edge Distance (c)
4. Anchor Spacing (s)
5. Effective Embedment Depth (hef)
6. Installation Orientation
7. Sustained Loading/Creep
8. Seismic Design Considerations
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BASE MATERIAL CONDITION: CONCRETE
ACI 318-14 and the International

Building Code (IBC) conservatively
assume cracked concrete conditions
Design Load ϕNN, ϕVN

as the baseline parameter for post-
installed and cast-in-place anchor
design.
*Concrete condition must be verified

by the Engineer of Record
Embedment Depth, hef
“GREEN” CONCRETE INSTALLATIONS
“Green” Concrete is typically considered concrete that has cured for less than 28 days
• Special Provisions for Post-Installed Anchors:
Adhesive Anchors Mechanical Anchors
• Requires minimum 21 day cure time (ACE 318-14 • Not to be installed/placed in concrete <7 days
Section 17.1.2) old
If less than 21 days: • Anchor capacity based on concrete strength at
time of loading
• Use concrete compressive strength at time of
installation
• Design with bond strength related to water-
saturated concrete
Onsite evaluation is recommended to verify the capacity of post-installed anchors in “green” concrete.
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MINIMUM CONCRETE THICKNESS (hmin)
• Per ACI 355.2/355.4, the manufacturer is required to provide the minimum

concrete thickness for post-installed mechanical or adhesive anchors based on
testing
• Minimum concrete thickness is provided to prevent concrete splitting or spalling
during installation of the anchor
• ACI 355.2 & 355.4 provide estimations for post-installed anchors
• Minimum thickness may be increased to allow for no reductions in the minimum
spacing (smin) and/or minimum edge distance (cmin)
CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (f’c)
ACI 318-14 definition: “compressive strength of concrete

used in design and evaluated in accordance with
provisions of (ACI 318-14)”
• ACI 318-14 Section 17.2.7 limits concrete compressive strength:

o Post-Installed: 2,500 ≤ f’c ≤ 8,000 psi
o Cast-in-Place: 2,500 ≤ f’c ≤ 10,000 psi
• Lightweight Concrete Modification (λa):
o Cast-In-Place or Undercut Anchor 1.0λ
o Expansion/Adhesive Anchor (Concrete) 0.8λ
o Adhesive Anchor (Bond Failure) 0.6λ
Note: λ from ACI 318-14 Section 19.2.4.2
λa from ACI 318-14 Section 17.2.6
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EDGE DISTANCE (c)
ACI 318-14 definition: “distance from the edge of the concrete surface to the center of
the nearest anchor”
• Minimum Edge Distance (cmin) and Critical Edge Distance (cac) requirements are determined
by individual product specific testing per ACI 355.2 or ACI 355.4
• ACI 318-14 Section 17.7.3 provides minimum edge distances if no testing is available:
o Adhesive Anchors: 6da
o Undercut Anchors: 6da
o Torque-Controlled Anchors: 8da
o Displacement-Controlled Anchors: 10da
o Cast-in-place Anchors (17.7.2): 6da
Check with anchor’s ESR for determination of minimum and critical edge
distance requirements.
ANCHOR SPACING (s)
ACI 318-14 definition: “center-to-center distance

between adjacent….anchors”
ACI 318-14 Section 17.7.1 center-to-center spacing of

anchors shall be:
• Cast-in anchors that will not be torqued: 4da
• Torqued cast-in anchors: 6da
• Post-installed anchors: 6da
Minimum spacing (smin) requirements are determined by Check with appropriate anchor’s ESR for
individual product specific testing per ACI 355.2 or ACI determination of minimum spacing
355.4. It is permitted to use lesser values from these tests. requirements.
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EFFECTIVE EMBEDMENT DEPTH (hef)
ACI 318-14 definition: “overall depth through which

the anchor transfers force to or from the surrounding
concrete”
• Anchor Theory Embedment Limitation (Post-Installed):

4da ≤ hef ≤ 20da
• Nominal Embedment v. Effective Embedment
SUSTAINED LOADING/CREEP
Creep is the slow and continuous deformation of a material under sustained

loading and is mainly influenced by:
• Base Material / Product
• Loading Conditions
• In-Service Temperature
• Installation Procedure
Sustained Load Provisions

• ACI 318-14 Section 17.3.1.2: 0.55 ∗ ∗ ,
• Anchors that have been qualified through ACI 355.4 for sustained loading will receive
recognition in the product’s ICC-ES evaluation report (ESR)
Sustained load is a strength design consideration for adhesive anchors.
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INSTALLATION ORIENTATION
Issues due to improper installation
Sag of anchor element during

anchor cure
Incomplete coverage of anchor

element due to run out of adhesive
Entrapment of air during injection

leading to voids along bonded
length
Adhesive anchor orientation can require different installation procedures, and

must be tested and qualified for overhead applications.
SEISMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS - TENSION
For structures assigned to Seismic Design categories

C – F, the following tension design provisions are
given in ACI 318-14 Chapter 17:
• 17.2.3.4.3 (a): connections will be governed by a ductile
steel failure
• 17.2.3.4.3 (b): connections will be governed by the ductile
yielding of the attachment
• 17.2.3.4.3 (c): connections will be governed by a non-
ductile failure of the attachment
• 17.2.3.4.3 (d): connections will be considered non-ductile,
and all loads will be increased by an omega factor (ASCE
7)
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SEISMIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS - SHEAR
For structures assigned to Seismic Design categories

C – F, the following shear design provisions are given
in ACI 318-14 Chapter 17:
• 17.2.3.5.3 (a): connections will be governed by the ductile
yielding of the attachment
• 17.2.3.5.3 (b): connections will be governed by a non-
ductile failure of the attachment
• 17.2.3.5.3 (c): connections will be considered non-ductile,
and all loads will be increased by an omega factor (ASCE
7)
STRENGTH DESIGN – DESIGN VERIFICATION
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AGENDA

 Summary
CONCRETE AND MASONRY ANCHOR EXAMPLES
Cast-In-Place Anchors Mechanical Anchors Adhesive Anchors

Undercut
Slow Cure
Industry
bolts
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete
Channel
Anchor
Wedge
Masonry
Masonry
Fast Cure
Threaded
inserts
Screw
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ANCHOR SELECTION CHART
• There are a wide variety of anchoring products

available to meet your specific application needs
SELECTING THE RIGHT STEEL ELEMENT IS AS IMPORTANT

AS THE ADHESIVE
• Material properties – Steel strength and ductility
– ASTM F1554 standard specifies all mechanical properties that are relevant
for carbon steel structural fasteners, includes compatible nuts and washers
– Ductility in carbon steel for seismic applications
• Corrosion resistance
– Protective coating or stainless steel may be suitable for exterior
applications or corrosive environments
• Reliable material finish and identification

– Pre-cut and cut-to-length rod programs offer threaded rod of the proper
dimensions, without oil or debris, and chamfered
– ASTM F1554 requires specific head markings for ease of identification
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PROVEN RELIABILITY OF THE TOTAL CHEMICAL

SYSTEM
Cracked Concrete
Proven reliability
Seismic
Productivity and Performance for

Safety every application
OSHA DUST* COLLECTION / EXTRACTION COMPARISON
Traditional installation method using a jobsite compressor – NOT OSHA Table 1 compliant*, unless a HEPA-filtered
vacuum is used to collect dust during hole cleaning.
SafeSet installation method using a vacuum and a hollow drill bit – OSHA Table 1 compliant*
Source – OSHA 1926.1153 Table 1
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TAKE FULL ADVANTAGE OF TOTAL MECHANICAL
Proper anchor installation Hilti – AT Tool
Productivity
Cracked Concrete KB-TZ (ESR 1917)
Reliability Safety
Seismic
AGENDA

 Summary
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ANCHOR DESIGN RESOURCES
Hilti’s PROFIS Engineering Hilti’s Simplified Design Tables Hand Calculation using ACI 318-
Software 14, Chapter 17 Equations
• Using Quick Reference Load • Design of Anchor System Using ACI
• Design Software Utilizing ACI 318 Capacity and Adjustment Factors for 318 Anchoring-to-Concrete
Anchoring-to-Concrete Provisions Simple Anchor Layouts Provisions
Hilti’s PROFIS Engineering Software

• Design per ACI 318 Anchoring-to-Concrete Provisions:
o ACI 318-14 Chapter 17
o ACI 318-11 Appendix D
o CSA A23.3 Annex D
o ACI 349-01 (Nuclear)
• Software Features:
o User-Friendly Software
o Real-time analysis on anchor system
o Post-Installed and Cast-In-Place Anchors
o Ability to optimize design of anchor system
o Report generation for formal submittal
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Hilti’s Simplified Design Tables

• Pre-calculated capacities and reduction factors using ACI
318 Anchoring-to-Concrete provisions
• Tables are formatted similarly to Allowable Stress Design
(ASD) Tables
• Example Calculation:
HILTI ANCHOR DESIGN CENTER
Anchor Design Center includes:

• Application Specific Data
• Design Software Tutorials/Help Files
• Approvals/Reports
• Technical Data
• Specs/General Notes Examples
• Typical Details
• CAD Drawings
Contact Information:
Engineering Support: 877-749-6337
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AGENDA

 Summary
SUMMARY
• Anchors can be designed for various load conditions including static, dynamic, and
seismic loads
• Strength Design provisions consider possible anchor failure modes in both tension
and shear
• Anchor types include cast-in-place, post-installed mechanical and post-installed
adhesive
• Various factors can influence the anchor performance including embedment depth,
edge distance, spacing, base material condition, etc.
• Post-installed anchors must be pre-qualified via testing to obtain recognition under
the IBC
• There are various resources that are available to assist with the design of an
anchor/anchor system
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QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU
Tobin Goldsteinholm
Field Engineer
San Diego
Tel: 877-749-6337
Us-res376@hilti.com
www.hilti.com
www.hilti.ca
26

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7/11/2019

ANCHOR 101: ANCHORING

Upon completion of this presentation, the participant should be able to:

This course is registered for 1.0 PDH with NCSEA

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 2

 Building Code Requirements and Acceptance Criteria

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 3

ANCHORING APPLICATIONS: CONCRETE & MASONRY

Structural Anchor Bolts Rebar Doweling Attachments to Masonry

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 4

ASSURING YOUR ANCHOR IS MODEL CODE COMPLIANT (1/2)

Chapter 17 (formerly Apx D) – Anchoring to Concrete

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 5

AN ICC-ES REPORT PROVIDES EVIDENCE YOUR POST-

Chapter 17 (formerly Apx D) – Anchoring to Concrete International Code Council Evaluation

ACI 355.2 AC193 - ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria

ACI 355.4 AC308 - ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria

ICC-ES Evaluation Report (ESR)

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 6

POST-INSTALLED ANCHORS FOR BRIDGES AND HIGHWAYS

AASHTO Bridge Design Specifications, 8th Edition

**Any adjustments to the provisions of ACI 318-14, Chapter 17 are

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 7

VERIFICATION OF CODE COMPLIANCE

How do you know if an anchor product complies with the relevant

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 8

ICC-ES ESR LAYOUT

A CSI Division Number

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 9

OTHER IMPORTANT ESR INFORMATION

III Example Calculations

IV* Manufacturer’s Printed Installation

Source: ICC-ES Website: www.icc-es.org

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 10

ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN VS STRENGTH DESIGN

Allowable Stress Design (ASD) Strength Design (LRFD)

Pullout / Bond Failure

Side Face Blowout / Splitting

Steel Failure w/ Lever Arm

ASD is appropriate for anchorage into masonry Concrete Pryout

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 11

 Building Code Requirements and Acceptance Criteria

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 12

ANCHOR LOAD CONSIDERATIONS

Loads applied to anchors:

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 13

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 14

ANCHOR LOAD TRANSFER MECHANISMS

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 15

 Building Code Requirements and Acceptance Criteria

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 16

STRENGTH DESIGN – FAILURE MODES

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 17

TENSION FAILURE MODES

Steel Element Failure Concrete Breakout Failure

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 18

TENSION FAILURE MODES

Concrete Splitting Side-face blowout Pullout Bond failure

Splitting and Side-Face Blowout Pullout and Bond Failure

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 19

SHEAR FAILURE MODES

Anchor 101 | Anchoring Principles and Design 20

SHEAR FAILURE MODES