Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power Parameters Part 2

Constants/Parameters of a Transmission
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INDUCTANCE OF COMPOSITE CONDUCTORS
Example 3: Find the GMR of a conductor in terms of radius r of an individual strand for the
following:
(a) (b) (c)

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INDUCTANCE OF COMPOSITE CONDUCTORS
Solution to Example 3:
3
a GMR  3 2  e 1
4
r  2r   1.46r
6
 
 
4
b GMR  4 2  e 1
4 
r  2r  2r 2
8 4
 1.723r
 
 
7
c  GMR  7 2  e 1
4 
r  2r  4r  2 3r
24 6 12
 2.1767r
 
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GMR OF BUNDLED CONDUCTORS
 It is a common practice for EHV lines to use more than one conductor per phase. The
conductors are in close proximity compared with the spacing between phases. A line such as this
is called a bundle-conductor line.
 Bundling reduces the potential gradient at the conductor surfaces which in turn reduces or
eliminates corona and its results such as undesirable power loss, communications interference
and audible noise.
 Bundling also reduces the series reactance of the line by increasing the GMR of the bundle.
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 If DS is the GMR of each subconductor and d is the bundle spacing, the GMR of the equivalent
single conductor is obtained by:
For 2 - conductor bundle :
DSb  4 DS  d 2  Ds d
2

DSb  9 DS  d 6  3 Ds d 2
3

4

DSb  16 DS  d 8 d 2 
4
 1.09 4 Ds d 3
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Example 4: One circuit of 1-phase transmission line is composed of three solid wires, each 0.1 in
in radius. The return circuit is composed of two wires, each 0.2 in. in radius. The arrangement of
conductors is shown in the following figure. Find the inductance due to the current in each side
of the line and the inductance of the complete line in mH/mile.
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Example 4:
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Find the GMD between sides x and y :

GMD  6 Dad Dae Dbd Dbe Dcd Dce
Dad  Dbe  30 ft
Dae  Dbd  Dce  20 2  30 2  1300 ft
Dcd  30 2  40 2  50 ft
30    50  35.8 ft

3
GMD  6 2
1300
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Find the GMR for sides x and y :
GMR x  9 rx ' Dab
32 2 2
Dbc Dca
3
  14 0.1
GMR x   e   20  20  40   1.605 ft
2 2 4
9
 12 
GMR y  4 ry ' Dde

22
2
 0 .2 
 20   0.509 ft
1
GMR x  9  e 
4 2
 12 
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GMD 1609 m
Lx  2  10 7 ln 
GMR x 1 mile
35.8 1609 m
 2  10 7 ln   0.9991 mH/mile
1.605 1 mile
GMD 1609 m
Ly  2  10 7 ln 
GMR y 1 mile
35.8 1609 m
 2  10 7 ln   1.3687 mH/mile
0.509 1 mile
L  Lx  Ly  2.3678 mH/mile
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Example 5: Each phase of a completely transposed 60-Hz three-phase transmission line is
composed of two 403 mm2 ACSR 26/2 conductors as shown in the following figure. Bundle
spacing is 40 cm. Flat horizontal spacing is used with 10 m between adjacent bundle centers.
Line length is 200 km. The GMR of a 403 mm2 ACSR 26/2 conductor is 0.0375 ft. Find the
inductive reactance of the line per phase.
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GMD  3 10 10 20   12.5992 m

D  b
s
4
0.0375  0.3048  0.4
2 2
 0.06762 m
GMD 7 7 12.5992
L  2  10 ln b  2  10 ln
Ds 0.06762
 1.0455 H/m
xL  2 60 1.0455 H/m200000 
 78.8288  per phase
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INDUCTANCE OF THREE-PHASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE
 A three-phase double circuit lines consists of two parallel conductors for each phase.
 It is common practice to build double-circuit three phase lines for greater reliability and higher
transmission capacity.
 Because of geometrical differences between conductors, voltage drop due to line inductance
will be unbalanced. To achieve balance, each phase conductor must be transposed within its
group and with respect to parallel three phase lines.
 To enhance the maximum transmission capability, it is desirable to have a configuration which
results in minimum inductive reactance per phase. This is possible if GMD is low and GMR is
high.
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 The following figure shows the three sections of the transposition cycle of a double-circuit
three-phase line. This configuration gives high value of GMR
a c c b b a
b b a a c c
c a b c
a b
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

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 The method of GMD can be used to find the inductance per phase. To do this, we group
identical phases together and find the GMD between each phase group.
GMDAB  4 Dab D ab ' Da 'b Da 'b '

GMDBC  4 Dbc D bc ' Db 'Db 'c '
GMDCA  4 Dca D ca ' Dc 'a Dc 'a '
 The equivalent GMD is then
GMD  3 GMDABGMDBC GMDCA

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 Similarly, the GMR of each phase group is
GMRA  4 DSa DSa' Daa

2
'
GMRB  4 DSb DSb' Dbb

2
'
GMRC  4 DSc DSc' Dcc2 '

 The equivalent geometric mean radius is
GMR  3 GMRAGMRB GMRC

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Example 6:
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GMDAB  4 25 100 50 25   42.04 ft

GMDBC  4 25 100 50 25   42.04 ft
GMDCA  4 50 25 125 50   52.87 ft
GMDeq  3 42.04  52.87  45.381 ft
2
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GMR A  0.06  75   2.121 ft

4 2 2
GMRB  4 0.06  75   2.121 ft

2 2
GMRC  0.06  75   2.121 ft

4 2 2
GMReq  2.121  2.121 ft

3 3
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7
GMDeq
L  2  10 ln
GMReq
7 45.381
 2  10 ln
2.121
 0.6126  10 6 H/m
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MAGNETIC FIELD INDUCTION
 Transmission line magnetic fields affect the objects in the proximity of the line.
 The magnetic fields, related to the currents in the line, induces voltage in objects that have a
considerable length parallel to the line such as fences, pipelines and telephone wires.
 The voltage induced is
d
v
dt
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 For sinusoidal alternating current, flux linkages are sinusoidal. If  t   m sin 2ft Wb-T, then
d t 
v t    2fm cos 2ft V
dt
 The phasor voltage drop due to flux linkage is
2fm
V j  j 2fRMS
2
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 Therefore, the phasor voltage drop in one circuit caused by the flux linkages of another circuit
is
V  j 2f12(RMS )
 Using the mutual inductance between two circuits,
12
M12 
I2
12  M12I 2
V  j 2fM12I 2
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 Magnetic fields have been reported to affect blood composition, growth, behavior, immune
system and neural functions. Long-term effects of electromagnetic and electrostatic fields on
people are the subject of several worldwide research efforts.
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Example 7:
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Example 7: a b c
3.6 m 3.6 m
4m
1.2
m
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 Da 2 D D 
12  2  10 7  Ia ln  I b ln b 2  Ic ln c 2 
 Da1 Db1 Dc1 
 5 
 200  120 0 0   200120 0 ln
5 .8
 2  10 7  20000 ln 
 5 5 .8 
 1.02828  10 5   30 Wb - T
m
V12  j 2f12 
1000 m
1 km
 
 j 2 60  1.02828  10 5   30 1000 
 3.876560 0 V/km

Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power Parameters Part 2

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Transmission and Distribution of Electric Power Parameters Part 2

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Constants/Parameters of a Transmission

(a) (b) (c)

For 3 - conductor bundle :

For 4 - conductor bundle :

Find the GMD between sides x and y :

30    50  35.8 ft

GMR y  4 ry ' Dde

GMD  3 10 10 20   12.5992 m

Section 1 Section 2 Section 3

GMDAB  4 Dab D ab ' Da 'b Da 'b '

 The equivalent GMD is then

GMD  3 GMDABGMDBC GMDCA

GMRA  4 DSa DSa' Daa

GMRB  4 DSb DSb' Dbb

GMRC  4 DSc DSc' Dcc2 '

GMR  3 GMRAGMRB GMRC

GMDAB  4 25 100 50 25   42.04 ft

GMR A  0.06  75   2.121 ft

GMRB  4 0.06  75   2.121 ft

GMRC  0.06  75   2.121 ft

GMReq  2.121  2.121 ft

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