Effect of Daily Allowance to the Academic Performance

Of Grade-12 4P’s Students in Ivisan National High School for the

School Year 2018-2019

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Chapter1 includes; (1) Background of study (2) Statement of

the Problem and the Hypotheses, (3) Conceptual and Theoretical

Framework (4) Significance of the Study, (5) Scope and

Delimitation of the Study and (6) Definition of Terms.

Part One, Background of the study, presents the rationale

for selecting the present problem and the study’s frame of

reference that strengthens the reason for investigation.

Part Two, Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses, states

the general and specific statements of the study, which are to

be addressed and answered in the study and the null hypothesis

which are to be either accepted or rejected.

Part Three, Theoretical and Conceptual Framework, discusses

the principles, the ideas, and existing theories on which the

study is anchored and based, and the dependent and independent

variables surrounding the problems onto which the problem may have

relation with or influence each other.

 Part Four, Significance of the Study, discusses the

importance and possible benefits of the study for the different

persons involved.

Part Five, Scope and Delimitation of the Study

specifies range limits and boundaries in terms of variables,

participants, instruments and statistical tools used in the

study.

Part Six, Definition of Terms, defines both conceptually and

operationally the key terms and variables used in the study.

Background of the Study

In today ‘s life, Education is very important because

it serve as a guide and way to pursue are dreams. Having

4P’s or Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program can help a lot

in every family. Through this Program, many children

experiences education and sustain every family need for

their daily life. Allowance is the most needed of the

students going to the school. This is what government under

4P’s wants to implement. Government wants to have those

family that cannot afford to sustain their needs and send

their children in school. Poverty occurs in the Philippines

because Filipino citizen are lack in terms of financial

because of job scarcity. Aquino administration proclaims

that Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a version of

conditional cash transfer program here in the Philippines

under the Department of social Welfare and Development.

The practice of giving children allowances developed in the

early twentieth century when children's purchases of movie

tickets, candy, and toys raised concerns about their spending

habits. During the Progressive Era (1890s–1920s), allowance

advocates recommended giving children a regular but fixed supply

of money to inculcate respect for money. Child had endorsed

allowances to encourage benevolence and fiscal responsibility.

Progressive-era child-rearing authorities joined a much larger

chorus calling for new money training regimes in women's magazines

and parental advice literature (Child, L.M., 2000).

However, Child, L.M. stated that despite the benefits gained

by the students of having allowance, there are problems and

disadvantages present. For example, a student has poor spending

habits. They tend to think that this is their money and they can

do whatever they want with it. Students have the tendency to spend

their allowances on their recreational activities such as, renting

a computer unit for fun and games, buying items at the shopping

mall, and spending money for the peers. As a result study habits

and academic performance is affected.

Many empirical studies are carried out to explore factors

affecting students’ performance and measuring of academic

performance of students is challenging since student performance

is product of socio-economic, psychological and environmental

factors (S.M.M. Raza Naqvi2, 2003).

Research reviews support the hypothesis that student

performance depends on different socio-economic, psychological,

environmental factors. The findings of research studies focused

that student performance is affected by different factors such as

learning abilities because new paradigm about learning assumes

that all students can and should learn at higher levels but it

should not be considered as constraint because there are other

factors like race, gendarmes that can affect student’s

performance. (Hansen, Joe B.2000).

The researcher conduct the research study because they

want to know if the financial or allowance given by the

government is enough to those who have 4P’s and also to

determine if 4P’s is very effective to help student’s

academic performance.

Statement of the Problem

General Statement

This study determines the effect of daily allowance in

the academic performance of Grade 12 4P’s students in

Ivisan National High School for the School Year 2018-2019.

Specific Statement
 Specifically, this study seeks answer to the following

question:

1. What is the daily allowance of Grade 12 4P’s students

in Ivisan National High School for the S.Y. 2018-2019

when classify according to age, sex, and section?

2. What is the academic performance of Grade 12 4P’s

students in Ivisan National High School for the S.Y.

2018-2019 when classify according to age, sex, and

section?

3. What is the level of effect of daily allowance to the academic

performance of Grade 12 4P’s students in Ivisan National

High School for the S.Y. 2018-2019 when classify

according to age, sex and section?

4. Is there any significant difference in the daily

allowance of Grade 12 4P’s students in Ivisan National

High School for the S.Y. 2018-2019 when classify

according to age , sex, and section?

5. Is there any significant difference in the academic

performance of Grade 12 4P’s students in Ivisan National

High School for the S.Y. 2018-2019 when classify

according to age, sex, and section?

6. Is there a significant relationship between daily

allowance and academic performance of Grade 12 4P’s

 students in Ivisan National High School for the S.Y.

2018-2019?

Hypotheses of the Study

In the statements stated above, here is the following

hypothesis:

1. There is no significant difference in the daily

allowance of Grade 12 4P’s students in Ivisan National

High School for the school year 2018-2019 when classify

according to age, sex, and section.

2. There is no significant difference in the academic

performance of Grade 12 4P’s students in Ivisan National High

School for the school year 2018-2019 when classify

according to age, sex, and section.

3. There is no significant relationship between daily

allowance and academic performance of Grade 12 4P’s

students in Ivisan National High School for the school

year 2018-2019.

Theoretical Framework

Motivation Theory Applied to the Allowance/Chore

According to a 2008 Charles Schwab Parents who choose to give

their kids an allowance are looking for ways to educate them about

money. Sometimes that education focuses on the earning part of

money and sometimes it focuses on the management part. Both are

important life skills we need to teach our kids in order to help

prepare them for their eventual financial futures. The good news

is, kids are, by nature, curious about how money works. And any

time kids are curious, there’s an automatic intrinsic desire for

them to want to learn more.

Schwab also stated that they don’t want to squelch this

curiosity by imposing too much control. Instead, current research

in motivation theory has given us away to design an effective

allowance program that can help kids learn to earn and manage money

in a way that supports this intrinsic motivation. It begins by

removing the control that comes from trying allowance to chores

and giving kids personal responsibility for managing and earning

money. This allows kids to direct their learning in a way that is

meaningful to them which leads to more powerful learning

experiences. And when it comes to kids learning about the

management and earning of money, the more powerful the lessons,

the better equipped they will be to take on the financial

opportunities and challenges that await them. (Charles Schwab,

2008)

4p’s Theory Cost, Benefit, Outcome

The social exchange theory, also called the communication

theory of social exchange, suggests that human beings make social

decisions based on perceived costs and benefits. This hypothesis

asserts that people evaluate all social relationships to determine

the benefits they will get out of them. This is the comparison

level where individuals assess the gains in maintaining such social

relationship. It also suggests that someone will typically leave

a relationship if he or she perceives that the effort, or cost, of

it outweighs any perceived advantages. In the 4Ps, however, the

implementers do make or break the relationship. The 4Ps has been

implemented since January 2008. It has become nationwide after

going through a piloted program mode between June to December 2007.

In 2010 it is estimated that around 300,000 households were

targeted under the program, which aims to provide money to extreme

poor households in order to allow the family members to meet

certain human development goals set by the government. In the

Philippines, studies have found a strong correlation between low

schooling and high malnutrition and poverty. In its conception

until the re-running of the program, the main objectives of the

4P’s remains the same, they are to increase enrollment/attendance

of children at the elementary level and reducing poverty. (, 2003).

According to , the poorest households with children 6–14 years

of age would qualify for the education cash grants, provided that

the children are enrolled in schools and regularly attend classes.

The minimum rate of school attendance is 85% and schools are

supposed to report the attendance rate of program beneficiaries to

the respective municipal governments (in cooperation with the

Department of Education – Division of City Schools) The monthly

benefit is 300 pesos per child attending school for 10 months, up

to a maximum of three children per household.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Daily Academic
Allowance of Performance of
Grade 12 4p’s Grade 12 4p’s
students in students in
Ivisan Ivisan National
National High High School
School

Antecedent Variable

Age, Sex, and

Section

Figure 1.A graphic diagram, showing the relationship between

the academic performance, daily allowance, of grade 12 4p’s
students in Ivisan National High School.
 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This descriptive-correlational research was conducted to

determine the effect of daily allowance in the academic performance

of Grade 12 4P’s students classified according to age, sex, and

section in Ivisan National High School for school year 2018-2019.

The participants were the 78 Grade 12 4P’s students by means

of non-random sampling technique, more specifically under

purposive sampling.

The independent variable that were covered in this study were

the daily allowance of Grade 12 4P’s students. The dependent

variable is only limited to the academic performance of Grade 12

4P’s students in (first semester average) in Ivisan National High

School for the school year 2018-2019.

Significance of the Study

This study provides new ideas regarding to the effect

of daily allowance in the academic performance of Grade 12

4P’s students, which may be useful to the researchers,

students, teachers, parents, school administration, government,

community, and future researchers.

Researcher. This study will enhance and develop the skills

and talents in the area of research.

Students. As main focus of this study, students will benefit

the best of this research. This study will give reasons and
information on how their daily allowance influence their academic

performance in school. This research would be a basis in making a

model on how effectively improves the academic performance of

student.

Teachers. This research will not serve only as an

instrument to know the reason behind the academic

performance of their students, but also help them to guide

their students in achieving good performance in school,

particularly in academic performance.

Parents. The information of this research study will

serve as a bridge to fully understand the academic

performance of their children at school. It will be use

also as a way of the parents on how to budget the

allowance of their children.

School Administration. This research will serve as an

instrument to the school administration to create new ideas

to improve their strategies in guiding the students.

Government.

Community.

Future Researchers. The content and information of the

research study can be used as a basis of future studies

of the students. They can also use new techniques, variables,

and larger sample size. It only means that this study

is open for further innovation.

 Definition of Terms

For a clearer understanding of this study, the following terms

are defined conceptually and operationally.

Daily Allowance- refers to the amount of the money that an

employee is entitled to on daily basis (mbaSin sKUL.COM).

In this study Daily Allowance refers to the independent

variable and the amount of money given to the Grade 12 4P’s

students in Ivisan National High School. It refers to the

classifications: Higher allowance (₱91.00-above), High allowance

(₱61.00-₱90.00), Low allowance (₱31.00-₱61.00), and Lower

allowance (₱1.00-₱30.00).

4P’s students- refers to the students who belong less

privileged sector of the society can soon avail the students grants

in the Aid Program for Poverty Alleviation (SGP-PA) as a part of

the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program.(4P’seducation)

In this study 4P’s students refers to the respondents of the

study that have financial support from the government.

Academic performance- refers to the extent of which students,

teachers and institution achieved their short or long term

educational goals.

In this study academic performance refers to the dependent

variable and the performance of 4P’s students in their academic

classes. The general average for the first semester of Grade 12

4P’s students is the grade that will measure their academic

performance and is scaled as follows: advanced (90 – above),

proficient (85 - 89), approaching proficiency (80 -84), developing

(75 -79), and beginning (74 – below).