48. What is shear centre and what is flexural axis.

Shear center is the point in the section where a transverse load produces no rotation of the section.

Flexural axis is the locus of S.C.(shear center). If the flexural axis is not a straight line, then shear
loads which produce no twist at one section, will produce twist at another section.

49. Which of the bolts require close tolerances-tension bolt or shear bolt?

Ans: Shear bolt.

50. How will you solve a statically indeterminate structure?

Ans: Obtain first, a base-structure, by removing the redundant members or reactions. Write the
equilibrium equations for the structure. One deflection equation is then written for each redundant
and the equations are solved simultaneously along with the equilibrium equations.

51. When a body is freely falling from a great height (neglect air resistance), what are the stresses
developed in the body during motion.

Ans: Zero stresses.

52. What do you understand by the term stability of a structure.

Ans: Stability means small response to small disturbances.

53. What is fail safe principle?

Ans: The structure is so designed that if a part of it does fail, the structure will still be safe because
there is another part (or parts) to take the load instead.

54. What do you mean by yield point?

Ans: At Yield Point there is large visible stretch without the addition of further load.

55. What is fatigue in a material?

Ans: Fatigue is the weakening of the material (Strength could be as low as 30% of U.T.S) due to
frequent fluctuations in load.

56. What is the physical significance of B.M. diagram. Is the B.M. dependent on material used for
the beam.

Ans: Physical significance of B.M.D is that it shows moment transfer from one section to the other
section. B.M. is independent of the material used.

57. Draw the B.M., S.F. and axial force diagrams, for the beam shown in fig 39.

We have M = P cosθ .d; R2 = P cosθ

∑M(about hinge) = 0 ⇒ R3 (a+b) – b. P sinθ - M = 0;
and R1 + R3= P sin(θ )
∴ Solve for R1, R2, R3

θ
d
B

b
a

Psinθ
B
Pcosθ

Pcosθ

Axial Force Diagram

Psinθ -R3

S.F.D R3

M
R3

B.M.D
Fig 39.
58. For the bracket shown in figure 40, which bolt takes more load? A or B?

Ans: Bolt at A.

Fig 40.

59. Which type of rivets can carry tensile load better? Countersunk rivets or round head rivets.

Ans: Round headed rivets.

Fig 41.

60. For the shaft subjected to torque T as shown in figure 42, show the variation of twist along the
length AC.

Fig 42. Variation of Twist

61. Write the expressions for J for closed tube and slit tube.
Y Y
R R
x
x
t
Closed Tube: Slit Tube: t
J=2π r3 t Fig 43. J=2π rt3/3 Fig 44.
(4A2 / ∫ ds/t) (1/3 ∫ t3ds)

Note: (i) Ip (Polar M.I.) = Ixx + Iyy and

J = (4A2 / ∫ ds/t) { for closed tubular sections of any shape }
(ii) For circular sections J = Ip
62. Mark the location of shear centers (S.C) for the following sections.

Fig 45.

Note:- 1. For symmetrical sections S.C.coincides with c.g.

2. S.C. is also called centre of twist.

63. Draw the B.M., S.F and axial force diagrams for the beam shown in fig 46.

ABC ⇒ Beam
BD ⇒ Wire ( or cable)

T x q = w(a+b)2/2
tanθ = p/b

Axial Force Diagram

Note: R4 = Tsinθ -
(a+b)w
Mx= w(a+x)2/2 -
F3 Tsinθ .x
F1 R3 = -Tcosθ
F2

F1=(Tsinθ - wa - wb)
F2=(Tsinθ - wa)
F3= wa

S.F.D

Fig 46.
 B.M.D

64. Why dimpling of skin for rivets is better than machine countersunk.

Fig 47.

Because skin takes part of the load when it is dimpled. Also machine countersunk will have sharp
corners.

65. The steel cantilever beam(figure 48) is partially supported by a coil spring. Find the force in the
spring. The M.I. of the beam is 1.718 in4 and k of the spring = 1000 lb/in.

Fig 48.

The beam and spring deflect equally as they share the load. δ b =δ s

(Pl3/3EI)b = (P/k)s
⇒ Pbx(6x12)3/(3x30x106)(1.718) = Ps/103
⇒2.4 Pb = Ps .............................…...................(1)
and Pb + Ps = 680 ............................................(2)

Solving (1) and (2), Ps = 480 lb ; Pb = 200 lb.

66. Two loads are applied to a 2” diameter circular shaft simply supported as shown in figure 49.
Find the max normal stress in the shaft.

I=π d4/64 = π 24/64 = π /4

Since moments are directed magnitudes, they can be added vectorially.
MB=√(8002+8002) ⇒1130 lb ft.
MC=√(4002+16002) ⇒1650 lb ft.

Critical section is therefore point C.

σ max = Mcy/I ⇒ [(1650 x12)x1]/( π /4)
σ max = 25,200 psi.

Fig 49.

67. Two steel cantilever beams help to support load F as shown in figure 50. Find F if the deflection
at A is to be  inch. M.I. of each member is 1.5 in4.
F

Fig 50(a).

Two conditions at A provide the necessary equation for the problem. First, a mutual force P acts on
both beams and secondly, the deflections of both beams are equal.

Here,
deflection(δ A) = Fl3/3EI – Pl3/3EI....(1).

Here,
deflection(δ A) = Pl3/3EI ...................(2).
Fig 50(b)

Adding (1) and (2) 2δ A = Fl3/3EI ⇒ δ A = Fl3/6EI

Or F = 6δ A.EI/l3

= 6x0.5x(30x106)X1.5/603
F = 625 lbs.