Nervous System PDF

 
 
The Nervous System
Overview
• nervous system and endocrine system

together perform a vital function for the
body- communication
• homeostasis and survival depend on this
function
• communication provides the means for
controlling and integrating the many
different functions performed by organs,
tissues and cells
Overview
• the nervous system is made up of brain,

spinal cord and nerves
• the nervous system is organized to detect
changes (stimuli) in the internal and
external environment evaluate information
and respond by initiating changes in
muscles or glands
The Nervous System
Two Anatomical Divisions
– Central nervous system (CNS)
• Brain
• Spinal cord
– Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• All the neural tissue outside CNS
• Afferent division (sensory input)
• Efferent division (motor output)
– Somatic nervous system
– Autonomic nervous system
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Information
Processing
PERIPHERAL Sensory information Motor commands

NERVOUS within within
SYSTEM afferent division efferent division
includes
Somatic Autonomic
nervous nervous system
system
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
division division
Receptors Effectors
Smooth
muscle
Somatic sensory Visceral sensory Skeletal
receptors (monitor receptors (monitor Cardiac
muscle muscle
the outside world internal conditions
and our position and the status
in it) of other organ Glands
systems) Adipose
tissue
Figure 8-1
1 of 7
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Receptors
Somatic sensory Visceral sensory

receptors (monitor receptors (monitor
in it) of other organ
systems)
Figure 8-1
2 of 7
PERIPHERAL Sensory information
NERVOUS within
SYSTEM afferent division
Receptors

systems)
Figure 8-1
3 of 7
Information
Processing
PERIPHERAL Sensory information

NERVOUS within
SYSTEM afferent division
Receptors

systems)
Figure 8-1
4 of 7
Information
Processing

Receptors

systems)
Figure 8-1
5 of 7
Information
Processing

includes
Somatic
nervous
system
Receptors Effectors

receptors (monitor receptors (monitor muscle
systems)
Figure 8-1
6 of 7
Information
Processing

includes
Somatic Autonomic
nervous nervous system
system
Parasympathetic Sympathetic
division division
Receptors Effectors
Smooth
muscle
receptors (monitor receptors (monitor Cardiac
muscle muscle
in it) of other organ Glands
systems) Adipose
tissue
Figure 8-1
7 of 7
Principal Functions of the Nervous System
• Responds to stimuli within the body and in

the external environment
• Transmits nerve impulses to and away
from the CNS
• Interprets nerve impulses arriving in the
cerebral cortex of the brain
• Assimilates experiences as required in
memory, learning and intelligence
Principal Functions of the Nervous System
• Initiates glandular secretion and muscle

contraction
• Programs instinctual behavoir (more
important in vertebrates other than
humans)
Nervous System
• a stimulus is an energy source (chemical,

pressure, light wave, etc.) that activates a
receptor cell (specialized nerve cell) to
transmit a nerve impulse or sensation

• if the sensation arrives in the conscious
part of the brain, the cerebral cortex, a
perception occurs.
Nervous System
• perception is awareness of the stimulus

 
Neural Tissue Organization
Two Classes of Neural Cells
– Neurons
• For information transfer, processing, and
storage
– Neuroglia
• Supporting framework for neurons
• Phagocytes
Three Classes of Neurons

– Sensory neurons
• Deliver information to CNS
– Motor neurons
• Stimulate or inhibit peripheral tissues
– Interneurons (association neurons)
• Located between sensory and motor neurons
• Analyze inputs, coordinate outputs
Neuron Anatomy
– Cell body
• Nucleus
• Mitochondria, RER, other organelles
– Dendrites
• Several branches
• Signal reception (inward)
– Axon
• Signal propagation (outward)
The Anatomy of a
Representative Neuron
Figure 8-2
Structural Classes of Neurons

– Unipolar
• Dendrite, axon continuous
• Afferent neurons
– Multipolar
• Many dendrites, one axon
• Most common class of neuron
– Bipolar
• One dendrite, one axon
• Very rare
Neuron Function
A Structural
Classification
of Neurons
Figure 8-3
Types of Neuroglia (glia)

– Astrocytes
• Part of blood-brain barrier
– Oligodendrocytes
• Responsible for myelination
– Microglia
• Phagocytic defense cells
– Ependymal cells
• Lining of brain, spinal cord cavities
• Source of cerebrospinal fluid
Neuroglia in the CNS
Figure 8-4

Two Types of Neuroglia in the PNS
– Satellite cells
• Surround and support cell bodies
– Schwann cells
• Surround all peripheral axons
• Form myelin sheath on myelinated axons
• Support and insulate axons by forming
myelin, a substance composed of multiple
concentric layers of phospholipids
membrane
Schwann Cells and Peripheral
Axons
Figure 8-5
 

Neurons perform all of the
communication, information processing, and
control functions of the nervous system.

Neuroglia out number neurons and have
functions essential to preserving the physical
and biochemical structure of neural tissue and
the survival of neurons.
Anatomic Organization of CNS Neurons

– Center—Collection of neurons with a shared
function
– Nucleus—A center with a discrete anatomical
boundary
– Neural cortex—Gray matter covering of brain
portions
– White matter—Bundles of axons (tracts) that
share origins, destinations, and functions
Anatomic Organization of PNS Neurons

– Ganglia—Groupings of neuron cell bodies
– Nerve—Bundle of axons supported by
connective tissue
• Spinal nerves
– To/from spinal cord
• Cranial nerves
– To/from brain
The Anatomical Organization of the Nervous
System Figure 8-6
Pathways in the CNS

– Ascending pathways
Carry information from sensory receptors to
processing centers in the brain
– Descending pathways
Carry commands from specialized CNS
centers to skeletal muscles
Neuron Function
The Membrane Potential

– Resting potential
• Excess negative charge inside the
neuron
• Created and maintained by Na-K ion
pump
• Negative voltage (potential) inside
– -70 mV (0.07 Volts)
Neuron Function
The Cell Membrane at the
Resting Potential
Figure 8-7
Neuron Function
Changes in Membrane Potential
– Result from changes in ion movement
– Ions move in transmembrane channels
– Membrane channels can open or close
– If Na+ channels open ! positive charges enter
cell ! membrane potential moves positive
(depolarization)
– If K+ channels open ! positive charges leave
cell ! membrane potential moves negative
(hyperpolarization)
Neuron Function
Generation of Action Potential

– Depolarization of membrane to threshold
– Rapid opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels
– Na+ entry causes rapid depolarization
– Voltage-gated K+ channels open
– K+ exit causes rapid repolarization
– Refractory period ends as membrane recovers
the resting state
Activation of voltage-
Depolarization to threshold regulated sodium channels
and rapid depolarization
Sodium ions
Local
current
Potassium ions
Inactivation of sodium
channels and activation of
voltage-regulated
potassium channels
+30 DEPOLARIZATION REPOLARIZATION

3
0
Transmembrane potential (mV)
The return to normal

_ 60 Threshold permeability and resting state
_ 70 1
4
Resting
potential
REFRACTORY PERIOD
0 1 2 3
Time (msec)
Figure 8-8
1 of 5
Depolarization to threshold
Sodium ions
Local
current
+30 DEPOLARIZATION
0
_ 60 Threshold
_ 70 1
Resting
potential
0 1 2 3
Time (msec)
Figure 8-8
2 of 5
Sodium ions
Local
current
Potassium ions
+30 DEPOLARIZATION
0
_ 60 Threshold
_ 70 1
Resting
potential
0 1 2 3
Time (msec)
Figure 8-8
3 of 5
Sodium ions
Local
current
Potassium ions
voltage-regulated
potassium channels

3
0
_ 60 Threshold
_ 70 1
Resting
potential
0 1 2 3
Time (msec)
Figure 8-8
4 of 5
Sodium ions
Local
current
Potassium ions
voltage-regulated
potassium channels

3
0
The return to normal

_ 60 Threshold permeability and resting state
_ 70 1
4
Resting
potential
REFRACTORY PERIOD
0 1 2 3
Time (msec)
Figure 8-8
5 of 5
 
Neuron Function

“Information” travels within the
nervous system primarily in the form of
propagated electrical signals known as
action potentials.
The most important information (e.g.,
vision, balance, movement), is carried by
myelinated axons.
Neural Communication
Synapse Basics
– Intercellular communication
• Axon terminal
• Input to next cell
• Chemical signaling
– Neurotransmitter release
Structure of a Synapse
– Presynaptic components
• Axon terminal
• Synaptic knob
• Synaptic vesicles
• Synaptic cleft
– Postsynaptic components
• Neurotransmitter receptors
The Structure of a Typical Synapse
Figure 8-10
Synaptic Function and Neurotransmitters

– Cholinergic synapses
• Release neurotransmitter acetylcholine
• Enzyme in synaptic cleft (acetylcholinesterase)
breaks it down
– Adrenergic synapses
• Release neurotransmitter norepinephrine
– Dopaminergic synapses
• Release neurotransmitter dopamine
An action potential arrives and Extracellular Ca2+ enters the synaptic
depolarizes the synaptic knob cleft triggering the exocytosis of ACh
PRESYNAPTIC Action potential

NEURON
Synaptic vesicles EXTRACELLULAR ACh
FLUID
ER
Synaptic Synaptic
knob Ca2+ cleft
Ca2+
AChE
Chemically regulated
POSTSYNAPTIC sodium channels
NEURON
CYTOSOL
ACh is removed by AChE ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes

(acetylcholinesterase) the postsynaptic membrane
Initiation of
action potential
Propagation of if threshold
action potential is reached
(if generated)
Na2+ Receptor
Na2+ Na2+ Na2+
Na2+
Figure 8-11
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 of 5
An action potential arrives and
depolarizes the synaptic knob

NEURON
Synaptic vesicles EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
ER
Synaptic
knob
AChE
POSTSYNAPTIC
NEURON
CYTOSOL
Figure 8-11

NEURON
FLUID
ER
Synaptic Synaptic
knob Ca2+ cleft
Ca2+
AChE
NEURON
CYTOSOL
Figure 8-11

NEURON
FLUID
ER
Synaptic Synaptic
knob Ca2+ cleft
Ca2+
AChE
NEURON
CYTOSOL
ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes

the postsynaptic membrane
Initiation of
action potential
if threshold
is reached
Na2+ Receptor
Na2+ Na2+ Na2+
Na2+
Figure 8-11

NEURON
FLUID
ER
Synaptic Synaptic
knob Ca2+ cleft
Ca2+
AChE
NEURON
CYTOSOL
ACh is removed by AChE ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes

(acetylcholinesterase) the postsynaptic membrane
Initiation of
action potential
Propagation of if threshold
action potential is reached
(if generated)
Na2+ Receptor
Na2+ Na2+ Na2+
Na2+
Figure 8-11
• Neuronal pools
Groups of interconnected neurons with
specific functions
• Divergence
Spread of information from one neuron to
several others
• Convergence
Several neurons send information to one
other
Two Common Types of Neuronal Pools
Figure 8-12
 

A synaptic terminal releases a neuro-
transmitter that binds to the postsynaptic cell
membrane. The result is a brief, local change in the
permeability of the postsynaptic cell.

Many drugs affect the nervous system by
stimulating neurotransmitter receptors and thus
produce complex effects on perception, motor
control, and emotions.
The Central Nervous System
Meninges—Layers that surround and protect
the brain and spinal cord (CNS)
– Dura mater (“tough mother”)
• Tough, fibrous outer layer
• Epidural space above dura of spinal cord
– Arachnoid (“spidery”)
• Subarchnoid space
• Cerebrospinal fluid
– Pia mater (“delicate mother”)
• Thin inner layer
The Meninges
Figure 8-13(a)
The Meninges
Figure 8-13(b)
Spinal Cord Basics

– Relays information to/from brain
– Processes some information on its
own
– Divided into 31 segments
– Each segment has a pair of:
• Dorsal root ganglia
• Dorsal roots
• Ventral roots
– Gray matter appears as horns
– White matter organized into columns
Gross Anatomy of
the Spinal Cord
Figure 8-14(a)
Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Figure 8-14(b)
Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Figure 8-15(a)
Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Figure 8-15(b)

The sensory and motor nuclei (gray matter) of
the spinal cord surround the central canal.
Sensory nuclei are dorsal, motor nuclei are
ventral. A thick layer of white matter consisting
of ascending and descending axons covers the
gray matter. These axons are organized into
columns of axon bundles with specific functions.
This highly organized structure often enables
predicting the impact of particular injuries.
Brain Regions
– Cerebrum
– Diencephalon
– Midbrain
– Pons
– Medulla oblongata
– Cerebellum
The Brain
Figure 8-16(a)
The Brain
Figure 8-16(b)
The Brain
Figure 8-16(c)
Brain—The four hollow chambers in the

center of the brain filled with
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
– CSF produced by choroid plexus
– CSF circulates
• From ventricles and central canal
• To subarachoid space
– Accessible by lumbar puncture
• To blood stream
The Ventricles of the Brain
Figure 8-17
The Formation
and Circulation of
Cerebrospinal
Fluid
Figure 8-18(a)
The Formation and Circulation of
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Figure 8-18(b)
Functions of the Cerebrum

– Conscious thought
– Intellectual activity
– Memory
– Origin of complex patterns of movement
Anatomy of Cerebral Cortex

– Highly folded surface
• Elevated ridges (gyri)
• Shallow depressions (sulci)
– Cerebral Hemispheres
• Longitudinal fissure
• Central sulcus
– Boundary between frontal and parietal lobes
• Other lobes (temporal, occipital)
Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

– Hemispheres serve opposite body sides
– Primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
• Directs voluntary movement
– Primary sensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)
• Receives somatic sensation (touch, pain, pressure,
temperature)
– Association areas
• Interpret sensation
• Coordinate movement
The Surface of the Cerebral Hemispheres
Figure 8-19
Hemispheric Lateralization
– Categorical hemisphere (usually left)
• General interpretative and speech centers
• Language-based skills
– Representational Hemisphere (usually right)
• Spatial relationships
• Logical analysis
Hemispheric
Lateralization
Figure 8-20
The Basal Nuclei

– Lie deep within central white matter
of the brain
– Responsible for muscle tone
– Coordinate learned movements
– Coordinate rhythmic movements
(e.g., walking)
The Basal Nuclei
Figure 8-22(a)
The Basal Nuclei
Figure 8-22(b)
Functions of the Limbic System

– Establish emotions and related drives
– Link cerebral cortex intellectual
functions to brain stem autonomic
functions
– Control reflexes associated with
eating
– Store and retrieve long-term
memories
The Limbic System
Figure 8-23
The Diencephalon
– Switching and relay center
– Integration of conscious and
unconscious motor and sensory
pathways
– Components include:
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
The Diencephalon and Brain Stem
Figure 8-24(a)
The Diencephalon
and Brain Stem
Figure 8-24(b)
Functions of the Thalamus

– Relay and filter all ascending (sensory)
information
• Relay a small proportion to cerebral cortex
(conscious perception)
• Relay most to basal nuclei and brain stem
centers
– Coordinate voluntary and involuntary motor
behavior
Functions of the Hypothalamus

– Produce emotions and behavioral drives
– Coordinate nervous and endocrine systems
– Secrete hormones
– Coordinate voluntary and autonomic
functions
– Regulate body temperature
Anatomy and Function of the Brain Stem

– Midbrain
• Process visual, auditory information
• Generate involuntary movements
– Pons
• Links to cerebellum
• Involved in control of movement
– Medulla oblongata
• Relay sensory information
• Regulate autonomic function
Anatomy and Function of the Cerebellum

– Oversees postural muscles
– Stores patterns of movement
– Fine tunes most movements
– Links to brain stem, cerebrum, spinal cord
• Communicates over cerebellar peduncles
Functions of the Medulla Oblongata

– Links brain and spinal cord
– Relays ascending information to cerebral
cortex
– Controls crucial organ systems by reflex
• Cardiovascular centers
• Respiratory rhythmicity centers

The brain, a large mass of neural tissue,
contains internal passageways and chambers
filled with CSF. The six major regions of the
brain have specific functions. As you ascend
from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum,
those functions become more complex and
variable. Conscious thought and intelligence
are provided by the cerebral cortex.
The Peripheral Nervous System
PNS Basics
– Links the CNS with the body
– Carries all sensory information and motor
commands
– Axons bundled in nerves
– Cell bodies grouped into ganglia
– Includes cranial and spinal nerves
The Cranial Nerves

– 12 Pairs
• Connect to brain not the cord
– Olfactory (CN I)
• Sense of smell
– Optic (CN II)
• Sense of vision
– Oculomotor (CN III)
• Eye movement
The Cranial Nerves (continued)
– Trochlear (CN IV)
• Eye movement
– Trigeminal (CN V)
• Eye, jaws sensation/movement
– Abducens (CN VI)
• Eye movement
– Facial (CN VII)
• Face, scalp, tongue sensation/movement
– Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
• Hearing, balance
The Cranial Nerves (continued)

– Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
• Taste, swallowing
– Vagus (CN X)
• Autonomic control of viscera
– Accessory (CN XI)
• Swallowing, pectoral girdle movement
– Hypoglossal (CN XII)
• Tongue movement
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 8-25(a)
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 8-25(b)

The 12 pairs of cranial nerves are
responsible for the special senses of smell,
sight, and hearing/balance, and control
movement of the eye, jaw, face, tongue,
and muscles of the neck, back, and
shoulders. They also provide sensation
from the face, neck, and upper chest and
autonomic innervation to thoracic and
abdominopelvic organs.
The Spinal Nerves

– 31 Pairs
• 8 Cervical
• 12 Thoracic
• 5 Lumbar
• 5 Sacral
– Dermatome—Region of the
body surface monitored by a pair
of spinal nerves
Nerve Plexus—A complex, interwoven

network of nerves
– Four Large Plexuses
• Cervical plexus
• Brachial plexus
• Lumbar plexus
• Sacral plexus
Peripheral
Nerves and
Nerve
Plexuses
Figure 8-26
Dermatomes
Figure 8-27
Reflex—An automatic involuntary motor

response to a specific stimulus
– The 5 steps in a reflex arc
• Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
• Activation of sensory neuron
• CNS processing of information
• Activation of motor neuron
• Response by effector (muscle or gland)
Dorsal Sensation
Arrival of Activation of a root relayed to
stimulus and sensory neuron the brain by
activation of collateral
receptor
REFLEX
Receptor ARC
Stimulus
Effector Ventral
root Information
processing
in CNS
Response Activation of a
by effector motor neuron
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
Arrival of
stimulus and
activation of
receptor
Stimulus
Figure 8-27
Dorsal
Arrival of Activation of a root
stimulus and sensory neuron
activation of
receptor
Receptor
Stimulus
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
Dorsal Sensation
receptor
Receptor
Stimulus
Information
processing
in CNS
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Figure 8-27
Dorsal Sensation
receptor
REFLEX
Receptor ARC
Stimulus
Ventral
root Information
processing
in CNS
Activation of a
motor neuron
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
Dorsal Sensation
receptor
REFLEX
Receptor ARC
Stimulus
Effector Ventral
root Information
processing
in CNS
Response Activation of a
by effector motor neuron
KEY
Sensory neuron
(stimulated)
Excitatory
interneuron
Motor neuron
(stimulated)
Figure 8-27
Examples of Reflexes
– Monosynaptic reflex—Simplest reflex arc;
sensory neuron synapses directly on motor
neuron
– Stretch reflex—Monosynaptic reflex to regulate
muscle length and tension (example: patellar
reflex)
– Muscle spindle—Sensory receptor in a muscle
that stimulates the stretch reflex
Stretching of muscle tendon
stimulates muscle spindles
Muscle spindle
(stretch receptor)
Stretch
Spinal
cord
REFLEX
ARC
Contraction
Activation of motor
neuron produces reflex
muscle contraction
Figure 8-29
Muscle spindle
(stretch receptor)
Stretch
Spinal
cord
Figure 8-29
Muscle spindle
(stretch receptor)
Stretch
Spinal
cord
REFLEX
ARC
Contraction
Activation of motor
neuron produces reflex
muscle contraction
Figure 8-29
Polysynaptic reflex—A reflex arc with at

least one interneuron between the
sensory afferent and motor efferent
– Has a longer delay than a monosynaptic
reflex (more synapses)
– Can produce more complex response
– Example: flexor reflex, a withdrawal reflex
– Brain can modify spinal reflexes
The Flexor Reflex, a Type of Withdrawal
Reflex
Figure 8-30

Reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to
stimuli that “buy time” for the planning and
execution of more complex responses that
are often consciously directed.
Sensory Pathway
– Afferent axon signals from a sensory receptor
– Posterior column pathway
• Carries fine touch, pressure, proprioception
• Ascending neurons synapse in medulla oblongata
• Axons cross over and synapse in thalamus
• Thalamus sends axons to primary sensory cortex
• Organized as sensory homunculus
The Posterior Column

Pathway
Figure 8-31
Motor Pathways
– Corticospinal pathway (tract)
• Provides conscious muscle control
• Organized as motor homunculus
– Medial & lateral pathways (tract)
• Provide subconscious muscle control
The Corticospinal
Pathway
Figure 8-32
Table 8-4
The Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System

Branch of nervous system that
coordinates cardiovascular, digestive,
excretory, and reproductive functions
Anatomy of ANS
– Preganglionic neuron
• Cell body resides in CNS
• Axon synapses in PNS in autonomic ganglion
– Postganglionic axons (postganglionic
fibers) synapse on peripheral effectors
– Cardiac muscle
– Smooth muscle
– Glands
– Adipose tissues
Divisions of the ANS

– Sympathetic division
• Preganglionic neurons in the thoracic and lumbar
segments of the spinal cord
• “Fight or flight” system
– Parasympathetic division
• Preganglionic neurons in the brain and sacral
segments
• “Rest and digest” system

The two divisions of the ANS operate
largely without our awareness. The
sympathetic division increases alertness,
metabolic rate, and muscular abilities;
the parasympathetic division reduces
metabolic rate and promotes visceral
activities such as digestion.
The Somatic and

Autonomic Nervous
Systems
Figure 8-33(a)
The Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous
Systems
PLAY The Organization of

the Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous
System Figure 8-33(b)
Sympathetic Division Organization

– Preganglionic neurons in segments T1 to L2
– Ganglia near the vertebral column
– Sympathetic ganglia
• Paired sympathetic chain ganglia
• Unpaired collateral ganglia
– Preganglionic fibers to adrenal medullae
• Epinephrine (adrenalin) into blood stream
The Sympathetic Division
Figure 8-34
Effects of Sympathetic Activation

– Generalized response in crises
– Increased alertness
– Feeling of euphoria and energy
– Increased cardiovascular activity
– Increased respiratory activity
– Increased muscle tone
Parasympathetic Division Organization

– Preganglionic neurons in brain stem and
sacral spinal segment
– Ganglionic neurons (peripheral ganglia) in or
near target organ
– Sacral fibers form pelvic nerves
The Parasympathetic Division
Figure 8-35
Effects of Parasympathetic Activation

– Relaxation
– Food processing
– Energy absorption
– Brief effects at specific sites
Relationship between the Two Divisions

– Sympathetic division reaches visceral and
somatic structures throughout the body
– Parasympathetic division reaches only visceral
structures via cranial nerves or in the
abdominopelvic cavity
– Many organs receive dual innervation
• In general, the two divisions produce opposite
effects on the their target organs
Aging and the Nervous System
Age-Related Changes
– Reduction in brain size and weight
– Loss of neurons
– Decreased brain blood flow
– Changes in synaptic organization of the
brain
– Intracellular and extracellular changes in
CNS neurons

Nervous System PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Nervous System PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

• nervous system and endocrine system

• the nervous system is made up of brain,

PERIPHERAL Sensory information Motor commands

Somatic sensory Visceral sensory

Somatic sensory Visceral sensory

PERIPHERAL Sensory information

Somatic sensory Visceral sensory

PERIPHERAL Sensory information Motor commands

Somatic sensory Visceral sensory

PERIPHERAL Sensory information Motor commands

Somatic sensory Visceral sensory Skeletal

PERIPHERAL Sensory information Motor commands

• Responds to stimuli within the body and in

• Initiates glandular secretion and muscle

• a stimulus is an energy source (chemical,

• perception is awareness of the stimulus

Three Classes of Neurons

Structural Classes of Neurons

Types of Neuroglia (glia)

Anatomic Organization of CNS Neurons

Anatomic Organization of PNS Neurons

Pathways in the CNS

The Membrane Potential

Generation of Action Potential

+30 DEPOLARIZATION REPOLARIZATION

The return to normal

+30 DEPOLARIZATION REPOLARIZATION

+30 DEPOLARIZATION REPOLARIZATION

The return to normal

The Structure of a Typical Synapse

Synaptic Function and Neurotransmitters

PRESYNAPTIC Action potential

ACh is removed by AChE ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes

PRESYNAPTIC Action potential

PRESYNAPTIC Action potential

PRESYNAPTIC Action potential

ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes

PRESYNAPTIC Action potential

ACh is removed by AChE ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes

Spinal Cord Basics

Brain—The four hollow chambers in the

The Ventricles of the Brain

Functions of the Cerebrum

Anatomy of Cerebral Cortex

Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

The Basal Nuclei

Functions of the Limbic System

Functions of the Thalamus

Functions of the Hypothalamus

Anatomy and Function of the Brain Stem

Anatomy and Function of the Cerebellum

Functions of the Medulla Oblongata

The Cranial Nerves

The Cranial Nerves (continued)

The Spinal Nerves

Nerve Plexus—A complex, interwoven

Reflex—An automatic involuntary motor

Polysynaptic reflex—A reflex arc with at

The Posterior Column

Autonomic Nervous System

Divisions of the ANS

The Somatic and

PLAY The Organization of