c



 c 
  

    

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 %+ 
  (,-
- .%(/ is the term given to the discipline focused on the
integration of computer systems with the aims and objectives on an organization. It refers broadly to a
computer-based system that provides managers with the tools for organizing, evaluating and efficiently
running their departments. In order to provide past, present and prediction information, an MIS can
include software that helps in decision making, data resources such as databases, the hardware resources
of a system, decision support systems, people management and project management applications, and
any computerized processes that enable department to run efficiently.

p 
pis a system used to convert data from internal and external sources into information and to
communicate that information, in an appropriate form, to managers at all levels in all functions to
enable them to make timely and effective decisions for planning, directing, and controlling the
activities for which they are responsible (Lucey, 2005).
p 
     
 

  for providing the information to support the
operations, management, and the decision making function of the organization.
p 
  
  provides information support for decision making in the organization.
p 
        for the purpose of providing information to the people in the
organization.p

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 01 2 *

p c refers to an elementary description of things, events, activities and transactions that are
recorded, classified, and stored but are not organized to convey any specific meaning such as
numbers, letters, figures, sounds, or images.
p %+ 
  refers to data that have been organized so that they have meaning and value to the
recipient.
p 1 2 * consists of data and/or information that have been organized and processed to convey
understanding, experience, insight and expertise as they apply to a current business problem.

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p Itemphasizes a fair degree of integration and a holistic view
p It refers to the entire set of components, both computer related, and non-computer related, that
provides a service to a user
p Like all other systems, it consist of sub-systems in which each of them has its own function
wherein if one fails to do its job, the whole system would be affected causing malfunction of the
system. They work as one and continually influence one another to maintain their activity and
existence of the system.

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p Romponents include Ê
Ê p 


p Ê
 p 

 p  p  p

  

p    refers to information systems professionals and users who analyze organizational
information needs, design and construct information systems, write computer programs,
operate the hardware and maintain the software.
p crefers to the input that the system takes to produce information.
p   - refer to the rules for achieving optimal and secure operations in data processing
and include priorities running different applications on the computer and security measures.
p ( +2 refers to the set of instructions that tell the computer how to take data in, how to
process it, how to display information, and how to store data and information.
p 2 refers to the computer and its peripheral equipment which also includes data
communication equipment.
p 

 - refer to the hardware and software that facilitate fast transmission and
reception of text, pictures, sound, and animation in the form of electronic data.
p ny combination of information technology and people's activities using that technology to support
operations, management, and decision-making
 p ïrequently used to refer to the interaction between people, algorithmic processes, data and
technology which in turn used to refer to the way in which people interact with this technology in
support of business processes (Beynon-Davies, 2009).
p n example of a system concerned with the manipulation of signs. n information system is a type
of socio-technical system and is a mediating construct between actions and technology.
p ïorm of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social
memory. It can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision
making and action.
p rimary focus of study for the information systems discipline and for organisational informatics
p It refers to an integrated set of components for collecting, storing, processing, and
communicating information. Business firms, other organizations, and individuals in contemporary
society rely on information systems to manage their operations, compete in the marketplace,
supply services, and augment personal lives.

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&  -
p In order to provide past, present and prediction information, an MIS can include software that
helps in decision making, data resources such as databases, the hardware resources of a
system, decision support systems, people management and project management applications, and
any computerized processes that enable department to run efficiently.
p „ 

  uncertainty exists where there is less than perfect knowledge. Rarely,
if ever, is there perfect knowledge but relevant information helps to reduce the unknown which
makes it relevant in planning and decision making.
p   

  
 
 by providing information about performance and the extent of
deviations from planned levels of performance, management are better able to control operation.
p  
 
 
 managers need to know about developments, plans, forecasts, and
impending changes and so on.
p 
 by having historical information about performance, transactions, results of
past actions and decisions available for reference, personal memories are supplemented.
p ° p
 
 help user for planning, control, and decision making which makes user¶s work easier in
the sense that problems and situations are simplified and become more manageable. Moreover, it
helps users to become information competent - find it easy to organize their information, search for
information, analyze their information and using old information to create new information.

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p °


p
  is a large umbrella referring to systems designed to create, store, manipulate,
or disseminate information or simply refers to the management of information while °


p
 


falls under the information systems umbrella, but has nothing to do with systems per
say. s the matter of fact, IT deals with the technology involved in the systems themselves. p

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p *
 is the process of planning and regulating the activities of an enterprise. It is
commonly used to cover the formulation of policies, its execution, designing of the organization
and its employment.
p It may be defined as the art of applying the economic principles that underlie the control of
men and materials in the enterprise under considerations.
p °


p
 p    p may refer to the way the user operates the system to handle
information.
p Manager ïunctions are as follows:
p  * determining the goals and objectives and evolving strategies, policies, programmes
and procedures for the achievement of these goals.
p '*5  involves evolving the structure of the people working in the organization and
their roles.
p (++*  involves manning the positions in the organization structure which requires defining
the manpower needs per position or center of activity.
p c*  complex tax of implementing the process of management  guide, clarify and solve
problems of the people and their activities.
p  *  brings harmony and smoothness in the various group activities and individuals
efforts directed towards the accomplishment of goals.
p   *  process of measurement of an output and ensures an achievement of the plan
$ *,0 ---$-
Vp Rhanging business environment
p Specialization
Vp Increased demand for technical skills
Vp Specialized MIS tools
Vp Increased communication

p Methodology & ïranchises

Vp Reduction of middle management
Vp Increased data sharing
Vp Increased analysis by top management
Vp Romputer support for rules
Vp Re-engineering

p Mergers
Vp Larger companies
Vp ?eed for control and information
Vp conomies of scale

p Decentralization & Small Business

Vp Rommunication needs
Vp Lower cost of management tasks
Vp Low maintenance technology

p Temporary Workers
Vp Managing through rules
Vp ïinding and evaluating workers
Vp Roordination and control
Vp ersonal advancement through technology
Vp Security

p Internationalization
Vp Rommunication
Vp roduct design
Vp System development and programming
Vp Sales and marketing

p Service Orientation
Vp Management jobs are information jobs
Vp Rustomer service requires better information
Vp Speed

Vp Due to advancement in technology, different businesses are being established in order to

supplement people needs. ?owadays, technology seemed to be unstoppable because of continuous
invention, discovery, development, innovation, and breakthroughs made by those technologists. s
a result, people¶s works are getting easier and easier. Thus, business firms and business trends
need for faster responses and flexibility.




 *6#, --

p Market entry costs seemed to be high when the technologies now are not yet introduced. Major
costs paid by businessmen go with the advertising and shipping of products which causes it to have
a high price in the market. On the other hand, World Wide Web brought drastic changes in the
industry since it is being introduced. s a result, market entry costs had been reduced and
encouraged other people to enter the field of entrepreneurship which makes more competition that
reduces the price of products.


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c- 74  c-  #8
  $, +%+ 
 

(* Rompetitive advantage, ?ew product that xternal events, rivals, sales,
become a market leader. will change the costs quality, trends.
Long-term outlook. industry.

$  Improving operations ?ew tools to cut xpenses, schedules, sales,

without restructuring the costs or improve models, forecasts.
company. efficiency.

' - Day-to-day actions to keep Scheduling Transactions, accounting,

the company functioning. employees, human resource management,
ordering supplies. inventory.


 --- --
**.
/
p Began as a private sector technique to help organizations fundamentally rethink how they do their
work in order to dramatically improve customer service, cut operational, and become world-
class competitors.  key stimulus for reengineering has been the continuing development and
deployment of sophisticated information systems and networks.
p The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic
improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service,
and speed
p ncompasses the envisioning of new work strategies, the actual process design activity, and the
implementation of the change in all its complex technological, human, and organizational
dimensions
p It is one approach for redesigning the way work is done to better support the
organization's mission and reduce costs. Reengineering starts with a high-level assessment of the
organization's mission, strategic goals, and customer needs.
p Reengineering recognizes that an organization's business processes are usually fragmented into
sub processes and tasks that are carried out by several specialized functional areas within the
organization. Often, no one is responsible for the overall performance of the entire process.
p Reengineering maintains that optimizing the performance of sub processes can result in some
benefits, but cannot yield dramatic improvements if the process itself is fundamentally inefficient
and outmoded. ïor that reason, reengineering focuses on redesigning the process as a whole in
order to achieve the greatest possible benefits to the organization and their customers. This drive
for realizing dramatic improvements by fundamentally rethinking how the organization's work
should be done distinguishes reengineering from process improvement efforts that focus on
functional or incremental improvement.

$ *, 4*

p $ *  4* is the tendency for different technological systems to evolve towards
performing similar tasks.
p R
  can refer to previously separate technologies such as voice (and telephony features),
data (and productivity applications) and video that now share resources and interact with each
other, synergistically creating new efficiencies.
p Defined as the interlinking of computing and other information technologies, media content and
communication networks that have arisen as the result of the evolution and popularization of the
Internet as well as the activities, products and services that have emerged in the digital media
space.
p Technological Ronvergence can also refer to the phenomena of a group of technologies developed
for one use being utilized in many different contexts. This often happens to military technology as
well as most types of machine tools and now silicon chips.
p Today, we are surrounded by a multi-level convergent media world where all modes of
communication and information are continually reforming to adapt to the enduring demands of
technologies, ³changing the way we create, consume, learn and interact with each other´.

$ *,0

 
p Because of Internet and advancement of technology, communication became faster. lectronic
mails, video chat, video conference«it seems that everything is in our fingertips already. It is really
a big help in the field of entrepreneurship for their services became faster wherein demands are
overflowing in the sense that they have a lot of customers to entertain.
p Through the use of Internet, business owners can also sell their products online in which they
would have pay the rent of the stall but not anymore. Moreover, sharing of files is much easier and
convenient for you can access it anywhere, and anytime you want.

9  ----- -
The business environment is the combination of social, legal, economic, physical, and political factors
that affect business activities. Significant changes in any of these factors are likely to create business
pressures on organizations.
p 
   is a term that encompasses the notion of individuals and firms striving for a
greater share of a market to sell or buy goods and services
p " : 5   the integration of national economies into the international economy
through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology
p %+ 
  '4   the amount of information available on the Internet doubles
approximately every year, and much of it is free
p 20( +2':- -  new and improved technologies rapidly create or support
substitutes for products, alternative service options, and superb quality.
p %-*  -
 2  customer sophistication and expectations increase as customers
become more knowledgeable about the availability and quality of products and services.
p
*   0 c*    other business pressures are related to government regulations
regarding health, safety, environmental control, and equal opportunity. Businesses tend to view
government regulations as expensive constraints on their activities. In general, government
deregulation intensifies competition.

9  ---
- --
p (*! -  formal relationship between two or more parties to pursue a set of agreed
upon goals or to meet a critical business need while remaining independent organizations
p (* %+ 
  (,-
 system that helps companies change or otherwise alter their
business strategy and/or structure. It is typically utilized to streamline and quicken the reaction
time to environmental changes and aid it in achieving a competitive advantage
p #

  e-business consists of the buying and selling of products or services over
electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks
p M  , the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears its ability to
satisfy stated or implied needs.
p % 4   refers to the adding of new features of an existing product in order to patronize
more by people
p & 8: ,  ability of a system, such as a manufacturing process, to cost effectively vary
its output within a certain range and given timeframe
p  --- --
** the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business
processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance,
such as cost, quality, service, and speed

#-
-  *
p #- -   * (#
) is an Integrated computer-based system used to manage
internal and external resources including tangible assets, financial resources, materials, and human
resources.
p It is a software architecture whose purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all
business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to
outside stakeholders.
p Built on a centralized database and normally utilizing a common computing platform, R systems
consolidate all business operations into a uniform and enterprise wide system environment
p (,-
 !2 *   6 .(!/ provides enterprise software applications and support to
businesses of all sizes globally


!4*-
In the absence of an R system, a large manufacturer may find itself with many software applications
that cannot communicate or interface effectively with one another. Tasks that need to interface with one
another may involve:
p R systems connect the necessary software in order for accurate forecasting to be done. This
allows inventory levels to be kept at maximum efficiency and the company to be more profitable.
p Integration among different functional areas to ensure proper communication, productivity and
efficiency
p Design engineering (how to best make the product)
p Order tracking, from acceptance through fulfillment
p The revenue cycle, from invoice through cash receipt
p Managing inter-dependencies of complex processes bill of materials
p Tracking the three-way match between purchase orders (what was ordered), inventory receipts
(what arrived), and costing (what the vendor invoiced)
p The accounting for all of these tasks: tracking the revenue, cost and profit at a granular level.

R Systems centralize the data in one place. Benefits of this include:
p liminates the problem of synchronizing changes between multiple systems - consolidation of
finance, marketing and sales, human resource, and manufacturing applications
p ermits control of business processes that cross functional boundaries
p rovides top-down view of the enterprise (no "islands of information"), real time information is
available to management anywhere, anytime to make proper decisions.
p Reduces the risk of loss of sensitive data by consolidating multiple permissions and security models
into a single structure.
p Shorten production lead time and delivery time
p ïacilitating business learning, empowering, and building common visions
Some security features are included within an R system to protect against both outsider crime, such
as industrial espionage, and insider crime, such as embezzlement.  data-tampering scenario, for
example, might involve a disgruntled employee intentionally modifying prices to below-the-breakeven
point in order to attempt to interfere with the company's profit or other sabotage. R systems typically
provide functionality for implementing internal controls to prevent actions of this kind. R vendors are
also moving toward better integration with other kinds of information security tools.

c-4*-
roblems with R systems are mainly due to inadequate investment in ongoing training for the
involved IT personnel - including those implementing and testing changes - as well as a lack of corporate
policy protecting the integrity of the data in the R systems and the ways in which it is used.
p Rustomization of the R software is limited...
p Re-engineering of business processes to fit the "industry standard" prescribed by the R system
may lead to a loss of competitive advantage.
p R systems can be very expensive (This has led to a new category of "R light" solutions)
p Rs are often seen as too rigid and too difficult to adapt to the specific workflow and business
process of some companies²this is cited as one of the main causes of their failure.
p Many of the integrated links need high accuracy in other applications to work effectively. 
company can achieve minimum standards, then over time "dirty data" will reduce the reliability of
some applications.
p Once a system is established, switching costs are very high for any one of the partners (reducing
flexibility and strategic control at the corporate level).
p The blurring of company boundaries can cause problems in accountability, lines of responsibility,
and employee morale.
p Resistance in sharing sensitive internal information between departments can reduce the
effectiveness of the software.
p Some large organizations may have multiple departments with separate, independent resources,
missions, chains-of-command, etc, and consolidation into a single enterprise may yield limited
benefits.
#-
-  *(,-



R system is about materials and procedure. Materials record various kinds of incidents taken
place in the enterprise and the state of the enterprise in a minute; the procedure is a track that all
enterprise's activities must follow. The enterprise activities go on according to the enterprise's procedure,
produce, trade and upgrade the materials.

The basic information of R system is the relevant information of enterprise resources, including
material, facility, human resource and fund, etc.. The basic information are the previous terms for most
leading functions, namely if the basic information are incomplete, most functions of R system are
unable to carry out.

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n R system would qualify as the best model for enterprise wide solution architecture, if it chains
all the below organizational processes together with a central database repository and a fused computing
platform.
p
 + *
-   *; engineering, resource & capacity planning, material
planning, workflow management, shop floor management, quality control, bills of material,
manufacturing process, etc.

p &
-  *
; accounts payable, accounts receivable, fixed assets, general
ledger, cash management, and billing (contract/service).
p


-  *
  recruitment, benefits, compensations, training, payroll, time
and attendance, labour rules, people management.
p
(  ,*
  inventory management, supply chain planning, supplier scheduling,
and claim processing, sales order administration, procurement planning, transportation and
distribution

p  9-  costing, billing, activity management, time and expense

p  -

  - *
 ; sales and marketing, service, commissions, customer
contact and after sales support

p c å - ; generally, this is an information storehouse that can be accessed by

organizations, customers, suppliers and employees for their learning and orientation


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ÕDate ccessed: June 24, 2010>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system

http://www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/glossary/management-information-system.htm

http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=0bu30r?gJsR&printsec=frontcover&dq=management+information
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http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=R54Jv4L0yMR&printsec=frontcover&dq=M?M?T+I?ïORM
TIO?+SYSTM&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process_reengineering

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ww.getfast.co.uk/erp.aspx&h=303&w=280&sz=44&tbnid=?lRiMfWgRj3m-
M:&tbnh=116&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3ïq%3Derp%2Bsystem&hl=tl&usg=__MpDfl6tgxysnïoX79Doa
qBxX0I=&sa=X&ei=6t4jTJXbJ9R
kQXrqrïW&ved=0RDQ9Qww